The Relationship Between Negative Self-Concept, Trauma, and Maltreatment in Children and Adolescents: A Meta-Analysis.
Adolescents
Children
Maltreatment
Negative self-concept
Trauma
Journal
Clinical child and family psychology review
ISSN: 1573-2827
Titre abrégé: Clin Child Fam Psychol Rev
Pays: United States
ID NLM: 9807947
Informations de publication
Date de publication:
22 Feb 2024
22 Feb 2024
Historique:
accepted:
11
02
2024
medline:
22
2
2024
pubmed:
22
2
2024
entrez:
22
2
2024
Statut:
aheadofprint
Résumé
Experiencing trauma in childhood is a global public health issue linked to worse physical and mental health outcomes, including Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD). Self-concept is a transdiagnostic concept linked to various psychopathologies and understanding its unique relationship to trauma is important. This meta-analysis aimed to understand the size of the effect between trauma and maltreatment and self-concept in children and adolescents. The current meta-analysis searched PubMed, PILOTS, PsycINFO, and Web of Science databases. Inclusion criteria involved studies with defined trauma exposure, valid measures of self-concept, and participants' mean age under 18 years old. One-hundred-and-thirty-four studies were included in the meta-analysis (N = 255,334). A random-effects meta-analysis was performed. A small negative relationship was observed between trauma exposure and self-concept (r = - 0.20, 95% CI - 0.22, - 0.18). This relationship was significantly moderated by some variables (type and nature of trauma exposure) but not others (participant gender, type of self-concept measure, quality of studies, country economic status). A small relationship between trauma exposure and negative self-concept in children and adolescents was detected, with repeated trauma exposure and type of trauma exposure moderating this relationship. This provides important directions for clinical practice around providing support for those exposed or most vulnerable to experiencing trauma.
Identifiants
pubmed: 38386241
doi: 10.1007/s10567-024-00472-9
pii: 10.1007/s10567-024-00472-9
doi:
Types de publication
Journal Article
Review
Langues
eng
Sous-ensembles de citation
IM
Informations de copyright
© 2024. The Author(s).
Références
* Ackard, D. M., & Neumark-Sztainer, D. (2002). Date violence and date rape among adolescents: Associations with disordered eating behaviors and psychological health. Child Abuse & Neglect, 26(5), 455–473. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0145-2134(02)00322-8
doi: 10.1016/S0145-2134(02)00322-8
Afari, N., Ahumada, S. M., Wright, L. J., Mostoufi, S., Golnari, G., Reis, V., & Cuneo, J. G. (2014). Psychological trauma and functional somatic syndromes: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Psychosomatic Medicine, 76(1), 2. https://doi.org/10.1097/PSY.0000000000000010
doi: 10.1097/PSY.0000000000000010
pubmed: 24336429
Alisic, E., Zalta, A. K., Van Wesel, F., Larsen, S. E., Hafstad, G. S., Hassanpour, K., & Smid, G. E. (2014). Rates of post-traumatic stress disorder in trauma-exposed children and adolescents: Meta-analysis. The British Journal of Psychiatry, 204(5), 335–340. https://doi.org/10.1192/bjp.bp.113.131227
doi: 10.1192/bjp.bp.113.131227
pubmed: 24785767
* Aloba, O., Opakunle, T., & Ogunrinu, O. (2020). Childhood Trauma Questionnaire-Short Form (CTQ-SF): Dimensionality, validity, reliability and gender invariance among Nigerian adolescents. Child Abuse & Neglect, 101, 104357. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chiabu.2020.104357
doi: 10.1016/j.chiabu.2020.104357
American Psychiatric Association. (2013). Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders (DSM-5®). American Psychiatric Publication.
doi: 10.1176/appi.books.9780890425596
* Arslan, G. (2016). Psychological maltreatment, emotional and behavioral problems in adolescents: The mediating role of resilience and self-esteem. Child Abuse & Neglect, 52, 200–209. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chiabu.2015.09.010
doi: 10.1016/j.chiabu.2015.09.010
* Asgeirsdottir, B. B., Gudjonsson, G. H., Sigurdsson, J. F., & Sigfusdottir, I. D. (2010). Protective processes for depressed mood and anger among sexually abused adolescents: The importance of self-esteem. Personality and Individual Differences, 49(5), 402–407. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2010.04.007
doi: 10.1016/j.paid.2010.04.007
* Ayhan, A. B., & Beyazit, U. (2021). The associations between loneliness and self-esteem in children and neglectful behaviors of their parents. Child Indicators Research, 14(5), 1863–1879. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12187-021-09818-z
doi: 10.1007/s12187-021-09818-z
* Baeg, S., Lee, B., & Park, H. J. (2020). The effect of supervisory neglect on adolescent peer victimization: Mediating role of self-esteem and internalizing problems. Children and Youth Services Review, 111, 104839. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.childyouth.2020.104839
doi: 10.1016/j.childyouth.2020.104839
* Bagley, C. (1992). Development of an adolescent stress scale for use by school counsellors: Construct validity in terms of depression, self-esteem and suicidal ideation. School Psychology International, 13(1), 31–49.
doi: 10.1177/0143034392131003
* Bailey, J. A., & McCloskey, L. A. (2005). Pathways to adolescent substance use among sexually abused girls. Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology, 33(1), 39–53.
doi: 10.1007/s10802-005-0933-0
pubmed: 15759590
Begg, C. B. (1994). Publication bias. The Handbook of Research Synthesis, 25, 299–409.
* Bernard-Bonnin, A. C., Hébert, M., Daignault, I. V., & Allard-Dansereau, C. (2008). Disclosure of sexual abuse, and personal and familial factors as predictors of post-traumatic stress disorder symptoms in school-aged girls. Paediatrics & Child Health, 13(6), 479–486. https://doi.org/10.1093/pch/13.6.479
doi: 10.1093/pch/13.6.479
* Bolger, K. E., Patterson, C. J., & Kupersmidt, J. B. (1998). Peer relationships and self-esteem among children who have been maltreated. Child Development, 69(4), 1171–1197. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-8624.1998.tb06166.x
doi: 10.1111/j.1467-8624.1998.tb06166.x
pubmed: 9768492
Borenstein, M., Cooper, H., Hedges, L., & Valentine, J. (2009). Effect sizes for continuous data. The Handbook of Research Synthesis and Meta-Analysis, 2, 221–235.
* Brown, M. R., Agyapong, V., Greenshaw, A. J., Cribben, I., Brett-MacLean, P., Drolet, J., McDonald-Harker, C., Omeje, J., Mankowsi, M., Noble, S., Kitching, D., & Silverstone, P. H. (2019). After the Fort McMurray wildfire there are significant increases in mental health symptoms in grade 7–12 students compared to controls. BMC Psychiatry, 19(1), 1–11. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12888-018-2007-1
doi: 10.1186/s12888-018-2007-1
* Burack, J. A., Flanagan, T., Peled, T., Sutton, H. M., Zygmuntowicz, C., & Manly, J. T. (2006). Social perspective-taking skills in maltreated children and adolescents. Developmental Psychology, 42(2), 207. https://doi.org/10.1037/0012-1649.42.2.207
doi: 10.1037/0012-1649.42.2.207
pubmed: 16569161
Burnett, P. C. (1994). Self-concept and self-esteem in elementary school children. Psychology in the Schools, 31(2), 164–171. https://doi.org/10.1002/1520-6807
doi: 10.1002/1520-6807
* Cecil, H., & Matson, S. C. (2001). Psychological functioning and family discord among African-American adolescent females with and without a history of childhood sexual abuse. Child Abuse & Neglect, 25(7), 973–988. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0145-2134(01)00250-2
doi: 10.1016/S0145-2134(01)00250-2
* Cederbaum, J. A., Negriff, S., & Palmer Molina, A. (2020). Child maltreatment and romantic relationships in adolescence and young adulthood: The mediating role of self-perception. Child Abuse & Neglect, 109, 104718. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chiabu.2020.104718
doi: 10.1016/j.chiabu.2020.104718
* Chang, K. B., Jurecska, D. E., Lee-Zorn, C. E., & Merrick, J. (2012). If I value myself, I value school: The protective effect of self-esteem among abused females. International Journal of Adolescent Medicine and Health, 24(4), 349–353.
