Fabrication of silver nanoparticles loaded acacia gum/chitosan nanogel to coat the pipe surface for sustainable inhibiting microbial adhesion and biofilm growth in water distribution systems.

Biofilm formation on the inner surfaces of pipes poses significant threats to water distribution systems, increasing maintenance costs and compromising public health. To address this immense issue, we synthesized a nanogel comprising acacia gum (AG) and chitosan (Cs), loaded with varying concentrations of silver nanoparticles (AgNPs), for use as an antimicrobial coating. AgNPs were synthesized using AG as a reducing and stabilizing agent, exhibiting absorbance at 414 nm. The homogeneous particles of AgNPs were confirmed using TEM. Bactericidal efficacy was assessed against E. coli, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Enterococcus faecalis, and Bacillus subtilis. Using the dipping coating method, two pipe materials (polypropylene (PP) and ductile iron (DI)) were coated, revealing smaller inhibition zones for Gram-positive bacteria. Notably, AgNPs2@AGCsNG nanogel exhibited potent antibacterial action. Toxicity tests confirmed nanogel safety, suggesting broad applications. High EC

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Declaration of competing interest The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper.