Co-sonicated coacervation for high-efficiency green nanoencapsulation of phytosterols by colloidal non-biotoxic solid lipid nanoparticles.
Journal
Scientific reports
ISSN: 2045-2322
Titre abrégé: Sci Rep
Pays: England
ID NLM: 101563288
Informations de publication
Date de publication:
26 Feb 2024
26 Feb 2024
Historique:
received:
10
11
2023
accepted:
09
02
2024
medline:
27
2
2024
pubmed:
27
2
2024
entrez:
26
2
2024
Statut:
epublish
Résumé
Plant sterols are used as a supplement or an additive to reduce LDL cholesterol. The poor dispersibility and instability of phytosterols are the main limitations of their application. So, we tried to overcome these problems through nanoencapsulation of them with colloidal natural RSs (SLNs) using an effective approach to achieve higher efficiency and less intrinsic coagulation. Phytosterols extracted from flax seeds oil with caffeine by a new method were encapsulated with a stable colloid of sheep fat and ostrich oil (1:2), soy lecithin, and glucose through co-sonicated coacervation. Characterization of the obtained SLNs was conducted using FTIR, UV-Vis, SEM, DLS, and GC analysis. The three-factor three-level Behnken design (BBD) was used to prioritize the factors affecting the coacervation process to optimize particle size and loading capacity of SLNs. Operational conditions were examined, revealing that the size of SLNs was below 100 nm, with a phytosterols content (EE %) of 85.46% with high positive zeta potential. The nanocapsules' anti-microbial activity and drug-release behavior were then evaluated using the CFU count method and Beer-Lambert's law, respectively. The controlled release of nanocapsules (below 20%) at ambient temperature has been tested. The stability of nano-encapsulated phytosterols was investigated for six months. All results show that this green optimal coacervation is a better way than conventional methods to produce stable SLNs for the nanoencapsulation of phytosterols.
Identifiants
pubmed: 38409285
doi: 10.1038/s41598-024-54178-7
pii: 10.1038/s41598-024-54178-7
doi:
Types de publication
Journal Article
Langues
eng
Sous-ensembles de citation
IM
Pagination
4671Informations de copyright
© 2024. The Author(s).
Références
Gouin, S. Microencapsulation: Industrial appraisal of existing technologies and trends. Trends Food Sci. Technol. 15, 330–347 (2004).
doi: 10.1016/j.tifs.2003.10.005
Mansouri Gharaghoushi, S., Nikpour Nezhati, M., Baharvand, H., Mohammadian, T. & Ahmad Panahi, H. Encapsulated magnetic nanoparticles with a polymer containing boronic acid groups for separation and enrichment of horseradish peroxidase glycoprotein. Int. J. Polym. Mater. Polym. Biomater. 71, 946–958. https://doi.org/10.1080/00914037.2021.1931208 (2022).
doi: 10.1080/00914037.2021.1931208
Duan, Y. et al. A brief review on solid lipid nanoparticles: Part and parcel of contemporary drug delivery systems. RSC Adv. 10, 26777–26791. https://doi.org/10.1039/D0RA03491F (2020).
doi: 10.1039/D0RA03491F
pubmed: 35515778
pmcid: 9055574
Hu, Y. et al. Anti-inflammatory effect and prostate gene expression profiling of steryl ferulate on experimental rats with non-bacterial prostatitis. Food Funct. 5, 1150–1159 (2014).
doi: 10.1039/C4FO00052H
pubmed: 24686498
Moreau, R. A., Whitaker, B. D. & Hicks, K. B. Phytosterols, phytostanols, and their conjugates in foods: Structural diversity, quantitative analysis, and health-promoting uses. Prog. Lipid. Res. 41, 457–500. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0163-7827(02)00006-1 (2002).
doi: 10.1016/s0163-7827(02)00006-1
pubmed: 12169300
AbuMweis, S. S., Marinangeli, C. P. F., Frohlich, J. & Jones, P. J. H. Implementing phytosterols into medical practice as a cholesterol-lowering strategy: Overview of efficacy, effectiveness, and safety. Can. J. Cardiol. 30, 1225–1232. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cjca.2014.04.022 (2014).
doi: 10.1016/j.cjca.2014.04.022
pubmed: 25262863
Law, M. Plant sterol and stanol margarines and health. BMJ 320, 861–864. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj.320.7238.861 (2000).
doi: 10.1136/bmj.320.7238.861
pubmed: 10731187
pmcid: 1127206
Suttiarporn, P. et al. Structures of phytosterols and triterpenoids with potential anti-cancer activity in bran of black non-glutinous rice. Nutrients 7, 1672–1687. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu7031672 (2015).
doi: 10.3390/nu7031672
pubmed: 25756784
pmcid: 4377873
Fernandes, P. & Cabral, J. Phytosterols: Applications and recovery methods. Bioresour. Technol. 98, 2335–2350 (2007).