doi: 10.1515/ijamh.2012.051
pubmed: 23183737
* Chen, C., Ji, S., & Jiang, J. (2022a). Psychological abuse and social support in Chinese adolescents: the mediating effect of self-esteem. Frontiers in Psychology, 13, 852256. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2022.852256
doi: 10.3389/fpsyg.2022.852256
pubmed: 35401363
pmcid: 8989465
* Chen, S. S., He, Y., Xie, G. D., Chen, L. R., Zhang, T. T., Yuan, M. Y., & Su, P. Y. (2022b). Relationships among adverse childhood experience patterns, psychological resilience, self-esteem and depressive symptoms in Chinese adolescents: A serial multiple mediation model. Preventative Medicine, 154, 106902. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ypmed.2021.106902
doi: 10.1016/j.ypmed.2021.106902
* Chen, C., & Qin, J. (2020). Emotional abuse and adolescents’ social anxiety: The roles of self-esteem and loneliness. Journal of Family Violence, 35(5), 497–507.
doi: 10.1007/s10896-019-00099-3
* Choi, K. S., Englander, E., Woo, Y., Choi, J., Kim, J. E., & Kim, H. (2016). A comparison of attributions, self-esteem, anxiety, and parental attachment in sexually abused and non-abused Korean children. Journal of Child Custody, 13(2–3), 219–239. https://doi.org/10.1080/15379418.2016.1164650
doi: 10.1080/15379418.2016.1164650
Danese, A., & Tan, M. (2014). Childhood maltreatment and obesity: Systematic review and meta-analysis. Molecular Psychiatry, 19(5), 544–554. https://doi.org/10.1038/mp.2013.54
doi: 10.1038/mp.2013.54
pubmed: 23689533
* Daniel, E., Andersen, J. P., & Papazoglou, K. (2016). Social identification and well-being following a terrorist attack: A longitudinal study of Israeli adolescents. The Journal of Genetic Psychology, 177(5), 172–184. https://doi.org/10.1038/mp.2013.54
doi: 10.1038/mp.2013.54
* Deb, S., Ray, M., Bhattacharyya, B., & Sun, J. (2016). Violence against the adolescents of Kolkata: A study in relation to the socio-economic background and mental health. Asian Journal of Psychiatry, 19, 4–13. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ajp.2015.11.003
doi: 10.1016/j.ajp.2015.11.003
pubmed: 26957328
* Dion, J., Hamel, C., Clermont, C., Blackburn, M. E., Hebert, M., Paquette, L., & Bergeron, S. (2022). Changes in Canadian adolescent well-being since the COVID-19 pandemic: The role of prior child maltreatment. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph191610172
doi: 10.3390/ijerph191610172
pubmed: 36011806
pmcid: 9407783
* Dion, J., Smith, K., Dufour, M. P., Paquette, L., Dubreuil, J., & Godbout, N. (2021). The mediating role of dispositional mindfulness in the associations between intimate violence, self-esteem, and distress among adolescents. Mindfulness, 12(12), 3060–3072. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12671-021-01767-6
doi: 10.1007/s12671-021-01767-6
* Doku, P. N., Ananga, M. K., Jehu-Appiah, N., Akohene, K. M., Debrah, T. P., & Nsatimba, F. (2023). Child maltreatment mediates the relationship between HIV/AIDS family dysfunction trajectories and psychosocial problems among adolescents. PLOS Global Public Health, 3(3), e0001599. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pgph.0001599
doi: 10.1371/journal.pgph.0001599
pubmed: 36963031
pmcid: 10021166
Duval, S., & Tweedie, R. (2000). Trim and fill: A simple funnel-plot–based method of testing and adjusting for publication bias in meta-analysis. Biometrics, 56(2), 455–463. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.0006-341X.2000.00455.x
doi: 10.1111/j.0006-341X.2000.00455.x
pubmed: 10877304
* Egan, S. K., & Perry, D. G. (1998). Does low self-regard invite victimization? Developmental Psychology, 34(2), 299. https://doi.org/10.1037/0012-1649.34.2.299
doi: 10.1037/0012-1649.34.2.299
pubmed: 9541782
Egger, M., Smith, G. D., Schneider, M., & Minder, C. (1997). Bias in meta-analysis detected by a simple, graphical test. BMJ, 315(7109), 629–634. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj.315.7109.629
doi: 10.1136/bmj.315.7109.629
pubmed: 9310563
pmcid: 2127453
Ehlers, A., & Clark, D. M. (2000). A cognitive model of posttraumatic stress disorder. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 38(4), 319–345. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0005-7967(99)00123-0
doi: 10.1016/S0005-7967(99)00123-0
pubmed: 10761279
* Elliott, D. J., & Tarnowski, K. J. (1990). Depressive characteristics of sexually abused children. Child Psychiatry and Human Development, 21(1), 37–48.
