Development and validation of the nurses sexual harassment scale in Iran.
Analysis
Nurses
Psychometrics
Scale
Sexual harassment
Journal
BMC nursing
ISSN: 1472-6955
Titre abrégé: BMC Nurs
Pays: England
ID NLM: 101088683
Informations de publication
Date de publication:
08 Feb 2024
08 Feb 2024
Historique:
received:
20
06
2023
accepted:
23
01
2024
medline:
8
2
2024
pubmed:
8
2
2024
entrez:
7
2
2024
Statut:
epublish
Résumé
In recent years, the prevalence of sexual harassment has become a global problem, and nursing, like other professions, has not been immune to this issue. By having a valid and reliable instrument, healthcare personnel can be helped in preventing and managing this problem and reduce its negative consequences on mental health and well-being. The aim of this study was developing and psychometrically measuring the Nurses Sexual Harassment Scale. This study is the second phase of a mixed method study. Initially in the first phase, a qualitative approach with conventional content analysis was used to explain nurses' experiences of sexual harassment in the workplace. To design the Nurses Sexual Harassment Scale, qualitative data and literature were reviewed. In the quantitative phase (second phase), the target scale was psychometrically evaluated using content validity (14 experts), face validity (12 nurses with being sexually harassed), construct validity (316 nurses working in hospitals affiliated to Kerman University of Medical Sciences), and reliability (internal consistency and repeatability). A 15-item scale with two components: "latent sexual harassment" (9 items) and "manifest sexual harassment" (6 items), which explained 68.4% of the total variance was developed. Also, due to the strong correlation between the Nurses Sexual Harassment Scale and the Impact of Event Scale-Revised (r = 0.67), convergent validity was confirmed. Also, the scale of the present study had good reliability (Cronbach's alpha coefficient = 0.94, Omega coefficient = 0.94, and ICC = 0.92). Given the importance of sexual harassment among nurses, measuring the dimensions of this problem may allow professionals to plan interventions to prevent it. Overall, the results of the present study showed that the psychometric properties of the " Nurses Sexual Harassment Scale" with 15 items are acceptable and this scale can be used in the clinical environment. A further study within the nursing community is recommended to confirm the findings.
Identifiants
pubmed: 38326844
doi: 10.1186/s12912-024-01759-6
pii: 10.1186/s12912-024-01759-6
doi:
Types de publication
Journal Article
Langues
eng
Pagination
107Informations de copyright
© 2024. The Author(s).
Références
von Gruenigen VE, Karlan BY. Sexual harassment in the work place: its impact on gynecologic oncology and women’s health. Gynecol Oncol. 2018;149(2):227–9.
doi: 10.1016/j.ygyno.2018.02.018
Zeighami M, Zakeri MA, Mangolian Shahrbabaki P, Dehghan M. Bitter silence allows sexual harassment to continue in workplace: a qualitative study in Iranian nurses. Front Public Health. 2022;10:971522.
pubmed: 36172206
pmcid: 9511045
doi: 10.3389/fpubh.2022.971522
Collins EG, Blodgett TB. Sexual harassment… some see it… some won’t. Harvard Business Rev. 1981;59(2):76–95.
Reischl DK, Smith RR. The Federal Manager’s guide to preventing sexual harassment. Incorporated: FPMI Communications; 1994.
Salazar M, Raj A, Silverman JG, Rusch ML, Reed E. Cyber sexual harassment among adolescent girls: a qualitative analysis. Adolescents. 2023;3(1):84–91.
doi: 10.3390/adolescents3010007
Adams EA, Darj E, Wijewardene K, Infanti JJ. Perceptions on the sexual harassment of female nurses in a state hospital in Sri Lanka: a qualitative study. Global Health Action. 2019;12(1):1560587.
pubmed: 30806198
pmcid: 6394302
doi: 10.1080/16549716.2018.1560587
Nielsen MBD, Kjær S, Aldrich PT, Madsen IE, Friborg MK, Rugulies R, Folker AP. Sexual harassment in care work–dilemmas and consequences: a qualitative investigation. Int J Nurs Stud. 2017;70:122–30.
pubmed: 28260613
doi: 10.1016/j.ijnurstu.2017.02.018
Yoo J, Kim JH, Yoon J, Kim SS. Sexual harassment and its relationship with depressive symptoms: a nationwide study of Korean EMS providers. Am J Ind Med. 2019;62(1):74–9.
pubmed: 30507041
doi: 10.1002/ajim.22924
Budden LM, Birks M, Cant R, Bagley T, Park T. Australian nursing students’ experience of bullying and/or harassment during clinical placement. Collegian. 2017;24(2):125–33.
doi: 10.1016/j.colegn.2015.11.004
Spector PE, Zhou ZE, Che XX. Nurse exposure to physical and nonphysical violence, bullying, and sexual harassment: a quantitative review. Int J Nurs Stud. 2014;51(1):72–84.
pubmed: 23433725
doi: 10.1016/j.ijnurstu.2013.01.010
Shi L, Zhang D, Zhou C, Yang L, Sun T, Hao T, et al. A cross–sectional study on the prevalence and associated risk factors for workplace violence against Chinese nurses. BMJ open. 2017;7(6):e013105.
pubmed: 28647719
pmcid: 5623406
doi: 10.1136/bmjopen-2016-013105
Najafi F, Fallahi-Khoshknab M, Dalvandi A, Ahmadi F, Rahgozar M. Workplace violence against Iranian nurses: a systematic review. J Health Promotion Manage. 2014;3(2):72–85.
Koinis A, Velonakis E, Tzavara C, Tzavella F, Tziaferi S. Psychometric properties of the workplace psychologically violent behaviors-WPVB instrument. Translation and validation in Greek Health professionals. AIMS Public Health. 2019;6(1):79–95.
pubmed: 30931344
pmcid: 6433618
doi: 10.3934/publichealth.2019.1.79
Steiner B, Wooldredge J. Individual and environmental sources of work stress among prison officers. Criminal Justice and Behavior. 2015;42(8):800–18.
doi: 10.1177/0093854814564463
Zeighami M, Mangolian Shahrbabaki P, Zakeri MA, Dehghan M. Loss of individual and social identity: consequences of sexual harassment of Iranian nurses in the workplace. Front Psychol. 2021;12:770859.
pubmed: 34867677
pmcid: 8635028
doi: 10.3389/fpsyg.2021.770859
Zeighami M, Zakeri MA, Mangolian Shahrbabaki P, Dehghan M. Strategies to prevent workplace sexual harassment among Iranian nurses: a qualitative study. Front Psychol. 2022;13:912225.
pubmed: 36118489
pmcid: 9477222
doi: 10.3389/fpsyg.2022.912225
Phillips SP, Webber J, Imbeau S, Quaife T, Hagan D, Maar M, Abourbih J. Sexual harassment of Canadian medical students: a national survey. EClinicalMedicine. 2019;7:15–20.
pubmed: 31193665
pmcid: 6537541
doi: 10.1016/j.eclinm.2019.01.008
Fitzgerald LF, Shullman SL, Bailey N, Richards M, Swecker J, Gold Y, et al. The incidence and dimensions of sexual harassment in academia and the workplace. J Vocat Behav. 1988;32(2):152–75.
doi: 10.1016/0001-8791(88)90012-7
Willness CR, Steel P, Lee K. A meta-analysis of the antecedents and consequences of workplace sexual harassment. Pers Psychol. 2007;60(1):127–62.
doi: 10.1111/j.1744-6570.2007.00067.x
Gutek BA, Murphy RO, Douma B. A review and critique of the sexual experiences Questionnaire (SEQ). Law Hum Behav. 2004;28(4):457–82.
pubmed: 15499825
doi: 10.1023/B:LAHU.0000039335.96042.26
World Health Organization. Framework guidelines for addressing workplace violence in the health sector. Geneva, Switzerland: International Labour Office; 2002.
Zhu H, Liu X, Yao L, Zhou L, Qin J, Zhu C, et al. Workplace violence in primary hospitals and associated risk factors: a cross-sectional study. Nurs open. 2022;9(1):513–8.
pubmed: 34655279
doi: 10.1002/nop2.1090
Sajedian AA, Akbari H, Azad E, Ahmadi Moshiran V, Sadeghi-Yarandi M, Ghasemi M. Evaluation of general health, exposure to workplace violence, and predicting its consequences in health care employees in Iran. Work. 2023(Preprint):1–12.
Guler N, Uyanik G, Teker GT. Comparison of classical test theory and item response theory in terms of item parameters. Eur J Res Educ. 2014;2(1):1–6.
DeVellis RF. Scale development: theory and applications. Sage publications; 2016.
Zeighami M, Mangolian Shahrbabaki P, Dehghan M. Iranian nurses’ experiences with sexual harassment in workplace: a qualitative study. Sexuality Res Social Policy. 2022:1–14.
DeVon HA, Block ME, Moyle-Wright P, Ernst DM, Hayden SJ, Lazzara DJ, et al. A psychometric toolbox for testing validity and reliability. J Nurs Scholarsh. 2007;39(2):155–64.
pubmed: 17535316
doi: 10.1111/j.1547-5069.2007.00161.x
Lawshe CH. A quantitative approach to content validity 1. Pers Psychol. 1975;28(4):563–75.
doi: 10.1111/j.1744-6570.1975.tb01393.x
Waltz CF, Bausell RB. Nursing research: design, statistics, and computer analysis. Philadelphia, PA: F.A. Davis Co.; 1981.
