Predictors of mental health among U.S. adults during COVID-19 early pandemic, mid- pandemic, and post-vaccine eras.
COVID-19
Mental health
Precautionary measures
Race
Journal
BMC public health
ISSN: 1471-2458
Titre abrégé: BMC Public Health
Pays: England
ID NLM: 100968562
Informations de publication
Date de publication:
29 Feb 2024
29 Feb 2024
Historique:
received:
18
04
2023
accepted:
15
01
2024
medline:
1
3
2024
pubmed:
1
3
2024
entrez:
29
2
2024
Statut:
epublish
Résumé
A collective trauma like COVID-19 impacts individuals differently due to socio-contextual and individual characteristics. Younger adults, minorities, affiliates of certain political parties, and residents of some regions of the United States reported experiencing poorer mental health during the pandemic. Being diagnosed with COVID-19, or losing a friend/family to it, was related to more adverse mental health symptoms. While the negative impact of COVID-19 on health outcomes has been studied, mental health changes during this pandemic need further exploration. In a study of 8,612 U.S. households, using three surveys collected from a nationally representative panel between May 2020 and October 2021, using a repeated cross-sectional design, a linear mixed effect regression model was performed to investigate factors associated with the mental health status, based on the Mental Health Inventory-5, of individuals throughout different phases of the COVID-19 pandemic, and whether an improvement over time, especially after vaccines became available, was observed. An overall improvement in mental health was observed after vaccines became available. Individuals with no COVID-related death in their household, those not wearing masks, those identifying as members of the Republican Party, race/ethnicities other than Asian, men, older adults, and residents of the South were less likely than others to report mental health challenges. Our results highlight the need for widespread mental health interventions and health promotion to address challenges during the COVID-19 pandemic and beyond. Due to the worse mental health observed among Asians, younger adults, women, low-income families, those with a higher level of concern for COVID-19, people who lost someone to COVID-19, and/or individuals with histories of opioid use disorder and criminal legal involvement, over the period of this study, targeted attention needs to be given to the mental health of these groups.
Sections du résumé
BACKGROUND
BACKGROUND
A collective trauma like COVID-19 impacts individuals differently due to socio-contextual and individual characteristics. Younger adults, minorities, affiliates of certain political parties, and residents of some regions of the United States reported experiencing poorer mental health during the pandemic. Being diagnosed with COVID-19, or losing a friend/family to it, was related to more adverse mental health symptoms. While the negative impact of COVID-19 on health outcomes has been studied, mental health changes during this pandemic need further exploration.
METHODS
METHODS
In a study of 8,612 U.S. households, using three surveys collected from a nationally representative panel between May 2020 and October 2021, using a repeated cross-sectional design, a linear mixed effect regression model was performed to investigate factors associated with the mental health status, based on the Mental Health Inventory-5, of individuals throughout different phases of the COVID-19 pandemic, and whether an improvement over time, especially after vaccines became available, was observed.
RESULTS
RESULTS
An overall improvement in mental health was observed after vaccines became available. Individuals with no COVID-related death in their household, those not wearing masks, those identifying as members of the Republican Party, race/ethnicities other than Asian, men, older adults, and residents of the South were less likely than others to report mental health challenges.
CONCLUSIONS
CONCLUSIONS
Our results highlight the need for widespread mental health interventions and health promotion to address challenges during the COVID-19 pandemic and beyond. Due to the worse mental health observed among Asians, younger adults, women, low-income families, those with a higher level of concern for COVID-19, people who lost someone to COVID-19, and/or individuals with histories of opioid use disorder and criminal legal involvement, over the period of this study, targeted attention needs to be given to the mental health of these groups.
Identifiants
pubmed: 38424510
doi: 10.1186/s12889-024-17781-x
pii: 10.1186/s12889-024-17781-x
doi:
Types de publication
Journal Article
Langues
eng
Sous-ensembles de citation
IM
Pagination
643Subventions
Organisme : NIDA NIH HHS
ID : 1U2CDA050098
Pays : United States
Organisme : NIDA NIH HHS
ID : 1U2CDA050098
Pays : United States
Informations de copyright
© 2024. The Author(s).