doi: 10.1007/BF00709926
pubmed: 2397653
* Esparza, D. V., & Esperat, M. C. R. (1996). The effects of childhood sexual abuse on minority adolescent mothers. Journal of Obstetric, Gynecologic, & Neonatal Nursing, 25(4), 321–328. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1552-6909.1996.tb02578.x
doi: 10.1111/j.1552-6909.1996.tb02578.x
* Esparza-Del Villar, O. A., Chavez-Valdez, S. M., Montanez-Alvarado, P., Gutierrez-Vega, M., & Gutierrez-Rosado, T. (2022). Relationship between different types of violence and mental health in high school students from Northern Mexico. Journal of Interpersonal Violence, 37(17–18), 15774–15799. https://doi.org/10.1177/08862605211021964
doi: 10.1177/08862605211021964
Evans, S. E., Davies, C., & DiLillo, D. (2008). Exposure to domestic violence: A meta-analysis of child and adolescent outcomes. Aggression and Violent Behavior, 13(2), 131–140. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.avb.2008.02.005
doi: 10.1016/j.avb.2008.02.005
Evans, G. J., Reid, G., Preston, P., Palmier-Claus, J., & Sellwood, W. (2015). Trauma and psychosis: The mediating role of self-concept clarity and dissociation. Psychiatry Research, 228(3), 626–632. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psychres.2015.04.053
doi: 10.1016/j.psychres.2015.04.053
pubmed: 26099655
Field, A. P. (2001). Meta-analysis of correlation coefficients: A Monte Carlo comparison of fixed-and random-effects methods. Psychological Methods, 6(2), 161. https://doi.org/10.1037/1082-989X.6.2.161
doi: 10.1037/1082-989X.6.2.161
pubmed: 11411440
* Flynn, M., Cicchetti, D., & Rogosch, F. (2014). The prospective contribution of childhood maltreatment to low self-worth, low relationship quality, and symptomatology across adolescence: A developmental-organizational perspective. Developmental Psychology, 50(9), 2165. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0037162
doi: 10.1037/a0037162
pubmed: 25046123
pmcid: 4167675
* Folayan, M. O., Oginni, O., Arowolo, O., & El Tantawi, M. (2020). Internal consistency and correlation of the adverse childhood experiences, bully victimization, self-esteem, resilience, and social support scales in Nigerian children. BMC Research Notes, 13(1), 331. https://doi.org/10.1186/s13104-020-05174-3
doi: 10.1186/s13104-020-05174-3
pubmed: 32650832
pmcid: 7350627
* Freitas, D. F., Mendonca, M., Wolke, D., Marturano, E. M., Fontaine, A. M., & Coimbra, S. (2022). Resilience in the face of peer victimization and perceived discrimination: The role of individual and familial factors. Child Abuse & Neglect, 125, 105492. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chiabu.2022.105492
doi: 10.1016/j.chiabu.2022.105492
* Fu, R., Huebner, E. S., & Tian, L. (2022). Profiles of family maltreatment and peer victimization: Associations with psychosocial adjustment in Chinese children. Child Abuse & Neglect, 133, 105851. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chiabu.2022.105851
doi: 10.1016/j.chiabu.2022.105851
Gallo, E. A. G., Munhoz, T. N., de Mola, C. L., & Murray, J. (2018). Gender differences in the effects of childhood maltreatment on adult depression and anxiety: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Child Abuse & Neglect, 79, 107–114. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chiabu.2018.01.003
doi: 10.1016/j.chiabu.2018.01.003
Gardner, M. J., Thomas, H. J., & Erskine, H. E. (2019). The association between five forms of child maltreatment and depressive and anxiety disorders: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Child Abuse & Neglect, 96, 104082. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chiabu.2019.104082
doi: 10.1016/j.chiabu.2019.104082
* Garduno, L. S. (2022). How influential are Adverse Childhood Experiences (ACEs) on Youths? Analyzing the immediate and lagged effect of ACEs on deviant behaviors. Journal of Child and Adolescent Trauma, 15(3), 683–700. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40653-021-00423-4
doi: 10.1007/s40653-021-00423-4
pubmed: 35958707
* Gauthier-Duchesne, A., Hebert, M., & Blais, M. (2022). Child sexual abuse, self-esteem, and delinquent behaviors during adolescence: The moderating role of gender. Journal of Interpersonal Violence, 37(15–16), 12725–12744. https://doi.org/10.1177/08862605211001466
doi: 10.1177/08862605211001466
* Genç, E., Durtschi, J. A., & Yile, S. (2018). Moderating Factors Associated with Interrupting the Transmission of Domestic Violence. https://doi.org/10.1177/0886260518801018
doi: 10.1177/0886260518801018
* German, D. N. E., Habenicht, D. J., & Futcher, W. G. (1990). Psychological profile of the female adolescent incest victim. Child Abuse & Neglect, 14(3), 429–438. https://doi.org/10.1016/0145-2134(90)90014-K
doi: 10.1016/0145-2134(90)90014-K
* Gesinde, A. M. (2011). The impact of seven dimensions of emotional maltreatment on self concept of school adolescents in Ota, Nigeria. Procedia-Social and Behavioral Sciences, 30, 2680–2686. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sbspro.2011.12.001
doi: 10.1016/j.sbspro.2011.12.001
* Gewirtz-Meydan, A. (2020). The relationship between child sexual abuse, self-concept and psychopathology: The moderating role of social support and perceived parental quality. Children and Youth Services Review, 113, 104938. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.childyouth.2020.104938
doi: 10.1016/j.childyouth.2020.104938
Gómez de La Cuesta, G., Schweizer, S., Diehle, J., Young, J., & Meiser-Stedman, R. (2019). The relationship between maladaptive appraisals and posttraumatic stress disorder: A meta-analysis. European Journal of Psychotraumatology, 10(1), 1620084. https://doi.org/10.1080/20008198.2019.1620084
doi: 10.1080/20008198.2019.1620084
pubmed: 31231479
pmcid: 6566671
* Grayston, A. D., De Luca, R. V., & Boyes, D. A. (1992). Self-esteem, anxiety, and loneliness in preadolescent girls who have experienced sexual abuse. Child Psychiatry and Human Development, 22(4), 277–286.
doi: 10.1007/BF00707669
pubmed: 1526193
* Greger, H. K., Myhre, A. K., Lydersen, S., & Jozefiak, T. (2016). Child maltreatment and quality of life: A study of adolescents in residential care. Health and Quality of Life Outcomes, 14(1), 1–17. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12955-016-0479-6
doi: 10.1186/s12955-016-0479-6
* Greger, H. K., Myhre, A. K., Klöckner, C. A., & Jozefiak, T. (2017). Childhood maltreatment, psychopathology and well-being: The mediator role of global self-esteem, attachment difficulties and substance use. Child Abuse & Neglect, 70, 122–133. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chiabu.2017.06.012
doi: 10.1016/j.chiabu.2017.06.012
*AzaGunnlaugsson, G., Kristjánsson, Á. L., Einarsdóttir, J., & Sigfúsdóttir, I. D. (2013). Corrigendum to “Intrafamilial conflict and emotional well-being: A population based study among Icelandic adolescents” [Child Abuse Neglect. 35 (2011) 372–381]. Child Abuse & Neglect, 4(37), 282.
Gwadz, M. V., Nish, D., Leonard, N. R., & Strauss, S. M. (2007). Gender differences in traumatic events and rates of post-traumatic stress disorder among homeless youth. Journal of Adolescence, 30(1), 117–129. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.adolescence.2006.01.004
doi: 10.1016/j.adolescence.2006.01.004
pubmed: 16524623
* Haj-Yahia, M. M., Musleh, K., & Haj-Yahia, Y. M. (2002). The incidence of adolescent maltreatment in Arab society and some of its psychological effects. Journal of Family Issues, 23(8), 1032–1064. https://doi.org/10.1177/019251302237302
doi: 10.1177/019251302237302
Halpern, S. C., Schuch, F. B., Scherer, J. N., Sordi, A. O., Pachado, M., Dalbosco, C., Dalbosco, C., Fara, L., Pechanski, F., Kessler, F., & Von Diemen, L. (2018). Child maltreatment and illicit substance abuse: A systematic review and meta-analysis of longitudinal studies. Child Abuse Review, 27(5), 344–360. https://doi.org/10.1002/car.2534
doi: 10.1002/car.2534
* Herd, T., Haag, A. C., Selin, C., & Palmer, L. (2023). Individual and social risk and protective factors as predictors of trajectories of post-traumatic stress symptoms in adolescents. Research in Child and Adolescent Psychopathology, 51(12), 1739–1751. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10802-022-00960-y
doi: 10.1007/s10802-022-00960-y
* Hibbard, R. A., Brack, C. J., Rauch, S., & Orr, D. P. (1988). Abuse, feelings, and health behaviors in a student population. American Journal of Diseases of Children, 142(3), 326–330. https://doi.org/10.1177/019251302237302
doi: 10.1177/019251302237302
pubmed: 3422786
* Hibbard, R. A., Spence, C., Tzeng, O. C., Zollinger, T., & Orr, D. P. (1992). Child abuse and mental health among adolescents in dependent care. Journal of Adolescent Health, 13(2), 121–127. https://doi.org/10.1016/1054-139X(92)90078-P
doi: 10.1016/1054-139X(92)90078-P
Higgins, J. P., & Thompson, S. G. (2002). Quantifying heterogeneity in a meta-analysis. Statistics in Medicine, 21(11), 1539–1558. https://doi.org/10.1002/sim.1186
doi: 10.1002/sim.1186
pubmed: 12111919
Hamilton, W. K. & Mizumoto, A. (2015). MAVIS: Meta Analysis Via Shiny
Holbrook, T. L., Hoyt, D. B., Stein, M. B., & Sieber, W. J. (2002). Gender differences in long-term posttraumatic stress disorder outcomes after major trauma: Women are at higher risk of adverse outcomes than men. Journal of Trauma and Acute Care Surgery, 53(5), 882–888.
doi: 10.1097/00005373-200211000-00012
Humphreys, K. L., LeMoult, J., Wear, J. G., Piersiak, H. A., Lee, A., & Gotlib, I. H. (2020). Child maltreatment and depression: A meta-analysis of studies using the Childhood Trauma Questionnaire. Child Abuse & Neglect, 102, 104361. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chiabu.2020.104361
doi: 10.1016/j.chiabu.2020.104361
IntHout, J., Ioannidis, J. P., Rovers, M. M., & Goeman, J. J. (2016). Plea for routinely presenting prediction intervals in meta-analysis. British Medical Journal Open, 6(7), e010247. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2015-010247
doi: 10.1136/bmjopen-2015-010247
Ioannidis, J. P., & Trikalinos, T. A. (2007). The appropriateness of asymmetry tests for publication bias in meta-analyses: A large survey. Canadian Medical Association Journal, 176(8), 1091–1096. https://doi.org/10.1503/cmaj.060410
doi: 10.1503/cmaj.060410
pubmed: 17420491
pmcid: 1839799
* Jankowiak, B., Jaskulska, S., Sanz-Barbero, B., Waszyńska, K., Claire, K. D., Bowes, N., & Vives-Cases, C. (2021). Will I like myself if you hurt me? Experiences of violence and adolescents’ self-esteem. Sustainability. https://doi.org/10.3390/su132111620
doi: 10.3390/su132111620
* Jezl, D. R., Molidor, C. E., & Wright, T. L. (1996). Physical, sexual and psychological abuse in high school dating relationships: Prevalence rates and self-esteem issues. Child and Adolescent Social Work Journal, 13(1), 69–87.
doi: 10.1007/BF01876596
Jobson, L., Moradi, A. R., Rahimi-Movaghar, V., Conway, M. A., & Dalgleish, T. (2014). Culture and the remembering of trauma. Clinical Psychological Science, 2(6), 696–713. https://doi.org/10.1177/2167702614529763
doi: 10.1177/2167702614529763
* Johnson, P. (2001). In their own voices: Report of a study on the later effects of child sexual abuse. Journal of Sexual Aggression, 7(2), 41–56. https://doi.org/10.1080/13552600108416166
doi: 10.1080/13552600108416166
* Jonsson, L. S., Fredlund, C., Priebe, G., Wadsby, M., & Svedin, C. G. (2019). Online sexual abuse of adolescents by a perpetrator met online: A cross-sectional study. Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Mental Health, 13(1), 1–10.
doi: 10.1186/s13034-019-0292-1
* Ju, S., & Lee, Y. (2018). Developmental trajectories and longitudinal mediation effects of self-esteem, peer attachment, child maltreatment and depression on early adolescents. Child Abuse & Neglect, 76, 353–363. https://doi.org/10.1080/13552600108416166
doi: 10.1080/13552600108416166
* Kaufman, J., & Cicchetti, D. (1989). Effects of maltreatment on school-age children’s socioemotional development: Assessments in a day-camp setting. Developmental Psychology, 25(4), 516.
doi: 10.1037/0012-1649.25.4.516
* Kim, J., & Cicchetti, D. (2004). A longitudinal study of child maltreatment, mother–child relationship quality and maladjustment: The role of self-esteem and social competence. Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology, 32(4), 341–354.
doi: 10.1023/B:JACP.0000030289.17006.5a
pubmed: 15305541
* Kim, J., & Cicchetti, D. (2006). Longitudinal trajectories of self-system processes and depressive symptoms among maltreated and nonmaltreated children. Child Development, 77(3), 624–639. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-8624.2006.00894.x
doi: 10.1111/j.1467-8624.2006.00894.x
pubmed: 16686792
pmcid: 1551975
* Kim, J. Y., Lee, J. S., & Oh, S. (2017). A path model of school violence perpetration: Introducing online game addiction as a new risk factor. Journal of Interpersonal Violence, 32(21), 3205–3225. https://doi.org/10.1177/0886260515597435
doi: 10.1177/0886260515597435
pubmed: 26261233
* Kim, S., & Lee, Y. (2020). Role of self-esteem and family-level social capital in the pathway from victimization to aggression. Child Abuse & Neglect, 107, 104620. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chiabu.2020.104620
doi: 10.1016/j.chiabu.2020.104620
* Kim, S., & Lee, Y. (2021). Examining the profiles of school violence and their association with individual and relational covariates among South Korean children. Child Abuse & Neglect, 118, 105155. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chiabu.2021.105155
doi: 10.1016/j.chiabu.2021.105155
* Kocturk, N., & Bilge, F. (2017). The irrational beliefs and the psychological symptoms of the sexual abuse victims. The Journal of Psychiatry and Neurological Sciences, 30, 113–123. https://doi.org/10.5350/DAJPN2017300205
doi: 10.5350/DAJPN2017300205
Krug, E. G., Mercy, J. A., Dahlberg, L. L., & Zwi, A. B. (2002). The world report on violence and health. The Lancet, 360(9339), 1083–1088. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(02)11133-0
doi: 10.1016/S0140-6736(02)11133-0
Kuo, J. R., Goldin, P. R., Werner, K., Heimberg, R. G., & Gross, J. J. (2011). Childhood trauma and current psychological functioning in adults with social anxiety disorder. Journal of Anxiety Disorders, 25(4), 467–473. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.janxdis.2010.11.011
doi: 10.1016/j.janxdis.2010.11.011
pubmed: 21183310
* Lam, K. Y. I. (2015). Disclosure and psychological well-being of sexually abused adolescents in Hong Kong. Journal of Child Sexual Abuse, 24(7), 731–752.
doi: 10.1080/10538712.2015.1077364
pubmed: 26479960
* Lau, J. T., Chan, K. K., Lam, P. K., Choi, P. Y., & Lai, K. Y. (2003). Psychological correlates of physical abuse in Hong Kong Chinese adolescents. Child Abuse & Neglect, 27(1), 63–75. https://doi.org/10.1080/10538712.2015.1077364
doi: 10.1080/10538712.2015.1077364
Le, M. T., Holton, S., Nguyen, H. T., Wolfe, R., & Fisher, J. (2016). Victimisation, poly-victimisation and health-related quality of life among high school students in Vietnam: A cross-sectional survey. Health and Quality of Life Outcomes, 14(1), 1–17. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12955-016-0558-8
doi: 10.1186/s12955-016-0558-8
Le, M. T., Holton, S., Romero, L., & Fisher, J. (2018). Polyvictimization among children and adolescents in low-and lower-middle-income countries: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Trauma, Violence, & Abuse, 19(3), 323–342. https://doi.org/10.1177/1524838016659489
doi: 10.1177/1524838016659489
* Lee, C. K., & Feng, J. Y. (2021). From childhood victimization to internalizing and externalizing behavior problems through self-esteem in adolescence. Research in Nursing & Health, 44(6), 931–944. https://doi.org/10.1002/nur.22188
doi: 10.1002/nur.22188
* Leeson, F. J., & Nixon, R. D. (2011). The role of children’s appraisals on adjustment following psychological maltreatment: A pilot study. Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology, 39(5), 759–771.
