Expansion of HLA-DR

To investigate immune dysregulation in the peripheral blood that contributes to the pre-rheumatoid arthritis (RA) stage of RA development in anti-citrullinated protein antibody (ACPA)+ individuals. Using 37 markers by mass cytometry, we investigated peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) from ACPA+ at-risk individuals (ARI), ACPA+ early untreated RA patients, and ACPA- controls in the Tokyo Women's Medical University (TWMU) cohort (n = 17 in each group). Computational algorithms, FlowSOM and Optimized t-Distributed Stochastic Neighbor Embedding (opt-SNE), were employed to explore specific immunological differences between study groups. These findings were further evaluated, and longitudinal changes were explored, using flow cytometry and PBMCs from the USA-based Targeting Immune Responses for Prevention of RA (TIP-RA) cohort that included 11 ACPA+ individuals who later developed RA (pre-RA), of which 9 had post-RA diagnosis PBMCs (post-RA), and 11 ACPA- controls. HLA-DR The expansion of HLA-DR

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