Références
World Health Organization. (2020). Mental health and psychosocial considerations during the COVID-19 outbreak, 18 March 2020 (No. WHO/2019-nCoV/MentalHealth/2020.1). World Health Organization. https://www.who.int/publications/i/item/WHO-2019-nCoV-MentalHealth-2020.1 .
Aknin LB, De Neve JE, Dunn EW, Fancourt DE, Goldberg E, Helliwell JF, Ben Amor Y. (2021). Mental health during the first year of the COVID-19 pandemic: a review and recommendations for moving forward. Perspect Psychol Sci, 17456916211029964.
Killgore WD, Cloonan SA, Taylor EC, Dailey NS. Mental health during the first weeks of the COVID-19 pandemic in the United States. Front Psychiatry. 2021;12:561898.
doi: 10.3389/fpsyt.2021.561898
pubmed: 33967841
pmcid: 8100184
Daly M, Robinson E. Psychological distress and adaptation to the COVID-19 crisis in the United States. J Psychiatr Res. 2021;136:603–9.
doi: 10.1016/j.jpsychires.2020.10.035
pubmed: 33138985
Yarrington JS, Lasser J, Garcia D, Vargas JH, Couto DD, Marafon T, Niles AN. Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on mental health among 157,213 americans. J Affect Disord. 2021;286:64–70.
doi: 10.1016/j.jad.2021.02.056
pubmed: 33677184
pmcid: 9754791
Vahratian A, Blumberg SJ, Terlizzi EP, Schiller JS. (2021). Symptoms of anxiety or depressive disorder and use of mental health care among adults during the COVID-19 pandemic—United States, August 2020–February 2021. Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report, 70(13), 490.Veit, C. T., & Ware, J. E. (1983). The structure of psychological distress and well-being in general populations. Journal of consulting and clinical psychology, 51(5), 730.
Li Z, Ge J, Yang M, Feng J, Qiao M, Jiang R, Yang C. Vicarious traumatization in the general public, members, and non-members of medical teams aiding in COVID-19 control. Brain Behav Immun. 2020;88:916–9.
doi: 10.1016/j.bbi.2020.03.007
pubmed: 32169498
pmcid: 7102670
Thompson D. (2020). Mask use by americans now tops 90%, poll finds. HealthDay https://consumer.healthday.com/infectious-disease-information-21/coronavirus-1008/mask-use-by-americans-now-tops-90-37-poll-finds-762360.html
Kirzinger A, Sparks G, Hamel L, Lopes L, Kearney A, Stokes M, Brodie M. KFF COVID-19 vaccine monitor: July 2021. Kaiser Family Foundation; 2021.
Schneider JA, Taylor BG, Hotton AL, Lamuda PA, Ozik J, Lin Q, Flanagan E, Tuyet Pho M, Kolak M, Brewer R, Pagkas-Bather J, Pollack HA. National variability in americans’ COVID-19 protective behaviors: implications for vaccine roll-out. PLoS ONE. 2021;16(11):e0259257. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0259257 .
doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0259257
pubmed: 34739498
pmcid: 8570526
Balawajder EF, Taylor BG, Lamuda PA, MacLean K, Pollack HA, Schneider JA. Predictors of Mental Health among the General Population of US adults eight months into the COVID-19 pandemic. Psychology. 2022;13(3):427–42.
doi: 10.4236/psych.2022.133029
pubmed: 35872973
Nishimi K, Borsari B, Marx BP, Rosen RC, Cohen BE, Woodward E, O’Donovan A. Clusters of COVID-19 protective and risky behaviors and their associations with pandemic, socio-demographic, and mental health factors in the United States. Prev Med Rep. 2022;25:101671.
doi: 10.1016/j.pmedr.2021.101671
pubmed: 34926133
Wang QQ, Kaelber DC, Xu R, Volkow ND. COVID-19 risk and outcomes in patients with substance use disorders: analyses from electronic health records in the United States. Mol Psychiatry. 2021;26(1):30–9. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41380-020-00880-7 .
doi: 10.1038/s41380-020-00880-7
pubmed: 32929211
Ahmad FB, Cisewski JA, Rossen LM, Sutton P. Provisional drug overdose death counts. National Center for Health Statistics; 2022.