doi: 10.1007/s10802-011-9507-5
pubmed: 21491116
* Li, X., Barnett, D., Fang, X., Lin, X., Zhao, G., Zhao, J., Hong, Y., Zhang, L., Naar-King, S., & Stanton, B. (2009). Lifetime incidences of traumatic events and mental health among children affected by HIV/AIDS in rural China. Journal of Clinical Child & Adolescent Psychology, 38(5), 731–744. https://doi.org/10.1080/15374410903103601
doi: 10.1080/15374410903103601
* Li, W., Lai, W., Guo, L., Wang, W., Li, X., Zhu, L., & Lu, C. (2023). Childhood maltreatment and subsequent depressive symptoms: a prospective study of the sequential mediating role of self-esteem and internalizing/externalizing problems. BMC Psychiatry, 23(1), 179. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12888-023-04654-7
doi: 10.1186/s12888-023-04654-7
pubmed: 36941572
pmcid: 10026476
* Lim, Y., & Lee, O. (2017). Relationships between parental maltreatment and adolescents’ school adjustment: Mediating roles of self-esteem and peer attachment. Journal of Child and Family Studies, 26(2), 393–404.
doi: 10.1007/s10826-016-0573-8
* Lim, Y. (2020). Self-esteem as a mediator in the longitudinal relationship between dysfunctional parenting and peer attachment in early adolescence. Children and Youth Services Review. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.childyouth.2020.105224
doi: 10.1016/j.childyouth.2020.105224
* Lin, D., Li, X., Fan, X., & Fang, X. (2011). Child sexual abuse and its relationship with health risk behaviors among rural children and adolescents in Hunan, China. Child Abuse & Neglect, 35(9), 680–687. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chiabu.2011.05.006
doi: 10.1016/j.chiabu.2011.05.006
* Liu, F. S., Wang, N., Chui, H., Wang, X. H., & Chen, N. (2023). The association between left-behind children status and peer victimization: Self-esteem and perceived social support as potential moderators. Journal of Aggression Maltreatment & Trauma. https://doi.org/10.1080/10926771.2023.2222663
doi: 10.1080/10926771.2023.2222663
* Luo, S., Liu, Y., & Zhang, D. (2020). Psychological maltreatment and loneliness in Chinese children: The role of perceived social support and self-esteem. Children and Youth Services Review, 108, 104573. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.childyouth.2019.104573
doi: 10.1016/j.childyouth.2019.104573
* Lynch, M., & Cicchetti, D. (1998). An ecological-transactional analysis of children and contexts: The longitudinal interplay among child maltreatment, community violence, and children’s symptomatology. Development and Psychopathology, 10(2), 235–257.
doi: 10.1017/S095457949800159X
pubmed: 9635223
Luszczynska, A., Benight, C. C., & Cieslak, R. (2009). Self-efficacy and health-related outcomes of collective trauma: A systematic review. European Psychologist, 14(1), 51–62. https://doi.org/10.1027/1016-9040.14.1.51
doi: 10.1027/1016-9040.14.1.51
* Ma, E. Y., & Li, F. W. (2014). Developmental trauma and its correlates: A study of Chinese children with repeated familial physical and sexual abuse in Hong Kong. Journal of Traumatic Stress, 27(4), 454–460. https://doi.org/10.1002/jts.21944
doi: 10.1002/jts.21944
pubmed: 25158638
* Malik, S., & Kaiser, A. (2016). Impact of emotional maltreatment on self esteem among adolescents. The Journal of the Pakistan Medical Association, 66(7), 795–798.
pubmed: 27427124
Maniglio, R. (2009). The impact of child sexual abuse on health: A systematic review of reviews. Clinical Psychology Review, 29(7), 647–657.
doi: 10.1016/j.cpr.2009.08.003
pubmed: 19733950
* Mannarino, A. P., Cohen, J. A., & Gregor, M. (1989). Emotional and behavioral difficulties in sexually abused girls. Journal of Interpersonal Violence, 4(4), 437–451. https://doi.org/10.1177/088626089004004004
doi: 10.1177/088626089004004004
* Maruyama, J. M., Valente, J. Y., Tovo-Rodrigues, L., Santos, I. S., Barros, A. J. D., Munhoz, T. N., & Matijasevich, A. (2023). Maternal depression trajectories in childhood, subsequent maltreatment, and adolescent emotion regulation and self-esteem: the 2004 Pelotas birth cohort. European Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 32(10), 1935–1945. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00787-022-02022-6
doi: 10.1007/s00787-022-02022-6
pubmed: 35731302
* Maskell, J., Newcombe, P., Martin, G., & Kimble, R. (2013). Psychosocial functioning differences in pediatric burn survivors compared with healthy norms. Journal of Burn Care & Research, 34(4), 465–476. https://doi.org/10.1097/BCR.0b013e31827217a9
doi: 10.1097/BCR.0b013e31827217a9
* Matejcek, Z., & Kadubcova, B. (1983). Perceived parental acceptance-rejection and personality organization among Czech elementary school children. Behavior Science Research, 18(4), 259–268. https://doi.org/10.1177/106939718301800401
doi: 10.1177/106939718301800401
McHugh, M. L. (2012). Interrater reliability: The kappa statistic. Biochemia Medica, 22(3), 276–282.
doi: 10.11613/BM.2012.031
pubmed: 23092060
pmcid: 3900052
* Medora, N. P., Goldstein, A., & Von der Hellen, C. (1993). Variables related to romanticism and self-esteem in pregnant teenagers. Adolescence, 28(109), 159.
pubmed: 8456604
* Mennen, F. E. (1994). Sexual abuse in Latina girls: Their functioning and a comparison with White and African American girls. Hispanic Journal of Behavioral Sciences, 16(4), 475–486. https://doi.org/10.1177/07399863940164006
doi: 10.1177/07399863940164006
* Mennen, F. E., & Meadow, D. (1993). The relationship of sexual abuse to symptom levels in emotionally disturbed girls. Child and Adolescent Social Work Journal, 10(4), 319–328.
doi: 10.1007/BF00758262
* Mennen, F. E., & Meadow, D. (1994). A preliminary study of the factors related to trauma in childhood sexual abuse. Journal of Family Violence, 9(2), 125–142.
doi: 10.1007/BF01531959
Moher, D., Liberati, A., Tetzlaff, J., Altman, D. G., & Prisma Group. (2009). Preferred reporting items for systematic reviews and meta-analyses: the PRISMA statement. PLoS Medicine, 6(7), e1000097. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pmed.1000097
* Moyer, D. M., DiPietro, L., Berkowitz, R. I., & Stunkard, A. J. (1997). Childhood sexual abuse and precursors of binge eating in an adolescent female population. International Journal of Eating Disorders, 21(1), 23–30. https://doi.org/10.1002/(SICI)1098-108X(199701)21:1%3c23::AID-EAT3%3e3.0.CO;2-5
doi: 10.1002/(SICI)1098-108X(199701)21:1<23::AID-EAT3>3.0.CO;2-5
pubmed: 8986514
* Mwakanyamale, A. A., & Yizhen, Y. (2019). Psychological maltreatment and its relationship with self-esteem and psychological stress among adolescents in Tanzania: A community based, cross-sectional study. BMC Psychiatry, 19(1), 1–9. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12888-019-2139-y
doi: 10.1186/s12888-019-2139-y
Nasvytienė, D., Lazdauskas, T., & Leonavičienė, T. (2012). Child’s resilience in face of maltreatment: A meta-analysis of empirical studies. Psichologija, 46, 7–26.
