Evidence from personal ornaments suggest nine distinct cultural groups between 34,000 and 24,000 years ago in Europe.
Journal
Nature human behaviour
ISSN: 2397-3374
Titre abrégé: Nat Hum Behav
Pays: England
ID NLM: 101697750
Informations de publication
Date de publication:
29 Jan 2024
29 Jan 2024
Historique:
received:
26
04
2023
accepted:
12
12
2023
medline:
30
1
2024
pubmed:
30
1
2024
entrez:
29
1
2024
Statut:
aheadofprint
Résumé
Mechanisms governing the relationship between genetic and cultural evolution are the subject of debate, data analysis and modelling efforts. Here we present a new georeferenced dataset of personal ornaments worn by European hunter-gatherers during the so-called Gravettian technocomplex (34,000-24,000 years ago), analyse it with multivariate and geospatial statistics, model the impact of distance on cultural diversity and contrast the outcome of our analyses with up-to-date palaeogenetic data. We demonstrate that Gravettian ornament variability cannot be explained solely by isolation-by-distance. Analysis of Gravettian ornaments identified nine geographically discrete cultural entities across Europe. While broadly in agreement with palaeogenetic data, our results highlight a more complex pattern, with cultural entities located in areas not yet sampled by palaeogenetics and distinctive entities in regions inhabited by populations of similar genetic ancestry. Integrating personal ornament and biological data from other Palaeolithic cultures will elucidate the complex narrative of population dynamics of Upper Palaeolithic Europe.
Identifiants
pubmed: 38287173
doi: 10.1038/s41562-023-01803-6
pii: 10.1038/s41562-023-01803-6
doi:
Types de publication
Journal Article
Langues
eng
Sous-ensembles de citation
IM
Subventions
Organisme : Agence Nationale de la Recherche (French National Research Agency)
ID : ANR-10-IDEX-03-02
Organisme : Agence Nationale de la Recherche (French National Research Agency)
ID : ANR-10-IDEX-03-02
Organisme : Agence Nationale de la Recherche (French National Research Agency)
ID : ANR-10-IDEX-03-02
Informations de copyright
© 2024. The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer Nature Limited.
Références
Jordan, P. Technology as Human Social Tradition: Cultural Transmission Among Hunter-Gatherers Vol. 7 (Univ. California Press, 2014).
O’Brien, M. J. & Lyman, R. L. Evolutionary archeology: current status and future prospects. Evol. Anthropol. 11, 26–36 (2002).
doi: 10.1002/evan.10007
Pettitt, P. The Palaeolithic Origins of Human Burial (Routledge, 2013).
Bar-Yosef, O. & Kuhn, S. L. The big deal about blades: laminar technologies and human evolution. Am. Anthropol. 101, 322–338 (1999).
doi: 10.1525/aa.1999.101.2.322
Bon, F. At the crossroad. Palethnol. Archéol. Sci. Hum. https://doi.org/10.4000/palethnologie.680 (2015).
Kuhn, S. L. et al. The early upper paleolithic occupations at Üçağızlı cave (Hatay, Turkey). J. Hum. Evol. 56, 87–113 (2009).
pubmed: 19111331
doi: 10.1016/j.jhevol.2008.07.014
Bennet, E. A. et al. The origin of the Gravettians: genomic evidence from a 36,000-year-old Eastern European. Preprint at bioRxiv https://doi.org/10.1101/685404 (2019).
Fu, Q. et al. The genetic history of ice age Europe. Nature 534, 200–205 (2016).
pubmed: 27135931
pmcid: 4943878
doi: 10.1038/nature17993
Posth, C. et al. Paleogenomics of upper paleolithic to neolithic European hunter-gatherers. Nature 615, 117–126 (2023).
pubmed: 36859578
pmcid: 9977688
doi: 10.1038/s41586-023-05726-0
Villalba-Mouco, V. et al. A 23,000-year-old southern Iberian individual links human groups that lived in Western Europe before and after the Last Glacial Maximum. Nat. Ecol. Evol. 7, 597–609 (2023).
pubmed: 36859553
pmcid: 10089921
doi: 10.1038/s41559-023-01987-0
Eisenmann, S. et al. Reconciling material cultures in archaeology with genetic data: the nomenclature of clusters emerging from archaeogenomic analysis. Sci. Rep. 8, 13003 (2018).
pubmed: 30158639
pmcid: 6115390
doi: 10.1038/s41598-018-31123-z
Riede, F. in Investigating Archaeological Cultures: Material Culture, Variability, and Transmission (eds Roberts, B. W. & Vander Linden, M.) 245–270 (Springer, 2011).
Riede, F., Hoggard, C. & Shennan, S. Reconciling material cultures in archaeology with genetic data requires robust cultural evolutionary taxonomies. Palgrave Commun. 5, 55 (2019).
doi: 10.1057/s41599-019-0260-7
Joyce, R. A. Archaeology of the body. Annu. Rev. Anthropol. 34, 139–158 (2005).
doi: 10.1146/annurev.anthro.33.070203.143729
Plog, S. E. & Richman, K. Symbols in action: ethnoarchaeological studies of material culture. Ian Hodder. Am. Anthropol. 85, 718–720 (1983).
Alvarez-Fernandez, E. Los Objetos de Adorno-colgantes del Paleolítico Superior y del Mesolítico en la Cornisa Cantábrica y en el Valle Del Ebro: Una Visión Europea (Univ. Salamanca, 2006).
Rigaud, S., Manen, C. & García-Martínez de Lagrán, I. Symbols in motion: flexible cultural boundaries and the fast spread of the Neolithic in the western Mediterranean. PLoS ONE 13, p.e0196488 (2018).
doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0196488
Rigaud, S., d’Errico, F. & Vanhaeren, M. Ornaments reveal resistance of North European cultures to the spread of farming. PLoS ONE 10, e0121166 (2015).
pubmed: 25853888
pmcid: 4390204
doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0121166
Sehasseh, E. M. et al. Early middle stone age personal ornaments from Bizmoune Cave, Essaouira, Morocco. Sci. Adv. 7, eabi8620 (2021).
pubmed: 34550742
pmcid: 8457661
doi: 10.1126/sciadv.abi8620
Vanhaeren, M. & d’Errico, F. Aurignacian ethno-linguistic geography of Europe revealed by personal ornaments. J. Anthropol. Sci. 33, 1105–1128 (2006).
Aubry, T., Santos, A. T. & Martins, A. Côa Symposium. Novos olhares sobre a arte paleolítica. New perspectives on palaeolithic art. Repositório Comum http://hdl.handle.net/10400.26/38285 (2021).
Bouzouggar, A. et al. 82,000-year-old shell beads from North Africa and implications for the origins of modern human behaviour. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA 104, 9964–9969 (2007).
pubmed: 17548808
pmcid: 1891266
doi: 10.1073/pnas.0703877104
d’Errico, F., Henshilwood, C., Vanhaeren, M. & Van Niekerk, K. Nassarius kraussianus shell beads from Blombos Cave: evidence for symbolic behaviour in the Middle Stone Age. J. Hum. Evol. 48, 3–24 (2005).
pubmed: 15656934
doi: 10.1016/j.jhevol.2004.09.002
Grün, R. et al. U-series and ESR analyses of bones and teeth relating to the human burials from Skhul. J. Hum. Evol. 49, 316–334 (2005).
pubmed: 15970310
doi: 10.1016/j.jhevol.2005.04.006
Miller, J. M. & Wang, Y. V. Ostrich eggshell beads reveal 50,000-year-old social network in Africa. Nature 601, 234–239 (2022).
pubmed: 34931044
doi: 10.1038/s41586-021-04227-2
Iliopoulos, A. Early body ornamentation as ego-culture: tracing the co-evolution of aesthetic ideals and cultural identity. Semiotica 2020, 187–233 (2020).
doi: 10.1515/sem-2019-0073
Janowski, M. in Beads and Bead Makers: Gender, Material Culture and Meaning (eds Sciama, L. D. & Eicher, J. B.) 213–246 (Berg Publishers, 1998).
Weiner, A. B. The Trobrianders of Papua New Guinea (Holt, Rinehart and Winston, 1988).
