Understanding the Burden of Respiratory Syncytial Virus in Older Adults in Latin America: An Expert Perspective on Knowledge Gaps.
Consensus
Disease burden
Epidemiology
Latin America
RSV
Respiratory syncytial virus
Vaccination
Journal
Pulmonary therapy
ISSN: 2364-1746
Titre abrégé: Pulm Ther
Pays: United States
ID NLM: 101687144
Informations de publication
Date de publication:
15 Feb 2024
15 Feb 2024
Historique:
received:
19
12
2023
accepted:
12
01
2024
medline:
15
2
2024
pubmed:
15
2
2024
entrez:
15
2
2024
Statut:
aheadofprint
Résumé
Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) is a significant global health concern and major cause of hospitalization, particularly among infants and older adults. The clinical impact of RSV is well characterized in infants; however, in many countries, the burden and risk of RSV in older populations are overlooked. In Latin America, there are limited data on RSV epidemiology and disease management in older adults. Therefore, the impact of RSV in this region needs to be addressed. Here, current insights on RSV infections in older populations in Latin America, including those with underlying health conditions, are discussed. We also outline the key challenges limiting our understanding of the burden of RSV in Latin America in a worldwide context and propose an expert consensus to improve our understanding of the burden of RSV in the region. By so doing, we aim to ultimately improve disease management and outcomes of those at risk and to alleviate the impact on healthcare systems.A graphical plain language summary is available with this article.
Identifiants
pubmed: 38358618
doi: 10.1007/s41030-024-00253-3
pii: 10.1007/s41030-024-00253-3
doi:
Types de publication
Journal Article
Review
Langues
eng
Informations de copyright
© 2024. The Author(s).
Références
Du Y, Yan R, Wu X, et al. Global burden and trends of respiratory syncytial virus infection across different age groups from 1990 to 2019: a systematic analysis of the Global Burden of Disease 2019 Study. Int J Infect Dis. 2023;135:70–6. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijid.2023.08.008 .
doi: 10.1016/j.ijid.2023.08.008
pubmed: 37567553
Ejaz H, Alsrhani A, Zafar A, et al. COVID-19 and comorbidities: Deleterious impact on infected patients. J Infect Public Health. 2020;13(12):1833–9. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jiph.2020.07.014 .
doi: 10.1016/j.jiph.2020.07.014
pubmed: 32788073
pmcid: 7402107
Gupta A, Marzook H, Ahmad F. Comorbidities and clinical complications associated with SARS-CoV-2 infection: an overview. Clin Exp Med. 2023;23(2):313–31. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10238-022-00821-4 .
doi: 10.1007/s10238-022-00821-4
pubmed: 35362771
Häder A, Köse-Vogel N, Schulz L, et al. Respiratory infections in the aging lung: implications for diagnosis, therapy, and prevention. Aging Dis. 2023;14(4):1091–104. https://doi.org/10.14336/ad.2023.0329 .
Márquez-Salinas A, Fermín-Martínez CA, Antonio-Villa NE, et al. Adaptive metabolic and inflammatory responses identified using accelerated aging metrics are linked to adverse outcomes in severe SARS-CoV-2 infection. J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci. 2021;76(8):e117–26. https://doi.org/10.1093/gerona/glab078 .
doi: 10.1093/gerona/glab078
pubmed: 33721886
WHO. Respiratory Syncytial Virus (RSV) disease. https://www.who.int/teams/health-product-policy-and-standards/standards-and-specifications/vaccine-standardization/respiratory-syncytial-virus-disease [Accessed November 2023].
Melgar M, Britton A, Roper LE, et al. Use of respiratory syncytial virus vaccines in older adults: recommendations of the advisory committee on immunization practices — United States, 2023. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep. 2023;72(29):793–801.
doi: 10.15585/mmwr.mm7229a4
pubmed: 37471262
pmcid: 10360650
Thompson WW, Shay DK, Weintraub E, et al. Mortality associated with influenza and respiratory syncytial virus in the United States. JAMA. 2003;289(2):179–86. https://doi.org/10.1001/jama.289.2.179 .
doi: 10.1001/jama.289.2.179
pubmed: 12517228
Ali A, Lopardo G, Scarpellini B, Stein RT, Ribeiro D. Systematic review on respiratory syncytial virus epidemiology in adults and the elderly in Latin America. Int J Infect Dis. 2020;90:170–80. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijid.2019.10.025 .
doi: 10.1016/j.ijid.2019.10.025
pubmed: 31669592
Buendía JA, Patino DG, Sinisterra D. Cost of illness of RSV infection in a middle-income tropical country. Turk J Pediatr. 2021;63(4):673–82. https://doi.org/10.24953/turkjped.2021.04.015 .
Mosegui GBG, Antoñanzas F, de Mello Vianna CM. Cost of lost productivity from acute respiratory infections in South America. Rev Panam Salud Publica. 2023;47:e65. https://doi.org/10.26633/rpsp.2023.65 .
Doherty TM, Del Giudice G, Maggi S. Adult vaccination as part of a healthy lifestyle: moving from medical intervention to health promotion. Ann Med. 2019;51(2):128–40. https://doi.org/10.1080/07853890.2019.1588470 .
doi: 10.1080/07853890.2019.1588470
pubmed: 31025882
pmcid: 7857442
Hall CB. Respiratory syncytial virus: its transmission in the hospital environment. Yale J Biol Med. 1982;55(3–4):219–23.
pubmed: 6758370
pmcid: 2596445
Carbonell-Estrany X, Simões EAF, Bont LJ, et al. Identifying the research, advocacy, policy and implementation needs for the prevention and management of respiratory syncytial virus lower respiratory tract infection in low- and middle-income countries. Front Pediatr. 2022;10:1033125. https://doi.org/10.3389/fped.2022.1033125 .
doi: 10.3389/fped.2022.1033125
pubmed: 36440349
pmcid: 9682277
Bardach A, Rey-Ares L, Cafferata ML, et al. Systematic review and meta-analysis of respiratory syncytial virus infection epidemiology in Latin America. Rev Med Virol. 2014;24(2):76–89. https://doi.org/10.1002/rmv.1775 .
doi: 10.1002/rmv.1775
pubmed: 24757727
Pan American Health Organization, World Health Organization. Epidemiological Alert: Influenza, respiratory syncytial virus and SARS-CoV-2. 6 June 2023. https://www.paho.org/en/documents/epidemiological-alert-influenza-respiratory-syncytial-virus-and-sars-cov-2-6-june-2023 .
Sousa MLA, Shimizu IS, Patino CM, et al. COVID-19 knowledge, attitudes, and practices among health care workers in Latin America. J Bras Pneumol. 2022;48(5):e20220018. https://doi.org/10.36416/1806-3756/e20220018 .
Mejia CR, Aveiro-Robalo TR, Garlisi Torales LD, et al. Basic COVID-19 knowledge according to education level and country of residence: Analysis of twelve countries in Latin America. Front Med. 2022;9. https://doi.org/10.3389/fmed.2022.978795 .
Jain S, Self WH, Wunderink RG, et al. Community-acquired pneumonia requiring hospitalization among U.S. Adults. N Engl J Med. 2015;373(5):415–27. https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMoa1500245 .
Nuwer R. Better awareness of RSV in older adults is needed to fight a growing burden. Nature. 2023;621:S58–9.
doi: 10.1038/d41586-023-02958-y
pubmed: 37758886
European Medicines Agency. Abrysvo. https://www.ema.europa.eu/en/medicines/human/EPAR/abrysvo . Accessed December 2023.
European Medicines Agency. Arexvy. https://www.ema.europa.eu/en/medicines/human/EPAR/arexvy . Accessed December 2023.