doi: 10.15388/Psichol.2012.46.809
Nelson, J., Klumparendt, A., Doebler, P., & Ehring, T. (2017). Childhood maltreatment and characteristics of adult depression: Meta-analysis. The British Journal of Psychiatry, 210(2), 96–104. https://doi.org/10.1192/bjp.bp.115.180752
doi: 10.1192/bjp.bp.115.180752
pubmed: 27908895
* Nguyen, D. T., Wright, E. P., Dedding, C., Pham, T. T., & Bunders, J. (2019). Low self-esteem and its association with anxiety, depression, and suicidal ideation in Vietnamese secondary school students: A cross-sectional study. Frontiers in Psychiatry, 10, 698. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyt.2019.00698
doi: 10.3389/fpsyt.2019.00698
pubmed: 31611825
pmcid: 6777005
* Nguyen, H. T., Dunne, M. P., & Le, A. V. (2010). Multiple types of child maltreatment and adolescent mental health in Viet Nam. Bulletin of the World Health Organization, 88, 22–30.
doi: 10.2471/BLT.08-060061
pubmed: 20428350
* Oates, R. K., Forrest, D., & Peacock, A. (1985). Self-esteem of abused children. Child Abuse & Neglect, 9(2), 159–163. https://doi.org/10.1016/0145-2134(85)90007-9
doi: 10.1016/0145-2134(85)90007-9
* Oates, R. K., O’Toole, B. I., Lynch, D. L., Stern, A., & Cooney, G. (1994). Stability and change in outcomes for sexually abused children. Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry, 33(7), 945–953. https://doi.org/10.1097/00004583-199409000-00003
doi: 10.1097/00004583-199409000-00003
* O’keefe, M., & Treister, L. (1998). Victims of dating violence among high school students: Are the predictors different for males and females? Violence against Women, 4(2), 195–223. https://doi.org/10.1097/00004583-199409000-00003
doi: 10.1097/00004583-199409000-00003
pubmed: 12295441
* Orr, D. P., & Downes, M. C. (1985). Self-concept of adolescent sexual abuse victims. Journal of Youth and Adolescence, 14(5), 401–410.
doi: 10.1007/BF02138835
pubmed: 24301318
Pacheco, J. T. B., Irigaray, T. Q., Nunes, M. L. T., & Argimon, I. I. D. L. (2014). Childhood maltreatment and psychological adjustment: A systematic review. Psicologia: Reflexãoe Crítica, 27(4), 815–824. https://doi.org/10.1590/1678-7153.201427422
doi: 10.1590/1678-7153.201427422
* Pantelewicz, A., Krasuski, T., & Olczak-Kowalczyk, D. (2021). Assessment of psychological indicators of domestic violence against children and youth from the child’s behavior in the dental office. Family Medicine and Primary Care Review, 23(1), 41–48. https://doi.org/10.5114/fmpcr.2021.103156
doi: 10.5114/fmpcr.2021.103156
* Parent, S., Vaillancourt-Morel, M.-P., & Gillard, A. (2021). Interpersonal violence (IV) in sport and mental health outcomes in teenagers. Journal of Sport and Social Issues, 46(4), 323–337. https://doi.org/10.1177/01937235211043652
doi: 10.1177/01937235211043652
* Park, A., & Kim, Y. (2018). The longitudinal influence of child maltreatment on child obesity in South Korea: The mediating effects of low self-esteem and depressive symptoms. Children and Youth Services Review, 87, 34–40. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.childyouth.2018.02.012
doi: 10.1016/j.childyouth.2018.02.012
Peltonen, K., & Punamäki, R. L. (2010). Preventive interventions among children exposed to trauma of armed conflict: A literature review. Aggressive Behavior: Official Journal of the International Society for Research on Aggression, 36(2), 95–116. https://doi.org/10.1002/ab.20334
doi: 10.1002/ab.20334
Punamaki, R. L. (2008). Posttraumatic stress disorder and symptoms among children in war: Determinants and treatment. PTSD among children in war. Wiley.
* Rana, M., Gupta, M., Malhi, P., Grover, S., & Kaur, M. (2020). Prevalence and correlates of bullying perpetration and victimization among school-going adolescents in Chandigarh. North India. Indian Journal of Psychiatry, 62(5), 531–539. https://doi.org/10.4103/psychiatry.IndianJPsychiatry_444_19
doi: 10.4103/psychiatry.IndianJPsychiatry_444_19
pubmed: 33678834
* Reid-Russell, A., Miller, A. B., Cvencek, D., Meltzoff, A. N., & McLaughlin, K. A. (2022). Lower implicit self-esteem as a pathway linking childhood abuse to depression and suicidal ideation. Development and Psychopathology, 34(4), 1272–1286. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0954579420002217
doi: 10.1017/S0954579420002217
pubmed: 33594963
* Reyes, C. J. (2008). Exploring the relations among the nature of the abuse, perceived parental support, and child’s self-concept and trauma symptoms among sexually abused children. Journal of Child Sexual Abuse, 17(1), 51–70. https://doi.org/10.1080/10538710701884482
doi: 10.1080/10538710701884482
pubmed: 19842318
Romano, E., Babchishin, L., Marquis, R., & Fréchette, S. (2015). Childhood maltreatment and educational outcomes. Trauma, Violence, & Abuse, 16(4), 418–437. https://doi.org/10.1177/1524838014537908
doi: 10.1177/1524838014537908
* Ronzon-Tirado, R., Redondo, N., & Munoz-Rivas, M. J. (2022). Childhood maltreatment: The role of concurrent advantageous experiences on adolescents’ psychosocial adjustment. Aggressive Behavior, 48(6), 595–607. https://doi.org/10.1002/ab.22048
doi: 10.1002/ab.22048
pubmed: 35947768
pmcid: 9804907
Rosenberg, M. (1965). Rosenberg self-esteem scale (RSE). Acceptance and Commitment Therapy. Measures Package, 61(52), 18.
* Rust, J. O., & Troupe, P. A. (1991). Relationships of treatment of child sexual abuse with school achievement and self-concept. The Journal of Early Adolescence, 11(4), 420–429. https://doi.org/10.1177/0272431691114002
doi: 10.1177/0272431691114002
* Ryu, S., & Gao, Z. (2023). The moderating effects of physical activity on the relationships between child maltreatment and health outcomes among Korean adolescents: A secondary analysis of the 2020 Korean Children and Youth Rights Survey. Journal of Clinical Medicine. https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm12144574
doi: 10.3390/jcm12144574
pubmed: 38202154
pmcid: 10780116
* Saigh, P. A., Yasik, A. E., Oberfield, R., & Halamandaris, P. V. (2008). The self-concept of traumatized children and adolescents with or without PTSD. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 46(10), 1181–1186. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.brat.2008.05.003
doi: 10.1016/j.brat.2008.05.003
pubmed: 18707677
Salami, S. O. (2010). Moderating effects of resilience, self-esteem and social support on adolescents’ reactions to violence. Asian Social Science, 6(12), 101.