Cangelosi, A. Evolution of communication and language using signals, symbols, and words. IEEE Trans. Evol. Comput. 5, 93–101 (2001).
doi: 10.1109/4235.918429
Kuhn, L. S. & Stiner, M. C. Paleolithic ornaments: implications for cognition, demography and identity. Diogenes 214, 40–48 (2007).
doi: 10.1177/0392192107076870
Newell, R. R., Kielman, D., Constandse-Westermann, T. S., van der Sanden, W. A. B. & van Gijn, A. An Inquiry into the Ethnic Resolution of Mesolithic Regional Groups. The Study of Their Decorative Ornaments in Time and Space (Brill, 1990).
Hamilton, M. J., Milne, B. T., Walker, R. S., Burger, O. & Brown, J. H. The complex structure of hunter–gatherer social networks. Proc. R. Soc. B 274, 2195–2203 (2007).
pubmed: 17609186
pmcid: 2706200
doi: 10.1098/rspb.2007.0564
d’Errico, F. & Vanhaeren, M. in Upper Palaeolithic Mortuary Practices: Reflection of Ethnic Affiliation, Social Complexity, and Cultural Turnover (eds Renfrew, C. et al.) 45–62 (Cambridge Univ. Press, 2015).
Jordan, P. & Shennan, S. Cultural transmission, language, and basketry traditions amongst the California Indians. J. Anthropol. Archaeol. 22, 42–74 (2003).
doi: 10.1016/S0278-4165(03)00004-7
Kovacevic, M., Shennan, S., Vanhaeren, M., d’Errico, F. & Thomas, M. G. in Learning Strategies and Cultural Evolution During the Palaeolithic (eds Mesoudi, A. & Aoki, K.) 103–120 (Springer, 2015).
Lycett, S. J. Confirmation of the role of geographic isolation by distance in among-tribe variations in beadwork designs and manufacture on the High Plains. Archaeol. Anthropol. Sci. 11, 2837–2847 (2019).
doi: 10.1007/s12520-018-0742-3
Shennan, S. Genes, Memes, and Human History: Darwinian Archaeology and Cultural Evolution (Thames & Hudson, 2002).
Shennan, S. J., Crema, E. R. & Kerig, T. Isolation-by-distance, homophily, and ‘core’ vs. ‘package’ cultural evolution models in Neolithic Europe. Evol. Hum. Behav. 36, 103–109 (2015).
doi: 10.1016/j.evolhumbehav.2014.09.006
Hardy, O. J. & Vekemans, X. Isolation by distance in a continuous population: reconciliation between spatial autocorrelation analysis and population genetics models. Heredity 83, 145–154 (1999).
pubmed: 10469202
doi: 10.1046/j.1365-2540.1999.00558.x
Wright, S. Isolation by distance. Genetics 28, 114–138 (1943).
pubmed: 17247074
pmcid: 1209196
doi: 10.1093/genetics/28.2.114
Kozłowski, J. The origin of the Gravettian. Quat. Int. 359, 3–18 (2015).
doi: 10.1016/j.quaint.2014.03.025
Taller, A. & Conard, N. J. Were the Technological Innovations of the Gravettian Triggered by Climatic Change? Insights from the Lithic Assemblages from Hohle Fels, SW Germany. PaleoAnthropology 2022, 82–108 (2022).
Wilczyński, J. et al. New radiocarbon dates for the late Gravettian in eastern Central Europe. Radiocarbon 62, 243–259 (2020).
doi: 10.1017/RDC.2019.111
Broglio, A. & Dalmeri, G. Pitture Paleolitiche Nelle Prealpi Venete: Grotta di Fumane e Riparo Dalmeri Vol. 9 (Museo Civico di Storia Naturale, 2005).
de Sonneville-Bordes, D. L’évolution du Paléolithique supérieur en Europe occidentale et sa signification. Bull. Soc. Préhist. Française 63, 3–34 (1966).
Hahn, J. Aurignacien, das ältere Jungpaläolithikum in Mittel-und Osteuropa Vol. 9 (Böhlau, 1977).
Teyssandier, N. L’émergence du Paléolithique supérieur en Europe: mutations culturelles et rythmes d’évolution. PALEO https://doi.org/10.4000/paleo.702 (2007).
