Mapping cumulative compound hydrometeorological and marine-induced risks on the NW Mediterranean coast.
Journal
Scientific reports
ISSN: 2045-2322
Titre abrégé: Sci Rep
Pays: England
ID NLM: 101563288
Informations de publication
Date de publication:
08 Feb 2024
08 Feb 2024
Historique:
received:
29
11
2022
accepted:
06
02
2024
medline:
9
2
2024
pubmed:
9
2
2024
entrez:
9
2
2024
Statut:
epublish
Résumé
Coastal risks in the Mediterranean are a result of the complex interplay between hydrometeorological and marine hazards. The region encompasses areas with varying degrees of vulnerability to these hazards, as well as spatial variations in exposure values, making it essential to adopt a comprehensive and nuanced approach to risk assessment and management. It is worth noting that hydrometeorological hazards, such as flash floods, can often have a greater impact than strictly coastal hazards, highlighting the need to consider the full range of potential risks. Therefore, coastal managers must adopt a multi-hazard approach to make sound risk management decisions. This study addresses this need using an index-based framework that assesses the integrated risk in time and space (hereafter referred to as cumulative compound risk) in coastal zones by aggregating the main hydrometeorological and marine hazards, the vulnerability of the territory to both types of hazards, and values at exposure. The framework is designed for use at large spatial scales (applied to a 1100 km coastline in this study), with the basic spatial unit being relevant for management (here set as the municipality in this study). Its application enables the assessment of spatial variations in integrated risk as well as individual hydrometeorological and marine contributions. The combined use of the indices and cluster analysis helps identify similarities and differences in the risk profile of spatial units, and thus, define homogeneous areas from a risk management perspective. In this study, the framework was applied to the Spanish Mediterranean coastline, an area representative of the climatic, geomorphological, and socioeconomic conditions of the Mediterranean coast.
Identifiants
pubmed: 38332259
doi: 10.1038/s41598-024-53899-z
pii: 10.1038/s41598-024-53899-z
doi:
Types de publication
Journal Article
Langues
eng
Sous-ensembles de citation
IM
Pagination
3237Subventions
Organisme : Ministry of Economy and Competitiveness | Agencia Estatal de Investigación (Spanish Agencia Estatal de Investigación)
ID : PID2020-113638RB-C21
Organisme : Ministry of Economy and Competitiveness | Agencia Estatal de Investigación (Spanish Agencia Estatal de Investigación)
ID : CTM2017-83655-C2-1-R
Organisme : Ministry of Economy and Competitiveness | Agencia Estatal de Investigación (Spanish Agencia Estatal de Investigación)
ID : PRE2018-084174
Organisme : Ministry of Economy and Competitiveness | Agencia Estatal de Investigación (Spanish Agencia Estatal de Investigación)
ID : CTM2017-83655-C2-2-R
Organisme : Ministry of Economy and Competitiveness | Agencia Estatal de Investigación (Spanish Agencia Estatal de Investigación)
ID : PID2020-113638RB-C22
Informations de copyright
© 2024. The Author(s).
Références
UNEP/MAP-Plan Bleu. State of the Environment and Development in the Mediterranean 340 (UNEP/MAP-Plan Bleu, 2009).
Llasat, M. C. Storms and floods. In The Physical Geography of the Mediterranean Basin (ed. Woodward, J.) 504–531 (Oxford University Press, 2009).
Llasat, M. C. et al. High-impact floods and flash floods in Mediterranean countries: The FLASH preliminary database. Adv. Geosci. 23, 47–55 (2010).
doi: 10.5194/adgeo-23-47-2010
Pranzini, E. Shore protection in Italy: From hard to soft engineering… and back. Ocean Coast. Manag. 156, 43–57 (2018).
doi: 10.1016/j.ocecoaman.2017.04.018
Jiménez, J. A. & Valdemoro, H. I. Shoreline evolution and its management implications in beaches along the Catalan coast. In The Spanish Coastal Systems Dynamic Processes, Sediments and Management (ed. Morales, J. A.) 745–764 (Springer, 2019).
doi: 10.1007/978-3-319-93169-2_32
Vousdoukas, M. I. et al. Sandy coastlines under threat of erosion. Nat. Clim. Change 10, 260–263 (2020).