Papi A, Ison MG, Langley JM, et al. Respiratory syncytial virus prefusion F protein vaccine in older adults. N Engl J Med. 2023;388(7):595–608. https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMoa2209604 .
doi: 10.1056/NEJMoa2209604
pubmed: 36791160
Walsh EE, Pérez Marc G, Zareba AM, et al. Efficacy and safety of a bivalent RSV prefusion F vaccine in older adults. N Engl J Med. 2023;388(16):1465–77. https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMoa2213836 .
doi: 10.1056/NEJMoa2213836
pubmed: 37018468
Baumeister E, Duque J, Varela T, et al. Timing of respiratory syncytial virus and influenza epidemic activity in five regions of Argentina, 2007–2016. Influenza Other Respir Viruses. 2019;13(1):10–7. https://doi.org/10.1111/irv.12596 .
doi: 10.1111/irv.12596
pubmed: 30051595
de Mello Freitas FT. Sentinel surveillance of influenza and other respiratory viruses, Brazil, 2000–2010. Braz J Infect Dis. 2013;17(1):62–8. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bjid.2012.09.001 .
doi: 10.1016/j.bjid.2012.09.001
pmcid: 9427376
Echavarría M, Marcone DN, Querci M, et al. Clinical impact of rapid molecular detection of respiratory pathogens in patients with acute respiratory infection. J Clin Virol. 2018;108:90–5. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcv.2018.09.009 .
doi: 10.1016/j.jcv.2018.09.009
pubmed: 30267999
pmcid: 7172208
Estofolete CF, Banho CA, Verro AT, et al. Clinical characterization of respiratory syncytial virus infection in adults: a neglected disease? Viruses. 2023;15(9):1848, https://www.mdpi.com/1999-4915/15/9/1848 .
Fernandes-Matano L, Monroy-Muñoz IE, Angeles-Martínez J, et al. Prevalence of non-influenza respiratory viruses in acute respiratory infection cases in Mexico. PLoS One. 2017;12(5): e0176298. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0176298 .
doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0176298
pubmed: 28467515
pmcid: 5415110
Gamiño-Arroyo AE, Moreno-Espinosa S, Llamosas-Gallardo B, et al. Epidemiology and clinical characteristics of respiratory syncytial virus infections among children and adults in Mexico. Influenza Other Respir Viruses. 2017;11(1):48–56. https://doi.org/10.1111/irv.12414 .
doi: 10.1111/irv.12414
pubmed: 27439650
Riquelme R, Rioseco ML, Agüero Y, et al. Infección por virus respiratorios en adultos hospitalizados en un Servicio de Medicina Interna. Revista médica de Chile. 2014;142:696–701, http://www.scielo.cl/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pid=S0034-98872014000600002&nrm=iso .
Galindo-Fraga A, Ortiz-Hernández AA, Ramírez-Venegas A, et al. Clinical characteristics and outcomes of influenza and other influenza-like illnesses in Mexico City. Int J Infect Dis. 2013;17(7):e510–7. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijid.2013.01.006 .
doi: 10.1016/j.ijid.2013.01.006
pubmed: 23416208
pmcid: 3655081
Ramírez-Soto MC, Ortega-Cáceres G, Garay-Uribe J. Characteristics of respiratory syncytial virus versus influenza infection in hospitalized patients of Peru: a retrospective observational study. Trop Med Infect Dis. 2022. https://doi.org/10.3390/tropicalmed7100317 .
doi: 10.3390/tropicalmed7100317
pubmed: 36288058
pmcid: 9612014
Nguyen-Van-Tam JS, O’Leary M, Martin ET, et al. Burden of respiratory syncytial virus infection in older and high-risk adults: a systematic review and meta-analysis of the evidence from developed countries. Eur Respir Rev. 2022. https://doi.org/10.1183/16000617.0105-2022 .
doi: 10.1183/16000617.0105-2022
pubmed: 36384703
pmcid: 9724807
Mosscrop LG, Williams TC, Tregoning JS. Respiratory syncytial virus after the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic - what next? Nat Rev Immunol. 2022;22(10):589–90. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41577-022-00764-7 .
doi: 10.1038/s41577-022-00764-7
pubmed: 35831610
pmcid: 9281204
Pan American Health Organization, World Health Organization. Epidemiological Alert: Anticipation of the onset of respiratory virus season. 22 September 2023. https://www.paho.org/en/documents/epidemiological-alert-anticipation-onset-respiratory-virus-season-22-september-2023 .