Henry BF, Mandavia AD, Paschen-Wolff MM, Hunt T, Humensky JL, Wu E, Pincus HA, Nunes EV, Levin FR, El-Bassel N. COVID-19, mental health, and opioid use disorder: Old and new public health crises intertwine. Psychol Trauma: Theory Res Pract Policy. 2020;12(S1):S111–2. https://doi.org/10.1037/tra0000660 .
doi: 10.1037/tra0000660
Henderson R, McInnes A, Mackey L, Bruised Head M, Crowshoe L, Hann J, Hayward J, Holroyd BR, Lang E, Larson B, Leonard AJ, Persaud S, Raghavji K, Sarin C, Virani H, Wadsworth IW, Whitman S, McLane P. Opioid use disorder treatment disruptions during the early COVID-19 pandemic and other emergent disasters: a scoping review addressing dual public health emergencies. BMC Public Health. 2021;21(1):1471. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12889-021-11495-0 .
doi: 10.1186/s12889-021-11495-0
pubmed: 34320954
pmcid: 8318046
Khatri UG, Perrone J. Opioid use disorder and COVID-19: crashing of the crises. J Addict Med. 2020;14(4):e6–e7. https://doi.org/10.1097/ADM.0000000000000684 .
doi: 10.1097/ADM.0000000000000684
pubmed: 32404651
Joudrey PJ, Adams ZM, Bach P, Van Buren S, Chaiton JA, Ehrenfeld L, Edelman EJ. Methadone access for opioid use disorder during the COVID-19 pandemic within the United States and Canada. JAMA Netw Open. 2021;4(7):e2118223–3.
doi: 10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2021.18223
pubmed: 34297070
pmcid: 8303098
Jenkins WD, Bolinski R, Bresett J, Van Ham B, Fletcher S, Walters S, Friedman SR, Ezell JM, Pho M, Schneider J, Ouellet L. COVID-19 during the opioid epidemic - exacerbation of Stigma and vulnerabilities. JRural Health. 2021;37(1):172–4. https://doi.org/10.1111/jrh.12442 .
doi: 10.1111/jrh.12442
Schneider KE, Wilson D, Dayton L, Goodell EMA, Latkin CA. Political partisanship and stigma against people who use drugs in opinions about allocating COVID-19 prevention resources to vulnerable populations. Int J Drug Policy. 2021;95:103301.
doi: 10.1016/j.drugpo.2021.103301
pubmed: 34049234
pmcid: 8530849
Holland, K. M., Jones, C., Vivolo-Kantor, A. M., Idaikkadar, N., Zwald, M., Hoots,B., Yard, E., D’Inverno, A., Swedo, E., Chen, M. S., Petrosky, E., Board, A., Martinez,P., Stone, D. M., Law, R., Coletta, M. A., Adjemian, J., Thomas, C., Puddy, R. W.,Peacock, G.,… Houry, D. (2021). Trends in US Emergency Department Visits for Mental Health, Overdose, and Violence Outcomes Before and During the COVID-19 Pandemic. JAMA psychiatry, 78(4), 372–379. https://doi.org/10.1001/jamapsychiatry.2020.4402.
Timmer A, Nowotny KM. Mental illness and mental health care treatment among people with criminal justice involvement in the United States. J Health Care Poor Underserved. 2021;32(1):397–422.
doi: 10.1353/hpu.2021.0031
pubmed: 33678704
Rowell-Cunsolo TL, Bellerose M. Utilization of substance use treatment among criminal justice-involved individuals in the United States. J Subst Abuse Treat. 2021;125:108423.
doi: 10.1016/j.jsat.2021.108423
pubmed: 33906780
Kobayashi, L. C., O’Shea, B. Q., Kler, J. S., Nishimura, R., Palavicino-Maggio, C.B., Eastman, M. R.,… Finlay, J. M. (2021). Cohort profile: The COVID-19 Coping Study,a longitudinal mixed-methods study of middle-aged and older adults’ mental health and well-being during the COVID-19 pandemic in the USA. BMJ open, 11(2), e044965.
Wilson JM, Lee J, Shook NJ. COVID-19 worries and mental health: the moderating effect of age. Aging Ment Health. 2021;25(7):1289–96.
doi: 10.1080/13607863.2020.1856778
pubmed: 33291948
Hall LR, Sanchez K, da Graca B, Bennett MM, Powers M, Warren AM. Income differences and COVID-19: impact on Daily Life and Mental Health. Popul Health Manage. 2022;25(3):384–91. https://doi.org/10.1089/pop.2021.0214 .
doi: 10.1089/pop.2021.0214
Sisson NM, Willroth EC, Le BM, Ford BQ. The benefits of living with close others: a longitudinal examination of Mental Health before and during a global stressor. Clin Psychol Sci. 2022;10(6):1083–97. https://doi.org/10.1177/21677026211053320 .
doi: 10.1177/21677026211053320
pubmed: 36398105
Mehulic J, Kamenov Ž. (2021). Mental health in affectionate, antagonistic, and ambivalent relationships during the COVID-19 pandemic–a latent profile analysis. Front Psychol, 3578.
Zhou S, Banawa R, Oh H. The Mental Health Impact of COVID-19 racial and ethnic discrimination against Asian American and pacific islanders. Front Psychiatry. 2021;12:708426. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyt.2021.708426 .
doi: 10.3389/fpsyt.2021.708426
pubmed: 34867510
pmcid: 8637907
Chae, D. H., Yip, T., Martz, C. D., Chung, K., Richeson, J. A., Hajat, A.,… LaVeist,T. A. (2021). Vicarious racism and vigilance during the COVID-19 pandemic: mental health implications among Asian and Black Americans. Public Health Reports, 136(4), 508–517.
McKnight-Eily LR, Okoro CA, Strine TW, Verlenden J, Hollis ND, Njai R, Mitchell EW, Board A, Puddy R, Thomas C. Racial and ethnic disparities in the prevalence of stress and worry, Mental Health conditions, and increased substance use among adults during the COVID-19 pandemic - United States, April and May 2020. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep. 2021;70(5):162–6. https://doi.org/10.15585/mmwr.mm7005a3 .
doi: 10.15585/mmwr.mm7005a3
pubmed: 33539336
pmcid: 7861483
Kiviniemi MT, Orom H, Hay JL, Waters EA. Prevention is political: political party affiliation predicts perceived risk and prevention behaviors for COVID-19. BMC Public Health. 2022;22(1):298. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12889-022-12649-4 .
doi: 10.1186/s12889-022-12649-4
pubmed: 35164719
pmcid: 8842925
Sharma M, Davis RE, Wilkerson AH. COVID-19 Vaccine Acceptance among College students: a theory-based analysis. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2021;18(9):4617. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18094617 .
doi: 10.3390/ijerph18094617
pubmed: 33925327
pmcid: 8123652
Gerretsen P, Kim J, Caravaggio F, Quilty L, Sanches M, Wells S, Brown EE, Agic B, Pollock BG, Graff-Guerrero A. Individual determinants of COVID-19 vaccine hesitancy. PLoS ONE. 2021;16(11):e0258462. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0258462 .
doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0258462
pubmed: 34788308
pmcid: 8598046
Schoeni RF, Wiemers EE, Seltzer JA, Langa KM. Political affiliation and risk taking behaviors among adults with elevated chance of severe complications from COVID-19. Prev Med. 2021;153:106726. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ypmed.2021.106726 .
doi: 10.1016/j.ypmed.2021.106726
pubmed: 34280407
pmcid: 8284062
Franz B, Dhanani LY. Beyond political affiliation: an examination of the relationships between social factors and perceptions of and responses to COVID-19. J Behav Med. 2021;44(5):641–52. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10865-021-00226-w .
doi: 10.1007/s10865-021-00226-w
pubmed: 33877532
pmcid: 8056796
Zhao, W., Vandelanotte, C., Khalesi, S., Alley, S. J., Williams, S. L., Thwaite, T.L.,… To, Q. G. (2022). Depression, anxiety, stress, and physical activity of Australian adults during COVID-19: A combined longitudinal and repeated cross-sectional study.Frontiers in psychology, 13, 962962.
Holstein, R., Dawood, F. S., O’Halloran, A., Cummings, C., Ujamaa, D., Daily Kirley,P.,… Garg, S. (2022). Characteristics and outcomes of hospitalized pregnant women with influenza, 2010 to 2019: a repeated cross-sectional study. Annals of Internal Medicine, 175(2), 149–158.