doi: 10.1038/s41558-020-0697-0
Ciavola, P., Harley, M. D. & Den Heijer, C. The RISC-KIT storm impact database: A new tool in support of DRR. Coast. Eng. 134, 24–32 (2018).
doi: 10.1016/j.coastaleng.2017.08.016
Jiménez, J. A., Sancho-García, A., Bosom, E., Valdemoro, H. I. & Guillén, J. Storm-induced damages along the Catalan coast (NW Mediterranean) during the period 1958–2008. Geomorphology 143, 24–33 (2012).
doi: 10.1016/j.geomorph.2011.07.034
Gil-Guirado, S., Pérez-Morales, A. & Lopez-Martinez, F. SMC-Flood database: A high-resolution press database on flood cases for the Spanish Mediterranean coast (1960–2015). Nat. Hazards Earth Syst. Sci. 19, 1955–1971 (2019).
doi: 10.5194/nhess-19-1955-2019
Paprotny, D., Vousdoukas, M. I., Morales-Nápoles, O., Jonkman, S. N. & Feyen, L. Pan-European hydrodynamic models and their ability to identify compound floods. Nat. Hazards 101, 933–957 (2020).
doi: 10.1007/s11069-020-03902-3
Jiménez, J. A., Sanuy, M., Ballesteros, C. & Valdemoro, H. I. The Tordera Delta, a hotspot to storm impacts in the coast northwards of Barcelona (NW Mediterranean). Coast. Eng. 134, 148–158 (2018).
doi: 10.1016/j.coastaleng.2017.08.012
Anfuso, G., Pranzini, E. & Vitale, G. An integrated approach to coastal erosion problems in northern Tuscany (Italy): Littoral morphological evolution and cell distribution. Geomorphology 129, 204–214 (2011).
doi: 10.1016/j.geomorph.2011.01.023
Zscheischler, J. et al. Future climate risk from compound events. Nat. Clim. Change 8, 469–477 (2018).
doi: 10.1038/s41558-018-0156-3
Zscheischler, J. et al. A typology of compound weather and climate events. Nat. Rev. Earth Environ. 1, 333–347 (2020).
doi: 10.1038/s43017-020-0060-z
De Zolt, S., Lionello, P., Nuhu, A. & Tomasin, A. The disastrous storm of 4 November 1966 on Italy. Nat. Hazards Earth Syst. Sci. 6, 861–879 (2006).
doi: 10.5194/nhess-6-861-2006
Davolio, S., Della Fera, S., Laviola, S., Miglietta, M. M. & Levizzani, V. Heavy precipitation over Italy from the Mediterranean storm “Vaia” in October 2018: Assessing the role of an atmospheric river. Month. Weather Rev. 148, 3571–3588 (2020).
doi: 10.1175/MWR-D-20-0021.1
Amores, A., Marcos, M., Carrió, D. S. & Gómez-Pujol, L. Coastal impacts of Storm Gloria (January 2020) over the north-western Mediterranean. Nat. Hazards Earth Syst. Sci. 20, 1955–1968 (2020).
doi: 10.5194/nhess-20-1955-2020
Canals, M. & Miranda, J. Sobre el temporal Gloria (19–23.01.20), els seus efectes sobre el país i el que se’n deriva. Report de Resposta Ràpida (R3) 196 (Institut d’Estudis Catalans, 2020).
Cramer, W. et al. Climate change and interconnected risks to sustainable development in the Mediterranean. Nat. Clim. Change 8, 972–980 (2018).
doi: 10.1038/s41558-018-0299-2
Antonioli, F. et al. Relative sea-level rise and potential submersion risk for 2100 on 16 coastal plains of the Mediterranean sea. Water 12, 2173 (2020).
doi: 10.3390/w12082173
Vousdoukas, M. I. et al. Global probabilistic projections of extreme sea levels show intensification of coastal flood hazard. Nat. Commun. 9, 1–12 (2018).
doi: 10.1038/s41467-018-04692-w
Tramblay, Y. & Somot, S. Future evolution of extreme precipitation in the Mediterranean. Clim. Change 151, 289–302 (2018).
