Rural-Urban Differences in Mortality among Mechanically Ventilated Patients in Intensive and Intermediate Care.

Intermediate care (also termed "step-down" or "moderate care") has been proposed as a lower-cost alternative to care for patients who may not clearly benefit from intensive care unit (ICU) admission. Intermediate care units may be appealing to hospitals in financial crisis, including those in rural areas. Outcomes of patients receiving intermediate care are not widely described. To examine relationships between rurality, location of care, and mortality for mechanically ventilated patients. Medicare beneficiaries aged 65 and over who received invasive mechanical ventilation between 2010 to 2019 were included. Multivariable logistic regression was used to estimate the association between admission to rural or urban hospital and 30-day mortality with separate analyses for patients in general, intermediate, and intensive care. Models were adjusted for age, sex, area deprivation index, primary diagnosis, severity of illness, year, comorbidities, and hospital volume. There were 2,752,492 hospitalizations for patients receiving mechanical ventilation from 2010 to 2019, and 193,745 patients (7.0%) were in rural hospitals. The proportion of patients in rural intermediate care increased from 4.1% in 2010 to 6.3% in 2019. Patient admissions to urban hospitals remained relatively stable. Patients in rural and urban ICUs had similar adjusted 30-day mortality, 46.7%, (adjusted absolute risk difference -0.1, 95% CI -0.7-0.6, p = 0.88). However, adjusted 30-day mortality for patients in rural intermediate care was significantly higher (37.0%) than for patients in urban intermediate care (31.3%) (adjusted absolute risk difference 5.6%, 95% CI 3.7%-7.6%, p < 0.001). Hospitalization in rural intermediate care was associated with increased mortality. There is a need to better understand how intermediate care is used across hospitals and to carefully evaluate the types of patients admitted to intermediate care units.