Savic M, Penders Y, Shi T, Branche A, Pirçon J-Y. Respiratory syncytial virus disease burden in adults aged 60 years and older in high-income countries: a systematic literature review and meta-analysis. Influenza Other Respir Viruses. 2023;17(1): e13031. https://doi.org/10.1111/irv.13031 .
doi: 10.1111/irv.13031
pubmed: 36369772
Htar MTT, Yerramalla M, Moïsi J, Swerdlow D. The burden of respiratory syncytial virus in adults: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Epidemiol Infect. 2020. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0950268820000400 .
doi: 10.1017/S0950268820000400
Shi T, Vennard S, Jasiewicz F, Brogden R, Nair H, Investigators R. Disease burden estimates of respiratory syncytial virus related acute respiratory infections in adults with comorbidity: a systematic review and meta-analysis. J Infect Dis. 2021;226(Supplement 1):S17–21. https://doi.org/10.1093/infdis/jiab040 .
doi: 10.1093/infdis/jiab040
Belongia EA, King JP, Kieke BA, et al. Clinical features, severity, and incidence of RSV illness during 12 consecutive seasons in a community cohort of adults ≥60 years old. Open Forum Infect Dis. 2018. https://doi.org/10.1093/ofid/ofy316 .
doi: 10.1093/ofid/ofy316
pubmed: 30619907
pmcid: 6306566
Chatzis O, Darbre S, Pasquier J, et al. Burden of severe RSV disease among immunocompromised children and adults: a 10 year retrospective study. BMC Infect Dis. 2018;18(1):111. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12879-018-3002-3 .
doi: 10.1186/s12879-018-3002-3
pubmed: 29510663
pmcid: 5838875
McLaughlin JM, Khan F, Begier E, Swerdlow DL, Jodar L, Falsey AR. Rates of medically attended RSV among US adults: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Open Forum Infect Dis. 2022. https://doi.org/10.1093/ofid/ofac300 .
doi: 10.1093/ofid/ofac300
pubmed: 35873302
pmcid: 9752724
American Heart Association. RSV and Heart Health. https://www.heart.org/en/health-topics/rsv [Accessed November 2023].
CDC. Respiratory Syncytial Virus Infection (RSV). https://www.cdc.gov/rsv/index.html [Accessed November 2023].
Falsey AR, Walsh EE. Respiratory syncytial virus infection in elderly adults. Drugs Aging. 2005;22(7):577–87. https://doi.org/10.2165/00002512-200522070-00004 .
doi: 10.2165/00002512-200522070-00004
pubmed: 16038573
pmcid: 7099998
Zuurbier RP, Korsten K, Verheij TJM, et al. Performance assessment of a rapid molecular respiratory syncytial virus point-of-care test: a prospective community study in older adults. J Infect Dis. 2022;226(Suppl 1):S63–70. https://doi.org/10.1093/infdis/jiab600 .
doi: 10.1093/infdis/jiab600
pubmed: 35134954
pmcid: 9374508
Chartrand C, Tremblay N, Renaud C, Papenburg J. Diagnostic accuracy of rapid antigen detection tests for respiratory syncytial virus infection: systematic review and meta-analysis. J Clin Microbiol. 2015;53(12):3738–49. https://doi.org/10.1128/jcm.01816-15 .
doi: 10.1128/jcm.01816-15
pubmed: 26354816
pmcid: 4652120
Larsson E, Johansson S, Frøbert O, Nordenskjöld A, Athlin S. Evaluation of the IMMUVIEw RSV test for rapid detection of respiratory syncytial virus in adult patients with influenza-like symptoms. Microbiol Spectr. 2021;9(3): e0093721. https://doi.org/10.1128/Spectrum.00937-21 .
doi: 10.1128/Spectrum.00937-21
pubmed: 34878317
Pfeil J, Tabatabai J, Sander A, Ries M, Grulich-Henn J, Schnitzler P. Screening for respiratory syncytial virus and isolation strategies in children hospitalized with acute respiratory tract infection. Medicine (Baltimore). 2014;93(25): e144. https://doi.org/10.1097/md.0000000000000144 .
doi: 10.1097/md.0000000000000144
pubmed: 25437026
Rozenbaum MH, Judy J, Tran D, Yacisin K, Kurosky SK, Begier E. Low levels of RSV testing among adults hospitalized for lower respiratory tract infection in the United States. Infect Dis Ther. 2023;12(2):677–85. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40121-023-00758-5 .
doi: 10.1007/s40121-023-00758-5
pubmed: 36707466
pmcid: 9883084
Rozenbaum MH, Begier E, Kurosky SK, et al. Incidence of respiratory syncytial virus infection in older adults: limitations of current data. Infect Dis Ther. 2023;12(6):1487–504. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40121-023-00802-4 .
doi: 10.1007/s40121-023-00802-4
pubmed: 37310617
pmcid: 10262134
Schneider UV, Holm MKA, Bang D, et al. Point-of-care tests for influenza A and B viruses and RSV in emergency departments - indications, impact on patient management and possible gains by syndromic respiratory testing, Capital Region, Denmark, 2018. Euro Surveill. 2020;25(44):1900430. https://doi.org/10.2807/1560-7917.Es.2020.25.44.1900430 .
doi: 10.2807/1560-7917.Es.2020.25.44.1900430
pubmed: 33153518
pmcid: 7645972
Li Y, Kulkarni D, Begier E, et al. Adjusting for case under-ascertainment in estimating RSV hospitalisation burden of older adults in high-income countries: a systematic review and modelling study. Infect Dis Ther. 2023;12(4):1137–49. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40121-023-00792-3 .
doi: 10.1007/s40121-023-00792-3
pubmed: 36941483
pmcid: 10027261
Reis Neto JPD, Juliana Martinho; Araujo, Rafael Rodrigo; Barbosa, Aline; Chagas, Kelem; Teich, Vanessa; Boiron, Luis. Perfil de hospitalizações potencialmente relacionadas à influenza: dados de uma autogestão do Sistema de Saúde Suplementar do Brasil. J Bras Econ Saúde. 2020;12(3):255–63.
Staadegaard L, Caini S, Wangchuk S, et al. The Global Epidemiology of RSV in Community and Hospitalized Care: Findings From 15 Countries. Open Forum Infect Dis. 2021;8(7):ofab159. https://doi.org/10.1093/ofid/ofab159 .
Fleming DM, Taylor RJ, Lustig RL, et al. Modelling estimates of the burden of Respiratory Syncytial virus infection in adults and the elderly in the United Kingdom. BMC Infect Dis. 2015;15:443. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12879-015-1218-z .
doi: 10.1186/s12879-015-1218-z
pubmed: 26497750
pmcid: 4618996
Niekler P, Goettler D, Liese JG, Streng A. Hospitalizations due to respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) infections in Germany: a nationwide clinical and direct cost data analysis (2010–2019). Infection. 2023. https://doi.org/10.1007/s15010-023-02122-8 .
doi: 10.1007/s15010-023-02122-8
pubmed: 37973718
McCracken JP, Prill MM, Arvelo W, et al. Respiratory syncytial virus infection in Guatemala, 2007–2012. J Infect Dis. 2013;208(Suppl 3):S197-206. https://doi.org/10.1093/infdis/jit517 .