doi: 10.1007/s10584-018-2300-5
Wolff, C., Nikoletopoulos, T., Hinkel, J. & Vafeidis, A. T. Future urban development exacerbates coastal exposure in the Mediterranean. Sci. Rep. 10, 1–11 (2020).
doi: 10.1038/s41598-020-70928-9
Bevacqua, E. et al. Guidelines for studying diverse types of compound weather and climate events. Earth’s Future 9, e2021EF002340 (2021).
doi: 10.1029/2021EF002340
Sillmann, J. et al. Event-based storylines to address climate risk. Earth’s Future 9, e2020EF001783 (2021).
doi: 10.1029/2020EF001783
Sanuy, M., Rigó, T., Jiménez, J. A. & Llasat, M. C. Classifying compound coastal storm and heavy rainfall events in the north-western Spanish Mediterranean. Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci. 25, 3759–3781 (2021).
doi: 10.5194/hess-25-3759-2021
Nguyen, T. T., Bonetti, J., Rogers, K. & Woodroffe, C. D. Indicator-based assessment of climate-change impacts on coasts: A review of concepts, methodological approaches and vulnerability indices. Ocean Coast. Manag. 123, 18–43 (2016).
doi: 10.1016/j.ocecoaman.2015.11.022
Shah, M. A. R. et al. A review of hydrometeorological hazard, vulnerability, and risk assessment frameworks and indicators in the context of nature-based solutions. Int. J. Dis. Risk Red. 50, 101728 (2020).
Le Cozannet, G. et al. An AHP-derived method for mapping the physical vulnerability of coastal areas at regional scales. Nat. Hazards Earth Syst. Sci. 13, 1209–1227 (2013).
doi: 10.5194/nhess-13-1209-2013
Koroglu, A., Ranasinghe, R., Jiménez, J. A. & Dastgheib, A. Comparison of coastal vulnerability index applications for Barcelona Province. Ocean Coast. Manag. 178, 104799 (2019).
doi: 10.1016/j.ocecoaman.2019.05.001
Furlan, E. et al. Development of a multi-dimensional coastal vulnerability index: Assessing vulnerability to inundation scenarios in the Italian coast. Sci. Total Environ. 772, 144650 (2021).
pubmed: 33770878
doi: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.144650
Satta, A., Snoussi, M., Puddu, M., Flayou, L. & Hout, R. An index-based method to assess risks of climate-related hazards in coastal zones: The case of Tetouan. Estuar. Coast. Shelf Sci. 175, 93–105 (2016).
doi: 10.1016/j.ecss.2016.03.021
Bevacqua, E. et al. Higher probability of compound flooding from precipitation and storm surge in Europe under anthropogenic climate change. Sci. Adv. 5, 5531 (2019).
doi: 10.1126/sciadv.aaw5531
Mendoza, E. & Jiménez, J. A. Regional geomorphic vulnerability analysis of Catalan beaches to storms. Proc. ICE Maritime Eng. 162(3), 127–135 (2009).
doi: 10.1680/maen.2009.162.3.127
Sardá, R., Avila, C. & Mora, J. A methodological approach to be used in integrated coastal zone management process: The case of the Catalan Coast (Catalonia, Spain). Estuar. Coast. Shelf Sci. 62, 427–439 (2005).
doi: 10.1016/j.ecss.2004.09.028
Yepes, V. & Medina, J. R. Land use tourism models in Spanish coastal areas. A case study of the Valencia region. J. Coast. Res. 49, 83–88 (2005).
Serra, P., Vera, A., Tulla, A. F. & Salvati, L. Beyond urban–rural dichotomy: Exploring socioeconomic and land-use processes of change in Spain (1991–2011). Appl. Geogr. 55, 71–81 (2014).
doi: 10.1016/j.apgeog.2014.09.005
Morales, J. A. & Pérez-Alberti, A. Introducing the Spanish coast. In The Spanish Coastal Systems (ed. Morales, J. A.) 1–23 (Springer, 2019).
doi: 10.1007/978-3-319-93169-2
Pardo-Pascual, J. E. & Sanjaume, E. Beaches in Valencian coast. In The Spanish Coastal Systems (ed. Morales, J. A.) 209–236 (Springer, 2019).
doi: 10.1007/978-3-319-93169-2_10
Athanasiou, P. et al. Global distribution of nearshore slopes with implications for coastal retreat. Earth Syst. Sci. Data 11, 1515–1529 (2019).
doi: 10.5194/essd-11-1515-2019
Garner, G. G. et al. IPCC AR6 Sea-Level Rise Projections. Version 20210809. PO.DAAC, CA, USA. https://podaac.jpl.nasa.gov/announcements/2021-08-09-Sea-level-projections-from-the-IPCC-6th-Assessment-Report (Accessed 12 December 2021) (2021).
Barnolas, M. & Llasat, M. C. A flood geodatabase and its climatological applications: The case of Catalonia for the last century. Nat. Hazards Earth Syst. Sci. 7, 271–281 (2007).
doi: 10.5194/nhess-7-271-2007
CIIRC. Estat de la zona costanera a Catalunya (Dept. Política Territorial i Obres Públiques, 2010).
Llasat, M. C. et al. Towards a database on societal impact of Mediterranean floods within the framework of the HYMEX project. Nat. Hazards Earth Syst. Sci. 13, 1337–1350 (2013).
doi: 10.5194/nhess-13-1337-2013
Ballesteros, C., Jiménez, J. A. & Viavattene, C. A multi-component flood risk assessment in the Maresme coast (NW Mediterranean). Nat. Hazards 90, 265–292 (2018).
doi: 10.1007/s11069-017-3042-9
Pendleton, E. A., Thieler, R. S. & Williams, J. Coastal Vulnerability Assessment of Fire Island National Seashore (FIIS) to Sea Level Rise. USGS Open File Rep, 03-439 (2004).
Abuodha, P. A. O. & Woodroffe, C. D. Assessing vulnerability to sea-level rise using a coastal sensitivity index: A case study from southeast Australia. J. Coast. Conserv. 14, 189–205 (2010).
doi: 10.1007/s11852-010-0097-0
Tibbetts, J. R. & van Proosdij, D. Development of a relative coastal vulnerability index in a macro-tidal environment for climate change adaptation. J. Coast. Conserv. 17, 775–797 (2013).
doi: 10.1007/s11852-013-0277-9
Bukvic, A., Rohat, G., Apotsos, A. & de Sherbinin, A. A systematic review of coastal vulnerability mapping. Sustainability 12, 2822 (2020).
doi: 10.3390/su12072822
Sanuy, M., Duo, E., Jäger, W. S., Ciavola, P. & Jiménez, J. A. Linking source with consequences of coastal storm impacts for climate change and risk reduction scenarios for Mediterranean sandy beaches. Nat. Hazards Earth Syst. Sci. 18, 1825–1847 (2018).
doi: 10.5194/nhess-18-1825-2018
López-Martínez, F., Pérez-Morales, A. & Illán-Fernández, E. J. Are local administrations really in charge of flood risk management governance? The Spanish Mediterranean coastline and its institutional vulnerability issues. J. Environ. Plan. Manag. 63, 257–274 (2020).
doi: 10.1080/09640568.2019.1577551
Barredo, J. I., Saurí, D. & Llasat, M. C. Assessing trends in insured losses from floods in Spain 1971–2008. Nat. Hazards Earth Syst. Sci. 12, 1723–1729 (2012).
doi: 10.5194/nhess-12-1723-2012
Pérez-Morales, A., Gil-Guirado, S. & Olcina-Cantos, J. Housing bubbles and the increase of flood exposure. Failures in flood risk management on the Spanish south-eastern coast (1975–2013). J. Flood Risk Manag. 11, S302–S313 (2018).
doi: 10.1111/jfr3.12207
Brenner, J., Jimenez, J. A. & Sardá, R. Definition of homogeneous environmental management units for the Catalan coast. Environ. Manag. 38, 993–1005 (2006).
doi: 10.1007/s00267-005-0210-6
UNEP. Protocol on Integrated Coastal Zone Management in the Mediterranean (Split, Priority Actions Programme, 2008)
Gornitz, V. Global coastal hazards from future sea level rise. Palaeogeogr. Palaeoclimatol. Palaeoecol. 89, 379–398 (1991).
doi: 10.1016/0031-0182(91)90173-O
Shaw, J., Taylor, R. B., Forbes, D. L., Ruz, M. H. & Solomon, S. Sensitivity of the Coasts of Canada to Sea-Level Rise 505 (Geological Survey of Canada, 1998).
López, R. M., Ranasinghe, R. & Jiménez, J. A. A rapid, low-cost approach to coastal vulnerability assessment at a national level. J. Coast. Res. 32, 932–945 (2016).
doi: 10.2112/JCOASTRES-D-14-00217.1
Mohd, F. A. et al. Comprehensive coastal vulnerability assessment and adaptation for Cherating-Pekan coast, Pahang, Malaysia. Ocean Coast. Manag. 182, 104948 (2019).
doi: 10.1016/j.ocecoaman.2019.104948
Sekovski, I., Del Río, L. & Armaroli, C. Development of a coastal vulnerability index using analytical hierarchy process and application to Ravenna province (Italy). Ocean Coast. Manag. 183, 104982 (2020).
doi: 10.1016/j.ocecoaman.2019.104982
Pilar, P., Soares, C. G. & Carretero, J. 44-Year wave hindcast for the North East Atlantic European coast. Coast. Eng. 55, 861–871 (2008).
doi: 10.1016/j.coastaleng.2008.02.027
Martínez-Asensio, A. et al. Response of the North Atlantic wave climate to atmospheric modes of variability. Int. J. Climatol. 36, 1210–1225 (2016).
doi: 10.1002/joc.4415
Mendoza, E. T., Jimenez, J. A., Mateo, J. & Salat, J. A coastal storms intensity scale for the Catalan sea (NW Mediterranean). Nat. Hazards Earth Syst. Sci. 11, 2453–2462 (2011).
doi: 10.5194/nhess-11-2453-2011
Dolan, R. & Davis, R. E. An intensity scale for Atlantic coast northeast storms. J. Coast. Res. 8, 840–853 (1992).
Molina, R., Manno, G., Lo Re, C., Anfuso, G. & Ciraolo, G. Storm energy flux characterization along the Mediterranean coast of Andalusia (Spain). Water 11, 509 (2019).
doi: 10.3390/w11030509
Himmelstoss, E. A., Henderson, R. E., Kratzmann, M. G. & Farris, A. Digital Shoreline Analysis System (DSAS) Version 5.1. Userguide. USGS Open-File Report 2021-1091 (2021).
Dolan, R., Fenster, M. S. & Holme, S. J. Temporal analysis of shoreline recession and accretion. J. Coast. Res. 7, 723–744 (1991).
Neumann, B., Vafeidis, A. T., Zimmermann, J. & Nicholls, R. J. Future coastal population growth and exposure to sea-level rise and coastal flooding-a global assessment. PLoS ONE 10, e0118571 (2015).
pubmed: 25760037
pmcid: 4367969
doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0118571
Kulp, S. A. & Strauss, B. H. New elevation data triple estimates of global vulnerability to sea-level rise and coastal flooding. Nat. Commun. 10, 1–12 (2019).
McGranahan, G., Balk, D. & Anderson, B. The rising tide: Assessing the risks of climate change and human settlements in low elevation coastal zones. Environ. Urban. 19, 17–37 (2007).
doi: 10.1177/0956247807076960
Rizzo, A. et al. Potential sea level rise inundation in the Mediterranean: From susceptibility assessment to risk scenarios for policy action. Water 14, 416 (2022).
doi: 10.3390/w14030416
Sanò, M. et al. The role of coastal setbacks in the context of coastal erosion and climate change. Ocean Coast. Manag. 54, 943–950 (2011).
doi: 10.1016/j.ocecoaman.2011.06.008
Pérez Gómez, B. et al. Coastal sea level monitoring in the Mediterranean and Black seas. Ocean Sci. 18, 997–1053 (2022).
doi: 10.5194/os-18-997-2022
Bruun, P. Sea level rise as a cause of shore erosion. J. Waterw. Harbour. Div. 88, 117–130 (1962).
doi: 10.1061/JWHEAU.0000252
Hinkel, J. et al. A global analysis of erosion of sandy beaches and sea-level rise: An application of DIVA. Glob. Planet. Change 111, 150–158 (2013).
doi: 10.1016/j.gloplacha.2013.09.002
Jiménez, J. A., Valdemoro, H. I., Bosom, E., Sánchez-Arcilla, A. & Nicholls, R. J. Impacts of sea-level rise-induced erosion on the Catalan coast. Reg. Environ. Change 17, 593–603 (2017).
doi: 10.1007/s10113-016-1052-x
Udo, K. & Takeda, Y. Projections of future beach loss in Japan due to sea-level rise and uncertainties in projected beach loss. Coast. Eng. J. 59, 1740006 (2017).
doi: 10.1142/S057856341740006X
López-Doriga, U., Jiménez, J. A., Valdemoro, H. I. & Nicholls, R. J. Impact of sea-level rise on the tourist-carrying capacity of Catalan beaches. Ocean. Coast. Manag. 170, 40–50 (2019).
doi: 10.1016/j.ocecoaman.2018.12.028
Thieler, E. R. & Hammar-Klose, E. S. National Assessment of Coastal Vulnerability to Future Sea-Level Rise: Preliminary Results for U.S. Atlantic Coast, USGS. Open File Report 99–593 (1999).
Liquete, C., Zulian, G., Delgado, I., Stips, A. & Maes, J. Assessment of coastal protection as an ecosystem service in Europe. Ecol. Indic. 30, 205–217 (2013).
doi: 10.1016/j.ecolind.2013.02.013
Bush, D. M., Neal, W. J., Young, R. S. & Pilkey, O. H. Utilization of geoindicators for rapid assessment of coastal-hazard risk and mitigation. Ocean. Coast. Manag. 42, 647–670 (1999).
doi: 10.1016/S0964-5691(99)00027-7
Bosom, E. & Jiménez, J. A. Probabilistic coastal vulnerability assessment to storms at regional scale-application to Catalan beaches (NW Mediterranean). Nat. Hazards Earth. Syst. Sci. 11, 475–484 (2011).
doi: 10.5194/nhess-11-475-2011
Viavattene, C. et al. Selecting coastal hotspots to storm impacts at the regional scale: A coastal risk assessment framework. Coast. Eng. 134, 33–47 (2018).
doi: 10.1016/j.coastaleng.2017.09.002
Leaman, C. K. et al. A storm hazard matrix combining coastal flooding and beach erosion. Coast. Eng. 170, 104001 (2021).
doi: 10.1016/j.coastaleng.2021.104001
Silva, R. et al. A framework to manage coastal squeeze. Sustainability 12, 10610 (2020).
doi: 10.3390/su122410610
Diaz-Cuevas, P., Prieto-Campos, A. & Ojeda-Zújar, J. Developing a beach erosion sensitivity indicator using relational spatial databases and analytic hierarchy process. Ocean Coast. Manag. 189, 105146 (2020).
doi: 10.1016/j.ocecoaman.2020.105146
Kharin, V. V., Zwiers, F. W., Zhang, X. & Hegerl, G. C. Changes in temperature and precipitation extremes in the IPCC ensemble of global coupled model simulations. J. Clim. 20, 1419–1444 (2007).
doi: 10.1175/JCLI4066.1
IPCC. Managing the Risks of Extreme Events and Disasters to Advance Climate Change Adaption (SREX) (Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, Cambridge University Press, 2012).
Pineda, N., Rigo, T., Bech, J. & Soler, X. Lightning and precipitation relationship in summer thunderstorms: Case studies in the North Western Mediterranean region. Atmos. Res. 85, 159–170 (2007).
doi: 10.1016/j.atmosres.2006.12.004
Pinto, J. G., Karremann, M. K., Born, K., Della-Marta, P. M. & Klawa, M. Loss potentials associated with European windstorms under future climate conditions. Clim. Res. 54, 1–20 (2012).
doi: 10.3354/cr01111
Demiroglu, O. C., Saygili-Araci, F. S., Pacal, A., Hall, C. M. & Kurnaz, M. L. Future holiday climate index (HCI) performance of urban and beach destinations in the Mediterranean. Atmosphere 11, 911 (2020).
doi: 10.3390/atmos11090911
Llasat, M. C., Marcos, R., Turco, M., Gilabert, J. & Llasat-Botija, M. Trends in flash flood events versus convective precipitation in the mediterranean region: The case of Catalonia. J. Hydrol. 541, 24–37 (2016).
doi: 10.1016/j.jhydrol.2016.05.040
Karmakar, S., Simonovic, S. P., Peck, A. & Black, J. An information system for risk-vulnerability assessment to flood. J. Geogr. Inf. Syst. 2, 129 (2010).
Llasat, M. C. et al. A multifactorial analysis of flood variability in the Metropolitan Area of Barcelona. In International Conference on Urban Risks, ICUR 2016 283-290 (2016).
Georgakakos, K. P. On the design of national, real-time warning systems with capability for site-specific, flash-flood forecasts. Bull. Am. Meteorol. Soc. 67, 1233–1239 (1986).
doi: 10.1175/1520-0477(1986)067<1233:OTDONR>2.0.CO;2
Meunier, M. Elements d’hydraulique torrentielle (Etudes du CEMAGREF, 1991).
Strahler, A. N. Quantitative analysis of watershed geomorphology. Eos 38, 913–920 (1957).
Demirel, H., Kompil, M. & Nemry, F. A. framework to analyze the vulnerability of European road networks due to sea-level rise (SLR) and sea storm surges. Transp. Res. A 81, 62–76 (2015).
Paprotny, D. et al. A probabilistic approach to estimating residential losses from different flood types. Nat. Hazards 105, 2569–2601 (2021).
doi: 10.1007/s11069-020-04413-x
Garola, A., López-Dóriga, U. & Jiménez, J. A. The economic impact of sea level rise-induced decrease in the carrying capacity of Catalan beaches (NW Mediterranean, Spain). Ocean Coast. Manag. 218, 106034 (2022).
doi: 10.1016/j.ocecoaman.2022.106034
Gornitz, V. Vulnerability of the East Coast, USA to future sea level rise. J. Coast. Res. 9, 201–237 (1990).
Hughes, P. & Brundrit, G. B. An index to assess South Africa’s vulnerability to sea-level rise. S. Afr. J. Sci. 88, 308–311 (1992).
McLaughlin, S. & Cooper, J. A. G. A multi-scale coastal vulnerability index: A tool for coastal managers? Environ. Hazards 9, 233–248 (2010).
doi: 10.3763/ehaz.2010.0052
Wood, N. J., Jones, J., Spielman, S. & Schmidtlein, M. C. Community clusters of tsunami vulnerability in the US Pacific Northwest. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. 112, 5354–5359 (2015).
pubmed: 25870283
pmcid: 4418905
doi: 10.1073/pnas.1420309112
Calil, J., Reguero, B. G., Zamora, A. R., Losada, I. J. & Méndez, F. J. Comparative coastal risk index (CCRI): A multidisciplinary risk index for Latin America and the Caribbean. PLoS ONE 12, e0187011 (2017).
pubmed: 29095841
pmcid: 5667813
doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0187011
Fernandez, P., Mourato, S., Moreira, M. & Pereira, L. A new approach for computing a flood vulnerability index using cluster analysis. Phys. Chem. Earth A/B/C 94, 47–55 (2016).
doi: 10.1016/j.pce.2016.04.003
CCS. Estadística Riesgos extraordinarios. Serie 1971–2021 (Consorcio de Compensación de Seguros, 2021).
López Vilares, P. & Asensio Ruiz, M. Consorseguros Digital 11 (Consorcio de Compensación de Seguros, 2022).
Spekkers, M. H., Kok, M., Clemens, F. H. & Ten Veldhuis, J. A. A statistical analysis of insurance damage claims related to rainfall extremes. Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci. 17, 913–922 (2013).
doi: 10.5194/hess-17-913-2013
Cortes, M., Turco, M., Llasat-Botija, M. & Llasat, M. C. The relationship between precipitation and insurance data for floods in a Mediterranean region (northeast Spain). Nat. Hazards Earth Syst. Sci. 18, 857–868 (2018).
doi: 10.5194/nhess-18-857-2018