The role of speech style, frequency, and density in recognition memory for spoken words.

What determines whether listeners remember a spoken word? The Effortfulness Hypothesis claims that memory is modulated by a word's intelligibility during real-time processing, while the Distinctiveness Hypothesis claims that it is modulated by a word's distinguishing characteristics. We tested these differing predictions using American English words that varied along three dimensions known to affect both intelligibility and distinctiveness: speech style (clear versus casual), frequency (high versus low), and neighborhood density (high versus low). In a recognition memory experiment, participants (

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The authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest.