The Association Between Repeated Measured Febrile Episodes During Early Childhood and Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder: A Large-Scale Population-Based Study.

We examined the association between the number, magnitude, and frequency of febrile episodes during the 0 to 4 years of life and subsequent diagnosis of ADHD. This population-based case-control study in an Israeli HMO, Leumit Health Services (LHS), uses a database for all LHS members aged 5 to 18 years between 1/1/2002 and 1/30/2022. The number and magnitude of measured fever episodes during the 0 to 4 years were recorded in individuals with ADHD ( A significant, independent association was found between the number and magnitude of febrile episodes during the 0 to 4 years and the probability of a later diagnosis of ADHD. Children who never had a measured temperature >37.5°C had a significantly lower rate of ADHD (OR = 0.834, 95% CI [0.802, 0.866], Febrile episodes during 0 to 4 years are associated with a significantly increased rate of a later diagnosis of ADHD in a doseresponse relationship.

Déclaration de conflit d'intérêts

Declaration of Conflicting InterestsThe author(s) declared the following potential conflicts of interest with respect to the research, authorship, and/or publication of this article: Over the past 3 years, Dr. Eugene Merzon received support for continuing medical education programs or advisory board meetings sponsored by SK-Pharma, Medison Israel, Teva Israel, AstraZeneca Israel, and Merk Israel. Over the past 3 years, Dr. Ariel Israel has had No disclosure Dr. Beth Krone: Over the past 3 years, Dr. Krone has received financial compensation as a scientific consultant to HIPPO T & C and MaxisHealth, makers of digital health technologies for ADHD. Dr. Krone also provides clinical reviews for Signant Health, which provides rater training for clinical trials. Over the past 3 years, Ms. Shira Cohen has made no disclosure. Over the past 3 years, Dr. Ilan Green has no disclosure Over the past 3 years, Dr. Avivit Golan-Cohen has no disclosure Over the past 3 years, Prof. Shlomo Vinker has no disclosure Over the past 3 years, Dr. Faraone received income, potential income, travel expenses, continuing education support and research support from Aardvark, Aardwolf, AIMH, Tris, Otsuka, Ironshore, Kanjo, Johnson & Johnson/Kenvue, KemPharm/Corium, Akili, Supernus, Atentiv, Noven, Sky Therapeutics, Axsome and Genomind, Shire/Takeda, Arbor, Medice, Ondosis, Rhodes, and Vallon. He has a U.S. patent, US20130217707 A1, with his institution for using sodium-hydrogen exchange inhibitors to treat ADHD. He also receives royalties from books published by Guilford Press: Straight Talk about Your Child’s Mental Health; Oxford University Press: Schizophrenia: The Facts; and Elsevier: ADHD: Non-Pharmacologic Interventions. He is the Program Director of www.ADHDEvidence.org and www.ADHDinAdults.com. Dr. Faraone is supported by the European Union’s Horizon 2020 research and innovation program under grant agreement No 965381; NIMH grants U01AR076092-01A1, 1R21MH1264940, R01MH116037; 1R01NS128535 – 01; Oregon Health and Science University, Otsuka Pharmaceuticals, Noven Pharmaceuticals Incorporated, and Supernus Pharmaceutical Company. Over the past 3 years, Prof. Jeff Newcorn has received financial compensation as a consultant, advisory board member, and lecturer from Shire Pharmaceuticals (the study sponsor and manufacturer of the study drug Vyvanse [Lisdexamfetamine]). Dr. Newcorn also receives financial compensation from other companies that either develop or assess medicines used for treating ADHD. Prof. Shai Ashkenazi has not disclosed relevant to this manuscript over the past 3 years. Prof. Eli Magen has not disclosed relevant to this manuscript over the past 3 years. Over the past 3 years, Prof Abraham Weizman has declared honoraria for educational lectures from the following pharmaceutical companies: Pfizer, Novartis, Janssen, Lundbeck, Teva, Unipharm, Dexcel, and Medison. None of these are relevant to the submitted manuscript. Over the past 3 years, Prof. Iris Manor has received financial compensation as a consultant, advisory board member, and lecturer from Madison Ltd. (the distributor of the study drug Vyvance (Lisdexamfetamine) in Israel) and Teva Israel (the manufacturer and the distributor in Israel of the study drug attent (Mixed Amphetamine Salts), and attent X.R. (Mixed Amphetamine Salts-Extended Release). She was a lecturer for Takeda Ltd. Dr. Manor is a consultant to the startup companies Peri and Vizo, which either develop or assess medicines used to treat ADHD. She also served/serves as a P.I. (as a part of her position in Geha MHC) in several startups: Nuance Ltd and Mindtension Ltd.