McManus, S., Gunnell, D., Cooper, C., Bebbington, P. E., Howard, L. M., Brugha, T.,… Appleby, L. (2019). Prevalence of non-suicidal self-harm and service contact in England, 2000–14: repeated cross-sectional surveys of the general population. The Lancet Psychiatry, 6(7), 573–581.
Localio AR, Berlin JA, Have TRT. Longitudinal and repeated cross-sectional cluster‐randomization designs using mixed effects regression for binary outcomes: bias and coverage of frequentist and bayesian methods. Stat Med. 2006;25(16):2720–36.
doi: 10.1002/sim.2428
pubmed: 16345043
Dennis JM. AmeriSpeak Omnibus Field Report. NORC at the University of Chicago; 2019.
Bilgen I, Dennis JM, Ganesh N. Nonresponse Follow-Up impact on AmeriSpeak Panel Sample Composition and representativeness. NORC; 2018.
Montgomery R, Dennis JM, Ganesh N. Response rate calculation methodology for recruitment of a two-phase probability-based panel: the case of AmeriSpeak. NORC at the University of Chicago White Paper; 2016.
Montgomery R, Dennis JM, Ganesh N. (2018). Response rate calculation methodology for recruitment of a two-phase probability-based panel: The case of AmeriSpeak. NORC at the University of Chicago. info@AmeriSpeak.org.
Bethlehem J, Cobben F, Schouten B. The use of response propensities. Handbook of nonresponse in household surveys. John Wiley & Sons, Inc; 2011. pp. 327–52.
Veit CT, Ware JE. The structure of psychological distress and well-being in General populations. J Consult Clin Psychol. 1983;51:730–42. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-006X.51.5.730 .
doi: 10.1037/0022-006X.51.5.730
pubmed: 6630688
Berwick DM, Murphy JM, Goldman PA, Ware JE Jr., Barsky AJ, Weinstein MC. Performance of a five-item Mental Health Screening Test. Med Care. 1991;29:169–76. https://doi.org/10.1097/00005650-199102000-00008 .
doi: 10.1097/00005650-199102000-00008
pubmed: 1994148
Ware JE, Kosinski M, Keller SD. SF-36 physical and Mental Health Summary scales: a user’s Manual. Boston, MA: Health Institute, New England Medical Center; 1994.
Kennedy-Hendricks A, Barry CL, Gollust SE, Ensminger ME, Chisolm MS, McGinty EE. Social stigma toward persons with prescription opioid use disorder: associations with public support for punitive and public health-oriented policies. Psychiatric Serv (Washington DC). 2017;68(5):462–9. https://doi.org/10.1176/appi.ps.201600056 .
doi: 10.1176/appi.ps.201600056
Yang LH, Grivel MM, Anderson B, Bailey GL, Opler M, Wong LY, Stein MD. A new brief opioid stigma scale to assess perceived public attitudes and internalized stigma: evidence for construct validity. J Subst Abuse Treat. 2019;99:44–51. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jsat.2019.01.005 .
doi: 10.1016/j.jsat.2019.01.005
pubmed: 30797393
pmcid: 6716158
Singer JD, Willett JB. Applied Longitudinal Data Analysis: modeling change and event occurrence. Oxford University Press; 2003.
R Core Team. (2017). R: A language and environment for statistical computing. R Foundation for Statistical Computing, Vienna, Austria. URL http://www.R-project.org/ .
Pinheiro JC. (2014). Linear mixed effects models for longitudinal data. Wiley StatsRef: Statistics Reference Online.
Banks J, Fancourt D, Xu X. Mental health and the COVID-19 pandemic. World Happiness Report 2021. Sustainable Development Solutions Network; 2021. pp. 107–30.
Hobfoll SE. Conservation of resources: a new attempt at conceptualizing stress. Am Psychol. 1989;44(3):513–24.
doi: 10.1037/0003-066X.44.3.513
pubmed: 2648906
Layard R, Clark DM. Why more psychological therapy would cost nothing. Front Psychol. 2015;6:1713–3. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2015.01713 . https://www.frontiersin.org/article/ .
doi: 10.3389/fpsyg.2015.01713
pubmed: 26635648
pmcid: 4658447
De Neve JE, Clark AE, Krekel C, Layard R, O’donnell G. (2020). Taking a wellbeing years approach to policy choice. BMJ 2020, 371, m3853. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj.m3853 .