Polit DF, Beck CT, Owen SV. Is the CVI an acceptable indicator of content validity? Appraisal and recommendations. Res Nurs Health. 2007;30(4):459–67.
pubmed: 17654487
doi: 10.1002/nur.20199
Shahhosseini Z, Simbar M, Ramezankhani A, Majd H. An inventory for assessment of the health needs of Iranian female adolescents. EMHJ-Eastern Mediterranean Health Journal. 2012;18(8):850–6.
doi: 10.26719/2012.18.8.850
King M, Jones L, Barnes K, Low J, Walker C, Wilkinson S, et al. Measuring spiritual belief: development and standardization of a beliefs and values Scale. Psychol Med. 2006;36(3):417–25.
pubmed: 16288679
doi: 10.1017/S003329170500629X
DeVet H, Terwee C. In: Mokkink L, Knol D, editors. Measurement in medicine: a practical guide. UK: Cambridge: Cambridge University Press; 2011.
doi: 10.1017/CBO9780511996214
Downey RG, King C. Missing data in Likert ratings: a comparison of replacement methods. J Gen Psychol. 1998;125(2):175–91.
pubmed: 9935342
doi: 10.1080/00221309809595542
Tabachnick BG, Fidell LS, Ullman JB. Using multivariate statistics: pearson; 2012.
Cubo E, Velasco SS, Benito VD, Villaverde VA, Galin JM, Santidrian AM et al. Psychometric Attributes of the DISC Predictive Scales. Clinical practice and epidemiology in mental health: CP & EMH. 2010;6:86–93.
Hair JF, Black W, Babin B, Anderson R. Multivariate data analysis (Eighth Edi). Andover: Cengage; 2019.
Kline RB. Principles and practice of structural equation modeling. Guilford publications; 2015.
Finch H, French BF, Immekus JC. Applied psychometrics using SPSS and AMOS: IAP; 2016.
Polit DF, Yang F. Measurement and the measurement of change: a primer for the health professions. Wolters Kluwer Health; 2015.
Nunnally J, Bernstein I. Psychometric theory, 3rd edn., internat. stud. ed.,[Nachdr.]. McGraw-Hill Series in Psychology. Tata McGraw-Hill Ed, New Delhi; 2010.
Kellar SP, Kelvin EA. Munro’s statistical methods for health care research. Wolters Kluwer Health/Lippincott Williams & Wilkins; 2013.
Henson RK, Roberts JK. Use of exploratory factor analysis in published research: common errors and some comment on improved practice. Educ Psychol Meas. 2006;66(3):393–416.
doi: 10.1177/0013164405282485
Dong Y, Peng C-YJ. Principled missing data methods for researchers. SpringerPlus. 2013;2:1–17.
doi: 10.1186/2193-1801-2-222
Lenz ER. Measurement in nursing and health research. Springer publishing company; 2010.
Shrier LA, Pierce JD, Emans SJ, DuRant RH. Gender differences in risk behaviors associated with forced or pressured sex. Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med. 1998;152(1):57–63.
pubmed: 9452709
doi: 10.1001/archpedi.152.1.57
Vasegh Rahimparvar SF, Mottaghi B, Daneshparvar H, Jafari A. The study of post-traumatic stress disorder in women complaining of rape referred to legal medicine center in Tehran in 2013. Iran J Forensic Med. 2015;21(1):47–52.
Horowitz M, Wilner N, Alvarez W. Impact of event scale: a measure of subjective stress. Psychosom Med. 1979;41(3):209–18.
pubmed: 472086
doi: 10.1097/00006842-197905000-00004
Weiss D, Marmar C. The impact of event Scale—revised. In: Wilson JP, Keane TM, editors. Assessing psychological trauma and PTSD. New York, NY: Guilford Press[Google Scholar]; 1997. pp. 399–411.
Iranmanesh S, Shamsi A, Dehghan M. Post-traumatic stress symptoms among Iranian parents of children during cancer treatment. Issues Ment Health Nurs. 2015;36(4):279–85.
pubmed: 25988684
doi: 10.3109/01612840.2014.983622
Grove SK, Burns N, Gray J. The practice of nursing research: Appraisal, synthesis, and generation of evidence. Elsevier Health Sciences; 2012.
Kalkbrenner MT. Alpha, omega, and H internal consistency reliability estimates: reviewing these options and when to use them. Couns Outcome Res Evaluation. 2021:1–12.
