Utilization of immunological ratios in HIV: Implications for monitoring and therapeutic strategies.

Journal

Medicine

ISSN: 1536-5964

Titre abrégé: Medicine (Baltimore)

Pays: United States

ID NLM: 2985248R

Informations de publication

Date de publication:
01 Mar 2024

Historique:

medline: 2 3 2024

pubmed: 2 3 2024

entrez: 1 3 2024

Statut: ppublish

Résumé

Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection remains a significant global health concern, necessitating ongoing research and innovation in the quest for improved disease management. Traditional markers for monitoring HIV progression and the effectiveness of antiretroviral therapy have limitations in capturing the intricate immune responses and inflammatory dynamics in people with HIV. In recent years, the concept of inflammation ratios has gained prominence as a valuable tool for assessing and understanding the complex interplay between inflammation, immune function, and HIV. In this abstract, we provide an overview of the emerging field of utilizing inflammation ratios in the context of HIV and its implications for disease monitoring and therapeutic strategies. These ratios, such as the CD4/CD8 ratio, neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio, and monocyte-to-lymphocyte ratio, offer a more comprehensive assessment of an individual's immune status and inflammatory state. By exploring the clinical implications of inflammation ratios, including their potential to predict disease complications and guide personalized treatment approaches, this publication sheds light on the potential benefits of incorporating inflammation ratios into routine HIV care. Furthermore, we emphasize the importance of ongoing research in this field to further refine our understanding of the utility and significance of inflammation ratios in improving the lives of people with HIV.

Identifiants

DOI: 10.1097/MD.0000000000037354 PMID: 38428854

pubmed: 38428854

doi: 10.1097/MD.0000000000037354

pii: 00005792-202403010-00013

doi:

Types de publication

Journal Article

Langues

eng

Sous-ensembles de citation

Pagination

e37354

Informations de copyright

Déclaration de conflit d'intérêts

The authors have no funding and conflicts of interest to disclose.

Références

Bekker LG, Beyrer C, Mgodi N, et al. HIV infection. Nat Rev Dis Primers. 2023;9:42.

Günthard HF, Calvez V, Paredes R, et al. Human immunodeficiency virus drug resistance: 2018 recommendations of the International Antiviral Society–USA panel. Clin Infect Dis. 2019;68:177–87.

Obeagu EI, Okwuanaso CB, Edoho SH, et al. Under-nutrition among HIV-exposed uninfected children: a review of African perspective. Madonna Univ J Med Health Sci. 2022;2:120–7.

Obeagu EI, Obeagu GU, Musiimenta E, et al. Factors contributing to low utilization of HIV counseling and testing services. Int J Curr Res Med Sci. 2023;9:1–5.

Tseng A, Seet J, Phillips EJ. The evolution of three decades of antiretroviral therapy: challenges, triumphs and the promise of the future. Br J Clin Pharmacol. 2015;79:182–94.

Deeks SG, Lewin SR, Havlir DV. The end of AIDS: HIV infection as a chronic disease. Lancet. 2013;382:1525–33.

High KP, Brennan-Ing M, Clifford DB, et al.; OAR Working Group on HIV and Aging. HIV and aging: state of knowledge and areas of critical need for research. A report to the NIH office of AIDS research by the HIV and Aging Working Group. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr. 2012;60:S1–18.

Almodovar S. The complexity of HIV persistence and pathogenesis in the lung under antiretroviral therapy: challenges beyond AIDS. Viral Immunol. 2014;27:186–99.

Calder PC, Ahluwalia N, Albers R, et al. A consideration of biomarkers to be used for evaluation of inflammation in human nutritional studies. Br J Nutr. 2013;109:S1–34.

Zicari S, Sessa L, Cotugno N, et al. Immune activation, inflammation, and non-AIDS co-morbidities in HIV-infected patients under long-term ART. Viruses. 2019;11:200.

Buonacera A, Stancanelli B, Colaci M, et al. Neutrophil to lymphocyte ratio: an emerging marker of the relationships between the immune system and diseases. Int J Mol Sci. 2022;23:3636.

Raffetti E, Donato F, Casari S, et al. Systemic inflammation-based scores and mortality for all causes in HIV-infected patients: a MASTER cohort study. BMC Infect Dis. 2017;17:1–9.

Xiang J, Zhou L, Li X, et al. Preoperative monocyte-to-lymphocyte ratio in peripheral blood predicts stages, metastasis, and histological grades in patients with ovarian cancer. Transl Oncol. 2017;10:33–9.

Lu W, Mehraj V, Vyboh K, et al. CD4: CD8 ratio as a frontier marker for clinical outcome, immune dysfunction and viral reservoir size in virologically suppressed HIV-positive patients. J Int AIDS Soc. 2015;18:20052.

