Compatibility in Missing Data Handling Across the Prediction Model Pipeline: A Simulation Study.

Careful handling of missing data is crucial to ensure that clinical prediction models are developed, validated, and implemented in a robust manner. We determined the bias in estimating predictive performance of different combinations of approaches for handling missing data across validation and implementation. We found four strategies that are compatible across the model pipeline and have provided recommendations for handling missing data between model validation and implementation under different missingness mechanisms.