Zilhão, J. & d’Errico, F. The Chronology of the Aurignacian and of the Transitional Technocomplexes. Dating, Stratigraphies, Cultural Implications (Instituto Português de Arqueologia, 2003).
Calvo, A. & Arrizabalaga, A. Piecing together a new mosaic: Gravettian lithic resources and economic territories in the Western Pyrenees. Archaeol. Anthropol. Sci. 12, 282 (2020).
doi: 10.1007/s12520-020-01231-x
Conard, N. J. & Moreau, L. Current research on the Gravettian of the Swabian Jura. Mitt. Ges. Urgesch. 13, 29–57 (2004).
Marreiros, J. & Bicho, N. Lithic technology variability and human ecodynamics during the Early Gravettian of Southern Iberian Peninsula. Quat. Int. 318, 90–101 (2013).
doi: 10.1016/j.quaint.2013.05.008
Moreau, L. Geißenklösterle. The Swabian Gravettian in its European context: Geißenklösterle. Das schwäbische Gravettien im europäischen Kontext. Quartär 57, 79–93 (2010).
Polanská, M., Hromadová, B. & Sázelová, S. The Upper and Final Gravettian in Western Slovakia and Moravia. Different approaches, new questions. Quat. Int. 581–582, 205–224 (2021).
doi: 10.1016/j.quaint.2020.08.004
Vignoles, A. et al. Investigating relationships between technological variability and ecology in the Middle Gravettian (ca. 32–28 ky cal. BP) in France. Quat. Sci. Rev. 253, 106766 (2021).
Delporte, H. L’image de la femme dans l’art préhistorique. Rev. Archeol. Centre France 18, 183–184 (1979).
Tripp, A. in Cultural Phylogenetics: Concepts and Applications in Archaeology (ed. Mendoza Straffon, L.) 179–202 (Springer, 2016).
Zilhão, J. & Trinkaus, E. (eds) Portrait of the Artist as a Child. The Gravettian Human Skeleton from the Abrigo Do Lagar Velho and Its Archaeological Context (Min. da Cultura, 2002).
Klaric, L., Guillermin, P. & Aubry, T. Des armatures variées et des modes de production variable. Réflexions à partir de quelques exemples issus du Gravettien d’Europe occidentale (France, Portugal, Allemagne). Gall. Prehist. 51, 113–154 (2009).
doi: 10.3406/galip.2009.2476
Laville, H. & Rigaud, J.-P. The Perigordian V industries in Périgord: typological variations, stratigraphy and relative chronology. World Archaeol. 4, 330–338 (1973).
doi: 10.1080/00438243.1973.9979543
Rigaud, J.-P., Dibble, H. & Monte-White, A. in Upper Pleistocene Prehistory of Western Eurasia (eds Dibble, H. L. & Monte-White, A.) 387–396 (Univ. Pennsylvania Museum of Archaeology and Anthropology, 1988).
Hoffecker, J. F. The Eastern Gravettian ‘Kostenki culture’ as an Arctic adaptation. Anthropol. Pap. Univ. Alsk. 2, 115–136 (2002).
Johnson, R. J., Lanaspa, M. A. & Fox, J. W. Upper Paleolithic figurines showing women with obesity may represent survival symbols of climatic change. Obesity 29, 11–15 (2021).
pubmed: 33258218
doi: 10.1002/oby.23028
Weber, G. W. et al. The microstructure and the origin of the Venus from Willendorf. Sci. Rep. 12, 2926 (2022).
pubmed: 35228605
pmcid: 8885675
doi: 10.1038/s41598-022-06799-z
Bradtmöller, M., Marreiros, J., Pereira, T. & Bicho, N. Lithic technological adaptation within the Gravettian of the Iberian Atlantic region: results from two case studies. Quat. Int. 406, 3–24 (2016).
doi: 10.1016/j.quaint.2015.08.075
Kozłowski, J. K. in The Lithic Raw Material Sources and the Interregional Human Contacts in the Northern Carpathian Regions (ed. Mester, Z.) 63–85 (Polish Academy of Arts and Sciences, Institute of Archaeological Sciences of the Eotvos Lorand University Budapest, 2013).
d’Errico, F. et al. Zhoukoudian Upper Cave personal ornaments and ochre: rediscovery and reevaluation. J. Hum. Evol. 161, 103088 (2021).
pubmed: 34837740
doi: 10.1016/j.jhevol.2021.103088
Kassam, A. Traditional ornament: some general observations. Kenya Past Present https://hdl.handle.net/10520/AJA02578301_68 (1988).