Luckheeram RV, Zhou R, Verma AD, et al. CD4+ T cells: differentiation and functions. Clin Dev Immunol. 2012;2012:925135.

Mishra S, Dwivedi SP, Dwivedi N, et al. Immune response and possible causes of CD4+ T-cell depletion in human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-1 infection. Open Nutraceuticals J. 2009;2:46–51.

Li CX, Li YY, He LP, et al. The predictive role of CD4+ cell count and CD4/CD8 ratio in immune reconstitution outcome among HIV/AIDS patients receiving antiretroviral therapy: an eight-year observation in China. BMC Immunol. 2019;20:1–8.

Medina E, Borthwick NJ, Sabin CA, et al. Increased number of primed activated CD8+ CD38+ CD45RO+ T cells predict the decline of CD4+ T cells in HIV-1-infected patients. AIDS. 1996;10:827–34.

Serrano-Villar S, Sainz T, Lee SA, et al. HIV-infected individuals with low CD4/CD8 ratio despite effective antiretroviral therapy exhibit altered T cell subsets, heightened CD8+ T cell activation, and increased risk of non-AIDS morbidity and mortality. PLoS Pathog. 2014;10:e1004078.

Zahorec R. Neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio, past, present and future perspectives. Bratisl Lek Listy. 2021;122:474–88.

Mustanski B, Garofalo R, Herrick A, et al. Psychosocial health problems increase risk for HIV among urban young men who have sex with men: preliminary evidence of a syndemic in need of attention. Ann Behav Med. 2007;34:37–45.

Paiardini M, Müller-Trutwin M. HIV-associated chronic immune activation. Immunol Rev. 2013;254:78–101.

Ipp H, Zemlin AE, Erasmus RT, et al. Role of inflammation in HIV-1 disease progression and prognosis. Crit Rev Clin Lab Sci. 2014;51:98–111.

Karim F, Gazy I, Cele S, et al. HIV infection alters SARS-CoV-2 responsive immune parameters but not clinical outcomes in COVID-19 disease. MedRxiv. 2020;10:e67397.

Min AK, Fortune T, Rodriguez N, et al. Inflammasomes as mediators of inflammation in HIV-1 infection. Transl Res. 2023;252:1–8.

Madzime M, Rossouw TM, Theron AJ, et al. Interactions of HIV and antiretroviral therapy with neutrophils and platelets. Front Immunol. 2021;12:634386.

Moore-Igwe BW, Jacob RB, Christian SG, et al. The Effect of cART on neutrophil: lymphocyte ratio in HIV+ patients initiating combined antiretroviral therapy. Inflammation. 2022;8:57–62.

Drăgoescu AN, Pădureanu V, Stănculescu AD, et al. Neutrophil to lymphocyte ratio (NLR) – a useful tool for the prognosis of sepsis in the ICU. Biomedicines. 2021;10:75.

Stein JH, Hsue PY. Inflammation, immune activation, and CVD risk in individuals with HIV infection. JAMA. 2012;308:405–6.

Deng L, Si Y, Wu Q, et al. Higher Neutrophil-to-Lymphocyte Ratio (NLR) Is a preoperative inflammation biomarker of poor prognosis in HIV-infected patients with colorectal cancer: a retrospective study. Can J Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2023;2023:7966625.

Chen L, Kong X, Yan C, et al. The research progress on the prognostic value of the common hematological parameters in peripheral venous blood in breast cancer. Onco Targets Ther. 2020;13:1397–412.

Buttle TS, Hummerstone CY, Billahalli T, et al. The monocyte-to-lymphocyte ratio: sex-specific differences in the tuberculosis disease spectrum, diagnostic indices and defining normal ranges. PLoS One. 2021;16:e0247745.

Oramasionwu CU, Koeller JM, Lawson KA, et al. The state of disparities in opportunistic infection prophylaxis for blacks with HIV/AIDS. Med Care. 2012;50:920–7.

Mayito J, Meya DB, Rhein J, et al. Utility of the monocyte to lymphocyte ratio in diagnosing latent tuberculosis among HIV-infected individuals with a negative tuberculosis symptom screen. PLoS One. 2020;15:e0241786.

Tudurachi BS, Anghel L, Tudurachi A, et al. Assessment of inflammatory hematological ratios (NLR, PLR, MLR, LMR and Monocyte/HDL–Cholesterol Ratio) in acute myocardial infarction and particularities in young patients. Int J Mol Sci. 2023;24:14378.

Van Ginderdeuren E, Bassett J, Hanrahan CF, et al. Association between monocyte-to-lymphocyte ratio and tuberculin skin test positivity in HIV-positive adults. PLoS One. 2021;16:e0253907.