doi: 10.5539/ass.v6n12p101
* Salazar, L. F., Wingood, G. M., DiClemente, R. J., Lang, D. L., & Harrington, K. (2004). The role of social support in the psychological well-being of African American girls who experience dating violence victimization. Violence and Victims, 19(2), 171–187. https://doi.org/10.1891/vivi.19.2.171.64100
doi: 10.1891/vivi.19.2.171.64100
pubmed: 15384453
* Sayar, K., Kose, S., Grabe, H. J., & Topbas, M. (2005). Alexithymia and dissociative tendencies in an adolescent sample from Eastern Turkey. Psychiatry and Clinical Neurosciences, 59(2), 127–134. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1440-1819.2005.01346.x
doi: 10.1111/j.1440-1819.2005.01346.x
pubmed: 15823156
* Scheer, J. R., Edwards, K. M., Sheinfil, A. Z., Dalton, M. R., Firkey, M. K., & Watson, R. J. (2022). Interpersonal victimization, substance use, and mental health among sexual and gender minority youth: the role of self-concept factors. Journal of Interpersonal Violence, 37(19–20), 18104–18129. https://doi.org/10.1177/08862605211035868
doi: 10.1177/08862605211035868
* Schlechter, P., Fritz, J., Cassels, M., Neufeld, S. A. S., & Wilkinson, P. O. (2021). The Youth and Childhood Adversity Scale: A step towards developing a new measure of adversity and its severity. European Journal of Psychotraumatology, 12(1), 1981573. https://doi.org/10.1080/20008198.2021.1981573
doi: 10.1080/20008198.2021.1981573
pubmed: 36877472
pmcid: 9754045
* Sciacca, B., Mazzone, A., Loftsson, M., O’Higgins Norman, J., & Foody, M. (2023). Nonconsensual dissemination of sexual images among adolescents: Associations with depression and self-esteem. Journal of Interpersonal Violence, 38(15–16), 9438–9464. https://doi.org/10.1177/08862605231165777
doi: 10.1177/08862605231165777
pubmed: 37073923
pmcid: 10668539
* Sevenoaks, T., Fouche, J. P., Phillips, N., Heany, S., Myer, L., Zar, H. J., & Hoare, J. (2022). Childhood trauma and mental health in the cape town adolescent antiretroviral cohort. Journal of Child and Adolescent Trauma, 15(2), 353–363. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40653-021-00362-0
doi: 10.1007/s40653-021-00362-0
pubmed: 35600517
* Shah, S. M., Nowshad, G., Dhaheri, F. A., Al-Shamsi, M. H., Al-Ketbi, A. M., Galadari, A., & Arnone, D. (2021). Child maltreatment and neglect in the United Arab Emirates and relationship with low self-esteem and symptoms of depression. International Reviews in Psychiatry, 33(3), 326–336. https://doi.org/10.1080/09540261.2021.1895086
doi: 10.1080/09540261.2021.1895086
* Shattnawi, K. K., Al Ali, N., & Ma’abreh, Y. M. (2022). Prevalence of adverse childhood experiences and their relationship with self-esteem among school-age children in Jordan. Child Psychiatry and Human Development. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10578-022-01378-9
doi: 10.1007/s10578-022-01378-9
pubmed: 35749050
* Shen, L., Zhang, Y., Liang, W., & Zhang, Y. (2015). Investigation of child maltreatment: Survey among junior school pupils in Henan province of China. Asia-Pacific Psychiatry, 7(1), 85–90. https://doi.org/10.1111/appy.12105
doi: 10.1111/appy.12105
pubmed: 24123898
Silvern, L., Karyl, J., Waelde, L., Hodges, W. F., Starek, J., Heidt, E., & Min, K. (1995). Retrospective reports of parental partner abuse: Relationships to depression, trauma symptoms and self-esteem among college students. Journal of Family Violence, 10(2), 177–202.
doi: 10.1007/BF02110599
* Skeen, S., Macedo, A., Tomlinson, M., Hensels, I. S., & Sherr, L. (2016). Exposure to violence and psychological well-being over time in children affected by HIV/AIDS in South Africa and Malawi. AIDS Care, 28(sup1), 16–25. https://doi.org/10.1080/09540121.2016.1146219
doi: 10.1080/09540121.2016.1146219
pubmed: 27002770
pmcid: 4828604
* Smith, K., Cénat, J. M., Lapierre, A., Dion, J., Hébert, M., & Côté, K. (2018). Cyber dating violence: Prevalence and correlates among high school students from small urban areas in Quebec. Journal of Affective Disorders, 234, 220–223. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jad.2018.02.043
doi: 10.1016/j.jad.2018.02.043
pubmed: 29544168
* Soler, L., Paretilla, C., Kirchner, T., & Forns, M. (2012). Effects of poly-victimization on self-esteem and post-traumatic stress symptoms in Spanish adolescents. European Child & Adolescent Psychiatry, 21(11), 645–653.
doi: 10.1007/s00787-012-0301-x
Sowder, K. L., Knight, L. A., & Fishalow, J. (2018). Trauma exposure and health: A review of outcomes and pathways. Journal of Aggression, Maltreatment & Trauma, 27(10), 1041–1059. https://doi.org/10.1080/10926771.2017.1422841
doi: 10.1080/10926771.2017.1422841
* Stern, A. E., Lynch, D. L., Oates, R. K., O’Toole, B. I., & Cooney, G. (1995). Self esteem, depression, behaviour and family functioning in sexually abused children. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 36(6), 1077–1089. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1469-7610.1995.tb01352.x
doi: 10.1111/j.1469-7610.1995.tb01352.x
pubmed: 7593400
Stoltenborgh, M., Van Ijzendoorn, M. H., Euser, E. M., & Bakermans-Kranenburg, M. J. (2011). A global perspective on child sexual abuse: Meta-analysis of prevalence around the world. Child Maltreatment, 16(2), 79–101. https://doi.org/10.1177/1077559511403920
doi: 10.1177/1077559511403920
pubmed: 21511741
* Sturkie, K., & Flanzer, J. P. (1987). Depression and self-esteem in the families of maltreated adolescents. Social Work, 32(6), 491–496. https://doi.org/10.1093/sw/32.6.491
doi: 10.1093/sw/32.6.491
* Suzuki, H., & Tomoda, A. (2015). Roles of attachment and self-esteem: Impact of early life stress on depressive symptoms among Japanese institutionalized children. BMC Psychiatry, 15(1), 1–11. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12888-015-0385-1
doi: 10.1186/s12888-015-0385-1
* Swanston, H. Y., Tebbutt, J. S., O’Toole, B. I., & Oates, R. K. (1997). Sexually abused children 5 years after presentation: A case-control study. Pediatrics, 100(4), 600–608. https://doi.org/10.1542/peds.100.4.600
doi: 10.1542/peds.100.4.600
pubmed: 9310512
Tanaka, M., Wekerle, C., Schmuck, M. L., Paglia-Boak, A., & MAP Research Team. (2011). The linkages among childhood maltreatment, adolescent mental health, and self-compassion in child welfare adolescents. Child Abuse & Neglect, 35(10), 887–898. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chiabu.2011.07.003
doi: 10.1016/j.chiabu.2011.07.003
Taylor, T. L., & Chemtob, C. M. (2004). Efficacy of treatment for child andadolescent traumatic stress. Archives of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, 158, 786–791. https://doi.org/10.1001/archpedi.158.8.786
doi: 10.1001/archpedi.158.8.786
pubmed: 15289252
* Tocker, L., Ben-Amitay, G., Horesh-Reinman, N., Lask, M., & Toren, P. (2017). Predictors of clinical outcomes in sexually abused adolescents. Journal of Child Sexual Abuse, 26(4), 487–505. https://doi.org/10.1080/10538712.2017.1300204
doi: 10.1080/10538712.2017.1300204
pubmed: 28537850
* Tong, L., Oates, K., & McDowell, M. (1987). Personality development following sexual abuse. Child Abuse & Neglect, 11(3), 371–383. https://doi.org/10.1016/0145-2134(87)90011-1
doi: 10.1016/0145-2134(87)90011-1
* Toth, S. L., Manly, J. T., & Cicchetti, D. (1992). Child maltreatment and vulnerability to depression. Development and Psychopathology, 4(1), 97–112. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0954579400005587
doi: 10.1017/S0954579400005587
* Trickett, P. K., Kim, K., & Prindle, J. (2011). Variations in emotional abuse experiences among multiply maltreated young adolescents and relations with developmental outcomes. Child Abuse & Neglect, 35(10), 876–886. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chiabu.2011.08.001
doi: 10.1016/j.chiabu.2011.08.001
* Turner, H. A., Finkelhor, D., & Ormrod, R. (2010). The effects of adolescent victimization on self-concept and depressive symptoms. Child Maltreatment, 15(1), 76–90. https://doi.org/10.1177/1077559509349444
doi: 10.1177/1077559509349444
pubmed: 19926630
Viechtbauer, W. (2010). Conducting meta-analyses in R with the metafor package. Journal of Statistical Software, 36, 1–48. https://doi.org/10.18637/jss.v036.i03
doi: 10.18637/jss.v036.i03
* Vigil, J. M., & Geary, D. C. (2008). A preliminary investigation of family coping styles and psychological well-being among adolescent survivors of Hurricane Katrina. Journal of Family Psychology, 22(1), 176. https://doi.org/10.1037/0893-3200.22.1.176
doi: 10.1037/0893-3200.22.1.176
pubmed: 18266546
Von Elm, E., Altman, D. G., Egger, M., Pocock, S. J., Gøtzsche, P. C., Vandenbroucke, J. P., & Initiative, S. (2014). The Strengthening the Reporting of Observational Studies in Epidemiology (STROBE) Statement: Guidelines for reporting observational studies. International Journal of Surgery, 12(12), 1495–1499.