doi: 10.1093/infdis/jit517
pubmed: 24265479
Ackerson B, Tseng HF, Sy LS, et al. Severe morbidity and mortality associated with respiratory syncytial virus versus influenza infection in hospitalized older adults. Clin Infect Dis. 2018;69(2):197–203. https://doi.org/10.1093/cid/ciy991 .
doi: 10.1093/cid/ciy991
Ambrosch A, Luber D, Klawonn F, Kabesch M. Focusing on severe infections with the respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) in adults: Risk factors, symptomatology and clinical course compared to influenza A / B and the original SARS-CoV-2 strain. J Clin Virol. 2023;161: 105399. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcv.2023.105399 .
doi: 10.1016/j.jcv.2023.105399
pubmed: 36863135
pmcid: 9927795
Begley KM, Monto AS, Lamerato LE, et al. Prevalence and clinical outcomes of respiratory syncytial virus vs influenza in adults hospitalized with acute respiratory illness from a prospective multicenter study. Clin Infect Dis. 2023;76(11):1980–8. https://doi.org/10.1093/cid/ciad031 .
doi: 10.1093/cid/ciad031
pubmed: 36694363
pmcid: 10250013
Surie D, Yuengling KA, DeCuir J, et al. Disease severity of respiratory syncytial virus compared with COVID-19 and influenza among hospitalized adults Aged ≥60 Years — IVY Network, 20 U.S. States, February 2022–May 2023. 2023;72(40):1083–8.
Levy Hara G, Rojas-Cortés R, Molina León HF, et al. Point prevalence survey of antibiotic use in hospitals in Latin American countries. J Antimicrob Chemother. 2021;77(3):807–15. https://doi.org/10.1093/jac/dkab459 .
doi: 10.1093/jac/dkab459
pmcid: 9092443
van Houten CB, Cohen A, Engelhard D, et al. Antibiotic misuse in respiratory tract infections in children and adults-a prospective, multicentre study (TAILORED Treatment). Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis. 2019;38(3):505–14. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10096-018-03454-2 .
doi: 10.1007/s10096-018-03454-2
pubmed: 30707378
pmcid: 6394715
Lees C, Godin J, McElhaney JE, et al. Frailty hinders recovery from influenza and acute respiratory illness in older adults. J Infect Dis. 2020;222(3):428–37. https://doi.org/10.1093/infdis/jiaa092 .
doi: 10.1093/infdis/jiaa092
pubmed: 32147711
pmcid: 7336554
Havers FP, Whitaker M, Melgar M, et al. Characteristics and outcomes among adults aged ≥60 Years hospitalized with laboratory-confirmed respiratory syncytial virus - RSV-NET, 12 States, July 2022-June 2023. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep. 2023;72(40):1075–82. https://doi.org/10.15585/mmwr.mm7240a1 .
Global intiative for chronic obstructive lung disease. Global Strategy for the Diagnosis, Management, and Prevention of Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (2024 Report). https://goldcopd.org/2024-gold-report/ [Accessed November 2023].
Luchsinger V, Ruiz M, Zunino E, et al. Community-acquired pneumonia in Chile: the clinical relevance in the detection of viruses and atypical bacteria. Thorax. 2013;68(11):1000–6. https://doi.org/10.1136/thoraxjnl-2013-203551 .
doi: 10.1136/thoraxjnl-2013-203551
pubmed: 23783373
Ivey KS, Edwards KM, Talbot HK. Respiratory syncytial virus and associations with cardiovascular disease in adults. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2018;71(14):1574–83. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jacc.2018.02.013 .
doi: 10.1016/j.jacc.2018.02.013
pubmed: 29622165
Franczuk P, Tkaczyszyn M, Kulak M, Domenico E, Ponikowski P, Jankowska EA. Cardiovascular complications of viral respiratory infections and COVID-19. Biomedicines. 2022. https://doi.org/10.3390/biomedicines11010071 .
