Assessment of Air Pollution in Ulaanbaatar Using the Moss Bag Technique.
Journal
Archives of environmental contamination and toxicology
ISSN: 1432-0703
Titre abrégé: Arch Environ Contam Toxicol
Pays: United States
ID NLM: 0357245
Informations de publication
Date de publication:
08 Feb 2024
08 Feb 2024
Historique:
received:
18
04
2023
accepted:
02
01
2024
medline:
8
2
2024
pubmed:
8
2
2024
entrez:
8
2
2024
Statut:
aheadofprint
Résumé
Active moss biomonitoring, the so-called moss bag technique, widely applied in many countries, for the first time, was applied to assess the air quality in Ulaanbaatar (Mongolia). Moss bags with Sphagnum girgensohnii Russow were exposed in triplicate in three different periods: December-February, March-May, and December-May at 13 governmental air quality monitoring stations located in the vicinity of thermal power plants and residential areas. The plant tissue content of Al, Ba, Co, Cd, Cr, Cu, Fe, Mn, P, Pb, Sr, S, V, As, and Zn was determined using inductively coupled plasma-optical emission spectrometry, and a direct mercury analyzer was used to determine the Hg content. The samples in residential areas and near thermal power plants that were exposed for 3 months in winter and for 6 months (winter to spring) were characterized by the highest accumulation of the elements. In the moss bags exposed during spring, maximum accumulation of the determined elements was noted in residential areas and near main roads. Regardless of the exposure time and duration, the highest accumulation of Al, Fe, and V was determined at Dambadarjaa air quality station located near a highway and of Hg near the Amgalan power plant. Significant differences in element accumulation between seasons were observed, thus, the accumulation of Al, Ba, As, Co, Cr, Fe, Pb, V, and Zn was higher in spring, while P and S had higher content in the moss samples exposed during winter. The accumulation of elements over the 6-month exposure period was 1.1-6.7 times higher than that of the 3-month periods. Thus, the 6-month exposure can be considered a reliable deployment period as it ensures an adequate signal in terms of enrichment of pollutants. Factor analysis was applied to highlight the association of elements and to link them with possible sources of emission. Three factors were determined, the first one included Al, As, Ba, Co, Cr, Fe, Mn, Pb, Sr, and V and was identified as a geogenic-anthropogenic, the second (Cu, P, and S) and third (Cd and Zn) factors suggested anthropogenic origin. The Relative accumulation factor and enrichment factor were calculated to evaluate the level of air pollution and possible element sources. Considerable contributors to air pollution were Zn, Fe, As, V, Cr, and Al, which may originate from airborne soil particles of crustal matter or transport, as well as coal combustion for heating and cooking.
Identifiants
pubmed: 38329491
doi: 10.1007/s00244-024-01050-4
pii: 10.1007/s00244-024-01050-4
doi:
Types de publication
Journal Article
Langues
eng
Sous-ensembles de citation
IM
Subventions
Organisme : Department of Air and Environment Pollution in the Capital City of Mongolia
ID : NABOG - 02 - 50
Informations de copyright
© 2024. The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer Science+Business Media, LLC, part of Springer Nature.
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