Fitzgerald LF, Gelfand MJ, Drasgow F. Measuring sexual harassment: theoretical and psychometric advances. Basic Appl Soc Psychol. 1995;17(4):425–45.
doi: 10.1207/s15324834basp1704_2
Ritter BA. Deviant behavior in computer-mediated communication: development and validation of a measure of cybersexual harassment. J Computer-Mediated Communication. 2014;19(2):197–214.
doi: 10.1111/jcc4.12039
Fitzgerald LF, Magley VJ, Drasgow F, Waldo CR. Measuring sexual harassment in the military: the sexual experiences questionnaire (SEQ—DoD). Military Psychol. 1999;11(3):243–63.
doi: 10.1207/s15327876mp1103_3
Koss MP, Oros CJ. Sexual experiences Survey: a research instrument investigating sexual aggression and victimization. J Consult Clin Psychol. 1982;50(3):455.
pubmed: 7096751
doi: 10.1037/0022-006X.50.3.455
Koss MP, Gidycz CA. Sexual experiences survey: reliability and validity. J Consult Clin Psychol. 1985;53(3):422.
pubmed: 3874219
doi: 10.1037/0022-006X.53.3.422
Gylys JA, McNamara JR. A further examination of validity for the sexual experiences survey. Behav Sci Law. 1996;14(2):245–60.
pubmed: 10160235
doi: 10.1002/(SICI)1099-0798(199621)14:2<245::AID-BSL235>3.0.CO;2-T
Stark S, Chernyshenko OS, Lancaster AR, Drasgow F, Fitzgerald LF. Toward standardized measurement of sexual harassment: shortening the SEQ-DoD using item response theory. Military Psychol. 2002;14(1):49–72.
doi: 10.1207/S15327876MP1401_03
Murdoch M, McGovern PG. Measuring sexual harassment: development and validation of the sexual harassment inventory. Violence Vict. 1998;13(3):203–16.
pubmed: 9836410
doi: 10.1891/0886-6708.13.3.203
Cortina LM. Assessing sexual harassment among latinas: development of an instrument. Cult Divers Ethnic Minor Psychol. 2001;7(2):164–81.
doi: 10.1037/1099-9809.7.2.164
Rodriguez-Díaz FJ, Herrero J, Rodríguez-Franco L, Bringas-Molleda C, Paíno-Quesada SG, Pérez B. Validation of dating violence questionnarie-r (DVQ-R). Int J Clin Health Psychol. 2017;17(1):77–84.
pubmed: 30487883
doi: 10.1016/j.ijchp.2016.09.001
Swahnberg K. NorVold abuse questionnaire for men (m-NorAQ): validation of new measures of emotional, physical, and sexual abuse and abuse in health care in male patients. Gend Med. 2011;8(2):69–79.
pubmed: 21536226
doi: 10.1016/j.genm.2011.03.001
Haddad LG, Shotar A, Younger JB, Alzyoud S, Bouhaidar CM. Screening for domestic violence in Jordan: validation of an arabic version of a domestic violence against women questionnaire. Int J Women’s Health. 2011;3:79.
doi: 10.2147/IJWH.S17135
Leserman J, Drossman DA, Li Z. The reliability and validity of a sexual and physical abuse history questionnaire in female patients with gastrointestinal disorders. Behav Med. 1995;21(3):141–50.
pubmed: 8789650
doi: 10.1080/08964289.1995.9933752
Kalokhe AS, Stephenson R, Kelley ME, Dunkle KL, Paranjape A, Solas V, et al. The development and validation of the Indian family violence and control scale. PLoS ONE. 2016;11(1):e0148120.
pubmed: 26824611
pmcid: 4732749
doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0148120
Mazzeo SE, Bergman ME, Buchanan NT, Drasgow F, Fitzgerald LF. Situation-specific assessment of sexual harassment. J Vocat Behav. 2001;59(1):120–31.
doi: 10.1006/jvbe.2000.1781
Sanchez V, Muñoz-Fernández N, Vega-Gea E. Peer sexual cybervictimization in adolescents: development and validation of a scale. Int J Clin Health Psychol. 2017;17(2):171–9.
pubmed: 30487892
pmcid: 6220920
doi: 10.1016/j.ijchp.2017.04.001
Huang LY, Cao L. Exploring sexual harassment in a police department in Taiwan. Policing: An International Journal of Police Strategies & Management. 2008;31(2):324–40.
doi: 10.1108/13639510810878758
Tabatabaei SS, Lesani M. Validation of the openness to Vocational Opportunity (OVOs) with the partial least squares (PLS) Approach. Train Meas. 2017;7(26):199–224.