doi: 10.1016/j.biortech.2006.10.006
pubmed: 17123816
Abidi, S. Chromatographic analysis of plant sterols in foods and vegetable oils. J. Chromatogr. A 935, 173–201 (2001).
doi: 10.1016/S0021-9673(01)00946-3
pubmed: 11762774
Vaikousi, H., Lazaridou, A., Biliaderis, C. G. & Zawistowski, J. Phase transitions, solubility, and crystallization kinetics of phytosterols and phytosterol-oil blends. J Agric Food Chem 55, 1790–1798. https://doi.org/10.1021/jf0624289 (2007).
doi: 10.1021/jf0624289
pubmed: 17295503
Thanh, T. T. et al. Effect of storage and heating on phytosterol concentrations in vegetable oils determined by GC/MS. J. Sci. Food Agric. 86, 220–225. https://doi.org/10.1002/jsfa.2322 (2006).
doi: 10.1002/jsfa.2322
Yang, B.-W. et al. Phytosterols photooxidation in O/W emulsion: Influence of emulsifier composition and interfacial properties. Food Hydrocoll. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodhyd.2023.108698 (2023).
doi: 10.1016/j.foodhyd.2023.108698
Engel, R. & Schubert, H. Formulation of phytosterols in emulsions for increased dose response in functional foods. Innov. Food Sci. Emerg. Technol. 6, 233–237 (2005).
doi: 10.1016/j.ifset.2005.01.004
Botelho, P. B. et al. Oxidative stability of functional phytosterol-enriched dark chocolate. LWT-Food Sci. Technol. 55, 444–451 (2014).
doi: 10.1016/j.lwt.2013.09.002
Wang, F. C., Acevedo, N. & Marangoni, A. G. Encapsulation of phytosterols and phytosterol esters in liposomes made with soy phospholipids by high pressure homogenization. Food Funct. 8, 3964–3969. https://doi.org/10.1039/C7FO00905D (2017).
doi: 10.1039/C7FO00905D
pubmed: 28972217
Alvim, I., Souza, F., Koury, I., Jurt, T. & Dantas, F. Use of the spray chilling method to deliver hydrophobic components: Physical characterization of microparticles. Food Sci. Technol. (Campinas) 33, 34–39. https://doi.org/10.1590/S0101-20612013000500006 (2013).
doi: 10.1590/S0101-20612013000500006
Di Battista, C. A., Ramírez-Rigo, M. V. & Piña, J. Microencapsulation of phytosterols by spray drying. Stud. Nat. Prod. Chem. 56, 437–468 (2018).
doi: 10.1016/B978-0-444-64058-1.00011-X
Napiórkowska, A. & Kurek, M. Coacervation as a novel method of microencapsulation of essential oils-a review. Molecules https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules27165142 (2022).
doi: 10.3390/molecules27165142
pubmed: 36014386
pmcid: 9416238
Devi, N., Sarmah, M., Khatun, B. & Maji, T. K. Encapsulation of active ingredients in polysaccharide-protein complex coacervates. Adv. Colloid Interface Sci. 239, 136–145. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cis.2016.05.009 (2017).
doi: 10.1016/j.cis.2016.05.009
pubmed: 27296302
Battaglia, L., Gallarate, M., Cavalli, R. & Trotta, M. Solid lipid nanoparticles produced through a coacervation method. J. Microencapsul. 27, 78–85 (2010).
doi: 10.3109/02652040903031279
pubmed: 19538034
Bezerra, M. A., Santelli, R. E., Oliveira, E. P., Villar, L. S. & Escaleira, L. A. Response surface methodology (RSM) as a tool for optimization in analytical chemistry. Talanta 76, 965–977. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.talanta.2008.05.019 (2008).
doi: 10.1016/j.talanta.2008.05.019
pubmed: 18761143
Candioti, L. V., van Zan, M. M., Cámara, M. S. & Goicoechea, H. C. Experimental design and multiple response optimization. Using the desirability function in analytical methods development. Talanta 124, 123–138. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.talanta.2014.01.034 (2014).
doi: 10.1016/j.talanta.2014.01.034
pubmed: 24767454
Ferreira, S. L. C. et al. Box-Behnken design: An alternative for the optimization of analytical methods. Analytica Chimica Acta 597, 179–186. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aca.2007.07.011 (2007).
doi: 10.1016/j.aca.2007.07.011
pubmed: 17683728
Tyagi, S. & Mani, S. Process parameter optimization of vitamin D3 loaded Chitosan-TPP nanoparticles. Mater. Today Proc. 76, 453–458. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matpr.2022.12.201 (2023).
doi: 10.1016/j.matpr.2022.12.201
Yang, R. et al. Phytosterol contents of edible oils and their contributions to estimated phytosterol intake in the chinese diet. Foods https://doi.org/10.3390/foods8080334 (2019).