Fernández, E. A. La explotación de los moluscos marinos en la Cornisa Cantábrica durante el Gravetiense: primeros datos de los niveles E y F de La Garma A (Omoño, Cantabria). Zephyrvs https://revistas.usal.es/uno/index.php/0514-7336/article/view/5567 (2007).
d’Errico, F. & Rigaud, S. Crache perforée dans le Gravettien du sire (Mirefleurs, Puy-de-Dôme). PALEO https://doi.org/10.4000/paleo.2172 (2011).
d’Errico, F. & Vanhaeren, M. in Death Shall Have No Dominion: The Archaeology of Mortality and Immortality, a Worldwide Perspective (eds Renfrew, C. et al.) 35–48 (Cambridge Univ. Press, 2012).
Taborin, Y. in Hunters of the Golden Age. The Mid Upper Palaeolithic of Eurasia 30,000–20,000 BP (eds Roebroeks, W. et al.) 135–142 (Cambridge Univ. Press, 2000).
Lisá, L. et al. The role of abiotic factors in ecological strategies of Gravettian hunter–gatherers within Moravia, Czech Republic. Quat. Int. 294, 71–81 (2013).
doi: 10.1016/j.quaint.2012.08.2107
Wilczyński, J. et al. Population mobility and lithic tool diversity in the Late Gravettian – the case study of Lubná VI (Bohemian Massif). Quat. Int. 587, 103–126 (2021).
doi: 10.1016/j.quaint.2020.08.046
Chapais, B. in Mind the Gap (eds Kappeler, P. & Silk, J.) https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-02725-3_2 19-51 (Springer, 2010).
Walker, R. S., Hill, K. R., Flinn, M. V. & Ellsworth, R. M. Evolutionary history of hunter–gatherer marriage practices. PLoS ONE 6, e19066 (2011).
pubmed: 21556360
pmcid: 3083418
doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0019066
Beresford-Jones, D. et al. Rapid climate change in the Upper Palaeolithic: the record of charcoal conifer rings from the Gravettian site of Dolní Vĕstonice, Czech Republic. Quat. Sci. Rev. 30, 1948–1964 (2011).
doi: 10.1016/j.quascirev.2011.04.021
Haws, J. et al. Human adaptive responses to climate and environmental change during the Gravettian of Lapa do Picareiro (Portugal). Quat. Int. 587–588, 4–18 (2020).
Maier, A. Population and settlement dynamics from the Gravettian to the Magdalenian. Mitt. Ges. Urgesch. 26, 83–101 (2017).
Bradley, R. The destruction of wealth in later prehistory. Man 17, 108–122 (1982).
Testart, A. Des Dons et des Dieux. Anthropologie Religieuse et Sociologie Comparative (ERRANCE1, 2006).
Riel-Salvatore, J. & Gravel-Miguel, C. in The Oxford Handbook of the Archaeology of Death and Burial (eds Stutz, L. N. & Tarlow, S.) Ch. 17 (Oxford Univ. Press, 2013).
Oliva, M. Palaeolithic and Mesolithic Moravia Vol. 11 (Moravian Museum, 2005).
Kacki, S. et al. Complex mortuary dynamics in the Upper Paleolithic of the decorated Grotte de Cussac, France. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA 117, 14851–14856 (2020).
pubmed: 32541036
pmcid: 7334446
doi: 10.1073/pnas.2005242117
Duarte, C. et al. The early Upper Paleolithic human skeleton from the Abrigo do Lagar Velho (Portugal) and modern human emergence in Iberia. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA 96, 7604–7609 (1999).
pubmed: 10377462
pmcid: 22133
doi: 10.1073/pnas.96.13.7604
Einwögerer, T. et al. Upper Palaeolithic infant burials. Nature 444, 285 (2006).
pubmed: 17108949
doi: 10.1038/444285a
Sinitsyn, A. A. Earliest Upper Palaeolithic layers at Kostenki 14 (Markina gora): preliminary results of the 1998–2001 excavations. BAR Int. Ser. 1240, 181–190 (2004).
Wilczyński, J. et al. A mid Upper Palaeolithic child burial from Borsuka Cave (southern Poland). Int. J. Osteoarchaeol. 26, 151–162 (2016).
doi: 10.1002/oa.2405
Abramovitch, H. Death, anthropology of. Int. Encycl. Soc. Behav. Sci. https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-08-097086-8.12052-5 (2015).
Formicola, V., Pontrandolfi, A. & Svoboda, J. The Upper Paleolithic triple burial of Dolní Věstonice: pathology and funerary behavior. Am. J. Phys. Anthropol. 115, 372–379 (2001).
pubmed: 11471135
doi: 10.1002/ajpa.1093
Grosman, L., Munro, N. D. & Belfer-Cohen, A. A 12,000-year-old Shaman burial from the southern Levant (Israel). Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA 105, 17665–17669 (2008).
pubmed: 18981412
pmcid: 2584673
doi: 10.1073/pnas.0806030105
Kaufman, S. R. & Morgan, L. M. The anthropology of the beginnings and ends of life. Annu. Rev. Anthropol. 34, 317–341 (2005).
doi: 10.1146/annurev.anthro.34.081804.120452
Petru, S. Identity and fear–burials in the Upper Palaeolithic. Doc. Praehist. 45, 6–13 (2018).
doi: 10.4312/dp.45.1
Formicola, V. & Buzhilova, A. P. Double child burial from Sunghir (Russia): pathology and inferences for Upper Paleolithic funerary practices. Am. J. Phys. Anthropol. 124, 189–198 (2004).
pubmed: 15197816
doi: 10.1002/ajpa.10273
Trinkaus, E. & Buzhilova, A. P. Diversity and differential disposal of the dead at Sunghir. Antiquity 92, 7–21 (2018).
doi: 10.15184/aqy.2017.223
Bicho et al. Early Upper Paleolithic colonization across Europe: time and mode of the Gravettian diffusion. PLoS ONE 12, e0178506 (2017).
pubmed: 28542642
pmcid: 5443572
doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0178506
Bocquet-Appel, J.-P., Demars, P.-Y., Noiret, L. & Dobrowsky, D. Estimates of Upper Palaeolithic meta-population size in Europe from archaeological data. J. Archaeol. Sci. 32, 1656–1668 (2005).
doi: 10.1016/j.jas.2005.05.006
Housley, R. A., Gamble, C. S., Street, M. & Pettitt, P. Radiocarbon evidence for the Lateglacial human recolonisation of northern Europe. Proc. Prehist. Soc. 63, 25–54 (1997).
Ramsey, C. B. Radiocarbon calibration and analysis of stratigraphy: the OxCal program. Radiocarbon 37, 425–430 (1995).
doi: 10.1017/S0033822200030903
Reimer, P. J. et al. The IntCal20 Northern Hemisphere radiocarbon age calibration curve (0–55 cal kBP). Radiocarbon 62, 725–757 (2020).
doi: 10.1017/RDC.2020.41
Dubin, L. S. The History of Beads: From 30,000 B.C. to the Present (Thames and Hudson, 1987).
Erikson, J. M. The Universal Bead (W.W. Norton, 1969).
Taborin, Y. La parure en coquillage au Palaéolithique. Gall. Prehist. https://www.persee.fr/doc/galip_0072-0100_1993_sup_29_1 (1993).
Whallon, R. & Brown, J. Essays on Archaeological Typology (Center for American Archaeology Press, 1982).
Adams, W. Y. & Adams, E. W. Archaeological Typology and Practical Reality: A Dialectical Approach to Artefact Classification and Sorting (Cambridge Univ. Press, 1991).