doi: 10.1016/j.ijsu.2014.07.013
* Wang, S., Xu, H., Zhang, S., Yang, R., Li, D., Sun, Y., Wan, Y., & Tao, F. (2020). Linking childhood maltreatment and psychological symptoms: the role of social support, coping styles, and self-esteem in adolescents. Journal of Interpersonal Violence. https://doi.org/10.1177/0886260520918571
doi: 10.1177/0886260520918571
pubmed: 33371780
pmcid: 8184859
* Weiler, L. M., & Taussig, H. N. (2019). The moderating effect of risk exposure on an efficacious intervention for maltreated children. Journal of Clinical Child & Adolescent Psychology, 48(sup1), S194–S201. https://doi.org/10.1080/15374416.2017.1295379
doi: 10.1080/15374416.2017.1295379
* Wodarski, J. S., Kurtz, P. D., Gaudin, J. M., Jr., & Howing, P. T. (1990). Maltreatment and the school-age child: Major academic, socioemotional, and adaptive outcomes. Social Work, 35(6), 506–513. https://doi.org/10.1093/sw/35.6.506
doi: 10.1093/sw/35.6.506
pubmed: 2284600
* Wonderlich, S., Crosby, R., Mitchell, J., Thompson, K., Redlin, J., Demuth, G., & Smyth, J. (2001). Pathways mediating sexual abuse and eating disturbance in children. International Journal of Eating Disorders, 29(3), 270–279. https://doi.org/10.1002/eat.1018
doi: 10.1002/eat.1018
pubmed: 11262505
* Wondie, Y., Zemene, W., Tafesse, B., Reschke, K., & Schröder, H. (2011). The psychosocial consequences of child sexual abuse in Ethiopia: A case-control comparative analysis. Journal of Interpersonal Violence, 26(10), 2025–2041. https://doi.org/10.1177/0886260510372937
doi: 10.1177/0886260510372937
pubmed: 20587451
World Health Organization. (2014). Child Maltreatment. Retrieved from https://www.who.int/docs/default-source/documents/child-maltreatment/child-maltreatment-infographic-en.pdf?sfvrsn=7d798249_2
World Health Organization. (2018). International statistical classification of diseases and related health problems (11th Revision). Retrieved from https://icd.who.int/browse11/l-m/en .
* Wu, X., Qi, J., & Zhen, R. (2021). Bullying victimization and adolescents’ social anxiety: Roles of shame and self-esteem. Child Indicators Research, 14(2), 769–781.
doi: 10.1007/s12187-020-09777-x
* Wu, W., Xie, R., Ding, W., Jiang, M., Sun, Z., Kayani, S., & Li, W. (2023). Can maternal involvement protect children from bullying victimization when fathers migrate for work? A serial mediation model. Journal of Child and Family Studies, 32(10), 3148–3158. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10826-023-02629-6
doi: 10.1007/s10826-023-02629-6
* Yoder, K. A., & Hoyt, D. R. (2005). Family economic pressure and adolescent suicidal ideation: Application of the family stress model. Suicide and Life-Threatening Behavior, 35(3), 251–264.
doi: 10.1521/suli.2005.35.3.251
pubmed: 16156487
* Yoo, C. (2021). What are the characteristics of cyberbullying victims and perpetrators among South Korean students and how do their experiences change? Child Abuse & Neglect, 113, 104923. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chiabu.2020.104923
doi: 10.1016/j.chiabu.2020.104923
* Yu, H. J., Zheng, M., Liu, X. X., Liu, M. W., Chen, Q. T., Zhang, M. Z., & He, Q. Q. (2021). The association of child neglect with lifestyles, depression, and self-esteem: Cross-lagged analyses in Chinese primary schoolchildren. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 146, 103950. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.brat.2021.103950
doi: 10.1016/j.brat.2021.103950
pubmed: 34509130
Zeigler-Hill, V. (2011). The connections between self-esteem and psychopathology. Journal of Contemporary Psychotherapy, 41(3), 157–164.
doi: 10.1007/s10879-010-9167-8
* Zeller, M. H., Noll, J. G., Sarwer, D. B., Reiter-Purtill, J., Rofey, D. L., Baughcum, A. E., Peugh, J., Courcoulas, A. P., Mchalsku, M. P., Jenkins, T. M., & Becnel, J. N. (2015). Child maltreatment and the adolescent patient with severe obesity: Implications for clinical care. Journal of Pediatric Psychology, 40(7), 640–648. https://doi.org/10.1093/jpepsy/jsv011
doi: 10.1093/jpepsy/jsv011
pubmed: 25774054
pmcid: 4505074
* Zhang, X., Li, C., & Ma, W. (2022). The direct and indirect effects of adverse childhood experiences on depressive symptoms and self-esteem of children: Does gender make a difference? International Journal of Mental Health and Addiction. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11469-022-00871-5
doi: 10.1007/s11469-022-00871-5
pubmed: 36406902
pmcid: 9651092
* Zhou, X., Zhen, R., & Wu, X. (2019). Understanding the relation between gratitude and life satisfaction among adolescents in a post-disaster context: Mediating roles of social support, self-esteem, and hope. Child Indicators Research, 12(5), 1781–1795.
doi: 10.1007/s12187-018-9610-z
* Zhu, Y., Xiao, C., Chen, Q., Wu, Q., & Zhu, B. (2020). Health effects of repeated victimization among school-aged adolescents in six major cities in China. Child Abuse & Neglect, 108, 104654. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chiabu.2020.104654
doi: 10.1016/j.chiabu.2020.104654