Xiao, Y. et al. A light-weight and high-efficacy antibacterial nanocellulose-based sponge via covalent immobilization of gentamicin. Carbohydr. Polym. 200, 595–601 (2018).
doi: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2018.07.091
pubmed: 30177203
Ruckenstein, E. & Shulgin, I. Solubility of drugs in aqueous solutions: Part 2: Binary nonideal mixed solvent. Int. J. Pharmaceut. 260, 283–291 (2003).
doi: 10.1016/S0378-5173(03)00273-4
Serajuddin, A. T. M. Salt formation to improve drug solubility. Adv. Drug Deliv. Rev. 59, 603–616. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.addr.2007.05.010 (2007).
doi: 10.1016/j.addr.2007.05.010
pubmed: 17619064
Beveridge, T. H., Li, T. S. & Drover, J. C. Phytosterol content in American ginseng seed oil. J. Agric. Food Chem. 50, 744–750 (2002).
doi: 10.1021/jf010701v
pubmed: 11829639
Xu, B. et al. Determination of free steroidal compounds in vegetable oils by comprehensive two-dimensional gas chromatography coupled to time-of-flight mass spectrometry. Food chemistry 245, 415–425 (2018).
doi: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2017.10.114
pubmed: 29287390
Dubin, P. & Stewart, R. J. Complex coacervation. Soft Matter. 14, 329–330. https://doi.org/10.1039/C7SM90206A (2018).
doi: 10.1039/C7SM90206A
pubmed: 29297531
Bouzidi, N. et al. Determination of total sterols in brown algae by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy. Analytica chimica acta 616, 185–189 (2008).
doi: 10.1016/j.aca.2008.04.028
pubmed: 18482602
Kuligowski, J., Quintás, G., Garrigues, S. & De la Guardia, M. Determination of lecithin and soybean oil in dietary supplements using partial least squares–Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy. Talanta 77, 229–234 (2008).
doi: 10.1016/j.talanta.2008.06.029
pubmed: 18804625
Martins, Q. et al. Investigation of ostrich oil via Raman and infrared spectroscopy and predictions using the DFT method. Vib. Spectrosc. 104, 102945 (2019).
doi: 10.1016/j.vibspec.2019.102945
Nagarajappa, V. & Battula, S. N. Effect of fortification of milk with omega-3 fatty acids, phytosterols and soluble fibre on the sensory, physicochemical and microbiological properties of milk. J. Sci. Food Agric. 97, 4160–4168 (2017).
doi: 10.1002/jsfa.8286
pubmed: 28233313
Ahangari, H. et al. Probiotic Ayran development by incorporation of phytosterols and microencapsulated Lactobacillus casei L26 in sodium caseinate–gellan mixture. Int. J. Dairy Technol. 75, 150–158 (2022).
doi: 10.1111/1471-0307.12812
Awaisheh, S., Haddadin, M. & Robinson, R. Incorporation of selected nutraceuticals and probiotic bacteria into a fermented milk. Int. Dairy J. 15, 1184–1190 (2005).
doi: 10.1016/j.idairyj.2004.11.003
Picot, A. & Lacroix, C. Encapsulation of bifidobacteria in whey protein-based microcapsules and survival in simulated gastrointestinal conditions and in yoghurt. Int. Dairy J. 14, 505–515 (2004).
doi: 10.1016/j.idairyj.2003.10.008
Talwalkar, A. & Kailasapathy, K. A review of oxygen toxicity in probiotic yogurts: Influence on the survival of probiotic bacteria and protective techniques. Compr. Rev. Food Sci. Food Saf. 3, 117–124. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1541-4337.2004.tb00061.x (2004).
doi: 10.1111/j.1541-4337.2004.tb00061.x
pubmed: 33430563
Araújo, L. B. et al. Total phytosterol content in drug materials and extracts from roots of Acanthospermum hispidum by UV-VIS spectrophotometry. Revista Brasileira de Farmacognosia 23, 736–742 (2013).
doi: 10.1590/S0102-695X2013000500004
Battaglia, L. et al. Lipid nanoparticles for intranasal administration: Application to nose-to-brain delivery. Expert Opin. Drug Deliv. 15, 369–378 (2018).
doi: 10.1080/17425247.2018.1429401
pubmed: 29338427
Hac-Wydro, K., Wydro, P., Jagoda, A. & Kapusta, J. The study on the interaction between phytosterols and phospholipids in model membranes. Chem. Phys. Lipids 150, 22–34. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemphyslip.2007.06.211 (2007).
doi: 10.1016/j.chemphyslip.2007.06.211
pubmed: 17632093
Chen, J.-Y.T. Micro KBr technique of infrared spectrophotometry. J. Assoc. Off. Agric. Chem. 48, 380–384 (1965).