doi: 10.3390/biomedicines11010071
pubmed: 36672579
pmcid: 9856218
Corrales-Medina VF, Madjid M, Musher DM. Role of acute infection in triggering acute coronary syndromes. Lancet Infect Dis. 2010;10(2):83–92. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1473-3099(09)70331-7 .
doi: 10.1016/S1473-3099(09)70331-7
pubmed: 20113977
Falsey AR, Hennessey PA, Formica MA, Cox C, Walsh EE. Respiratory syncytial virus infection in elderly and high-risk adults. N Engl J Med. 2005;352(17):1749–59. https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMoa043951 .
doi: 10.1056/NEJMoa043951
pubmed: 15858184
Branche AR, Saiman L, Walsh EE, et al. Incidence of respiratory syncytial virus infection among hospitalized adults, 2017–2020. Clin Infect Dis. 2022;74(6):1004–11. https://doi.org/10.1093/cid/ciab595 .
doi: 10.1093/cid/ciab595
pubmed: 34244735
Perez-Padilla R, Menezes AMB. Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease in Latin America. Ann Glob Health. 2019. https://doi.org/10.5334/aogh.2418 .
doi: 10.5334/aogh.2418
pubmed: 30741508
pmcid: 7052319
French CE, McKenzie BC, Coope C, et al. Risk of nosocomial respiratory syncytial virus infection and effectiveness of control measures to prevent transmission events: a systematic review. Influenza Other Respir Viruses. 2016;10(4):268–90. https://doi.org/10.1111/irv.12379 .
doi: 10.1111/irv.12379
pubmed: 26901358
pmcid: 4910170
Lucas PCdC, Duarte YAdO, Masuda ET, et al. Epidemiological characteristics of influenza-like illness outbreaks in long-term care facilities of the state of São Paulo, Brazil. Geriat Gerontol Aging. 2021;15:1–10.
Goldman CR, Sieling WD, Alba LR, et al. Severe clinical outcomes among adults hospitalized with respiratory syncytial virus infections, New York City, 2017–2019. Public Health Rep. 2022;137(5):929–35. https://doi.org/10.1177/00333549211041545 .
doi: 10.1177/00333549211041545
pubmed: 34487436
Branche AR, Saiman L, Walsh EE, et al. Change in functional status associated with respiratory syncytial virus infection in hospitalized older adults. Influenza Other Respir Viruses. 2022;16(6):1151–60. https://doi.org/10.1111/irv.13043 .
doi: 10.1111/irv.13043
pubmed: 36069297
pmcid: 9530534
Hewitt J, Carter B, Vilches-Moraga A, et al. The effect of frailty on survival in patients with COVID-19 (COPE): a multicentre, European, observational cohort study. Lancet Public Health. 2020;5(8):e444–51. https://doi.org/10.1016/s2468-2667(20)30146-8 .
doi: 10.1016/s2468-2667(20)30146-8
pubmed: 32619408
pmcid: 7326416
Noyola DE, Hunsberger S, Valdés Salgado R, et al. Comparison of rates of hospitalization between single and dual virus detection in a Mexican cohort of children and adults with influenza-like illness. Open Forum Infect Dis. 2019. https://doi.org/10.1093/ofid/ofz424 .
doi: 10.1093/ofid/ofz424
pubmed: 31696140
pmcid: 6824528
Beasley R, Coleman ED, Hermon Y, Holst PE, O’Donnell TV, Tobias M. Viral respiratory tract infection and exacerbations of asthma in adult patients. Thorax. 1988;43(9):679–83. https://doi.org/10.1136/thx.43.9.679 .
doi: 10.1136/thx.43.9.679
pubmed: 3194873
pmcid: 461455
Prasad N, Walker TA, Waite B, et al. Respiratory syncytial virus-associated hospitalizations among adults with chronic medical conditions. Clin Infect Dis. 2020;73(1):e158–63. https://doi.org/10.1093/cid/ciaa730 .
doi: 10.1093/cid/ciaa730