Whittaker, J. C., Caulkins, D. & Kamp, K. A. Evaluating consistency in typology and classification. J. Archaeol. Method Theory 5, 129–164 (1998).
doi: 10.1007/BF02427967
Lartet, E. & Christy, H. Cavernes du Périgord: Objets Gravés et Sculptés des Temps Pré-historiques dans L’europe Occidentale (Revue Archéologique, 1864).
Riviere, É. Note sur l’homme fossile des cavernes de Baoussé-Roussé (Italie), dites grottes de Menton. Bull. Mem. Soc. Anthropol. Paris 7, 584–589 (1872).
d’Errico, F. & Villa, P. Holes and grooves: the contribution of microscopy and taphonomy to the problem of art origins. J. Hum. Evol. 33, 1–31 (1997).
pubmed: 9236076
doi: 10.1006/jhev.1997.0141
Liiv, I. Seriation and matrix reordering methods: an historical overview. Stat. Anal. Data Min. 3, 70–91 (2010).
doi: 10.1002/sam.10071
Hammer, Ø., Harper, D. A. & Ryan, P. D. PAST: paleontological statistics software package for education and data analysis. Palaeontol. Electronica 4, 4 (2001).
Newman, M. E. Modularity and community structure in networks. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA 103, 8577–8582 (2006).
pubmed: 16723398
pmcid: 1482622
doi: 10.1073/pnas.0601602103
Anderson, M. J. Permutational Multivariate Analysis of Variance (Department of Statistics, Univ. Auckland, 2005).
McArdle, B. H. & Anderson, M. J. Fitting multivariate models to community data: a comment on distance-based redundancy analysis. Ecology 82, 290–297 (2001).
doi: 10.1890/0012-9658(2001)082[0290:FMMTCD]2.0.CO;2
Jaccard, P. Étude comparative de la distribution florale dans une portion des Alpes et des Jura. Bull. Soc. Vaud. Sci. Nat. 37, 547–579 (1901).
Rogers, D. S. & Ehrlich, P. R. Natural selection and cultural rates of change. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA 105, 3416–3420 (2008).
pubmed: 18287028
pmcid: 2265130
doi: 10.1073/pnas.0711802105
Shennan, S. J. & Bentley, R. A. in Cultural Transmission and Archaeology: Issues and Case Studies (ed. O'Brien, M. J.) 164–177 (Society for American Archaeology, 2008).
Ricotta, C., Podani, J. & Pavoine, S. A family of functional dissimilarity measures for presence and absence data. Ecol. Evol. 6, 5383–5389 (2016).
pubmed: 27551390
pmcid: 4984511
doi: 10.1002/ece3.2214
Bathke, A. C. et al. Testing mean differences among groups: multivariate and repeated measures analysis with minimal assumptions. Multivar. Behav. Res. 53, 348–359 (2018).
doi: 10.1080/00273171.2018.1446320
Gower, J. C. Some distance properties of latent root and vector methods used in multivariate analysis. Biometrika 53, 325–338 (1966).
doi: 10.1093/biomet/53.3-4.325
Saitou, N. & Nei, M. The neighbor-joining method: a new method for reconstructing phylogenetic trees. Mol. Biol. Evol. 4, 406–425 (1987).
pubmed: 3447015
Evans, J. D., Cann, J. R., Renfrew, A. C., Cornwall, I. W. & Western, A. C. Excavations in the Neolithic settlement of Knossos, 1957-60. Part I. Annu. Br. Sch. Athens 59, 132–240 (1964).
doi: 10.1017/S0068245400006109
Collard, M., Shennan, S. J., Buchanan, B. & Bentley, R. A. in Handbook of Archaeological Theories (eds Bentley, R. A. et al.) 203–223 (Altamira Press, 2008).
Gray, R. D., Greenhill, S. J. & Ross, R. M. The pleasures and perils of Darwinizing culture (with phylogenies). Biol. Theory 2, 360–375 (2007).
doi: 10.1162/biot.2007.2.4.360
Steele, J., Jordan, P. & Cochrane, E. Evolutionary approaches to cultural and linguistic diversity. Phil. Trans. R. Soc. B 365, 3781–3785 (2010).
pubmed: 21041203
pmcid: 2981919
doi: 10.1098/rstb.2010.0202
Gray, R. D., Bryant, D. & Greenhill, S. J. On the shape and fabric of human history. Phil. Trans. R. Soc. B 365, 3923–3933 (2010).
pubmed: 21041216
pmcid: 2981918
doi: 10.1098/rstb.2010.0162
Greenhill, S. J., Currie, T. E. & Gray, R. D. Does horizontal transmission invalidate cultural phylogenies? Proc. R. Soc. B 276, 2299–2306 (2009).
pubmed: 19324763
pmcid: 2677599
doi: 10.1098/rspb.2008.1944
Bryant, D. & Moulton, V. Neighbor-net: an agglomerative method for the construction of phylogenetic networks. Mol. Biol. Evol. 21, 255–265 (2004).
pubmed: 14660700
doi: 10.1093/molbev/msh018
Bryant, D., Filimon, F. & Gray, R. D. in The Evolution of Cultural Diversity (eds Mace, R. et al.) 77–93 (Routledge, 2016).
Huson, D. H. & Bryant, D. Application of phylogenetic networks in evolutionary studies. Mol. Biol. Evol. 23, 254–267 (2006).
pubmed: 16221896
doi: 10.1093/molbev/msj030
Holland, B. R., Huber, K. T., Dress, A. & Moulton, V. δ plots: a tool for analyzing phylogenetic distance data. Mol. Biol. Evol. 19, 2051–2059 (2002).
pubmed: 12446797
doi: 10.1093/oxfordjournals.molbev.a004030
Meirmans, P. G. The trouble with isolation by distance. Mol. Ecol. 21, 2839–2846 (2012).
pubmed: 22574758
doi: 10.1111/j.1365-294X.2012.05578.x
Mantel, N. The detection of disease clustering and a generalized regression approach. Cancer Res. 27, 209–220 (1967).
pubmed: 6018555
Borcard, D. & Legendre, P. Is the Mantel correlogram powerful enough to be useful in ecological analysis? A simulation study. Ecology 93, 1473–1481 (2012).
pubmed: 22834387
doi: 10.1890/11-1737.1
Hammer, Ø. Spectral analysis of a Plio-Pleistocene multispecies time series using the Mantel periodogram. Palaeogeogr. Palaeoclimatol. Palaeoecol. 243, 373–377 (2007).
doi: 10.1016/j.palaeo.2006.08.009
Legendre, P. & Fortin, M. J. Spatial pattern and ecological analysis. Vegetatio 80, 107–138 (1989).
doi: 10.1007/BF00048036
Gallardo-Cruz, J. A., Meave, J. A., Pérez-García, E. A. & Hernández-Stefanoni, J. L. Spatial structure of plant communities in a complex tropical landscape: implications for β-diversity. Community Ecol. 11, 202–210 (2010).
doi: 10.1556/ComEc.11.2010.2.8
Baddeley, A., Rubak, E. & Turner, R. Spatial Point Patterns: Methodology and Applications with R (CRC Press, 2015).
Legendre, P. Comparison of permutation methods for the partial correlation and partial Mantel tests. J. Stat. Comput. Simul. 67, 37–73 (2000).
doi: 10.1080/00949650008812035
Smouse, P., Long, J. & Sokal, R. Multiple regression and correlation extensions of the Mantel test of matrix correspondence. Syst. Zool. 35, 627–632 (1986).
doi: 10.2307/2413122
Baker, J., Rigaud, S., Vanhaeren, M. & d’Errico, F. Cro-Magnon personal ornaments revisited. PALEO 32, 40–73 (2022).
Zilhão, J. et al. Revisiting the Middle and Upper Palaeolithic archaeology of Gruta do Caldeirão (Tomar, Portugal). PLoS ONE 16, e0259089 (2021).
pubmed: 34705887
pmcid: 8550450
doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0259089
QGIS Geographic Information System (QGIS.org., 2020).
ETOPO 2022 15 Arc-Second Global Relief Model (NOAA National Centers for Environmental Information, accessed 25 August 2023); https://doi.org/10.25921/fd45-gt74
Lambeck, K. & Chappell, J. Sea level change through the last glacial cycle. Science 292, 679–686 (2001).
pubmed: 11326090
doi: 10.1126/science.1059549