Djordjevic D, Rondovic G, Surbatovic M, et al. Neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio, monocyte-to-lymphocyte ratio, platelet-to-lymphocyte ratio, and mean platelet volume-to-platelet count ratio as biomarkers in critically ill and injured patients: which ratio to choose to predict outcome and nature of bacteremia? Mediators Inflamm. 2018;2018.

Li YX, Chang JY, He MY, et al. Neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio (NLR) and monocyte-to-lymphocyte ratio (MLR) predict clinical outcome in patients with stage IIB cervical cancer. J Oncol. 2021;2021:2939162.

Abdullah I, Cornelissen HM, Musekwa E, et al. Hematological findings in adult patients with SARS CoV-2 infection at Tygerberg Hospital Cape Town South Africa. Health Sci Rep. 2022;5:e550.

McBride JA, Striker R. Imbalance in the game of T cells: what can the CD4/CD8 T-cell ratio tell us about HIV and health? PLoS Pathog. 2017;13:e1006624.

Brown ER, Otieno P, Mbori-Ngacha DA, et al. Comparison of CD4 cell count, viral load, and other markers for the prediction of mortality among HIV-1–infected Kenyan pregnant women. J Infect Dis. 2009;199:1292–300.

Subramanian S, Tawakol A, Burdo TH, et al. Arterial inflammation in patients with HIV. JAMA. 2012;308:379–86.

Dock JN, Effros RB. Role of CD8 T cell replicative senescence in human aging and in HIV-mediated immunosenescence. Aging Dis. 2011;2:382–97.

Taniuchi I. CD4 helper and CD8 cytotoxic T cell differentiation. Annu Rev Immunol. 2018;36:579–601.

Cho JH, Kim HO, Surh CD, et al. T cell receptor-dependent regulation of lipid rafts controls naive CD8+ T cell homeostasis. Immunity. 2010;32:214–26.

Ondoa P, Koblavi-Deme S, Borget MY, et al. Assessment of CD8+ T cell immune activation markers to monitor response to antiretroviral therapy among HIV-1 infected patients in Cote d’Ivoire. Clin Exp Immunol. 2005;140:138–48.

Appay V, Papagno L, Spina CA, et al. Dynamics of T cell responses in HIV infection. J Immunol. 2002;168:3660–6.

Avelino-Silva VI, Miyaji KT, Mathias A, et al. CD4/CD8 ratio predicts yellow fever vaccine-induced antibody titers in virologically suppressed HIV-infected patients. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr. 2016;71:189–95.

Lanternier F, Lebbé C, Schartz N, et al. Kaposi’s sarcoma in HIV-negative men having sex with men. AIDS. 2008;22:1163–8.

Taramasso L, Labate L, Briano F, et al. CD4+ T lymphocyte recovery in the modern antiretroviral therapy era: toward a new threshold for defining immunological non-responders. Front Virol. 2023;2:822153.

Rb-Silva R, Goios A, Kelly C, et al. Definition of immunological nonresponse to antiretroviral therapy: a systematic review. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr. 2019;82:452–61.

Tolba MF, Omar HA. Immunotherapy, an evolving approach for the management of triple negative breast cancer: converting non-responders to responders. Crit Rev Oncol Hematol. 2018;122:202–7.

Wacleche VS, Tremblay CL, Routy JP, et al. The biology of monocytes and dendritic cells: contribution to HIV pathogenesis. Viruses. 2018;10:65.

Nabatanzi R, Cose S, Joloba M, et al. Effects of HIV infection and ART on phenotype and function of circulating monocytes, natural killer, and innate lymphoid cells. AIDS Res Ther. 2018;15:1–8.

Hijdra D, Vorselaars AD, Grutters JC, et al. Phenotypic characterization of human intermediate monocytes. Front Immunol. 2013;4:339.

Teer E, Joseph DE, Glashoff RH, et al. Monocyte/macrophage-mediated innate immunity in HIV-1 infection: from early response to late dysregulation and links to cardiovascular diseases onset. Virol Sin. 2021;36:565–76.

Kedzierska K, Azzam R, Ellery P, et al. Defective phagocytosis by human monocyte/macrophages following HIV-1 infection: underlying mechanisms and modulation by adjunctive cytokine therapy. J Clin Virol. 2003;26:247–63.

Yadav A, Kossenkov AV, Knecht VR, et al. Evidence for persistent monocyte and immune dysregulation after prolonged viral suppression despite normalization of monocyte subsets, sCD14 and sCD163 in HIV-infected individuals. Pathog Immun. 2019;4:324–62.

Crowe S, Zhu T, Muller WA. The contribution of monocyte infection and trafficking to viral persistence, and maintenance of the viral reservoir in HIV infection. J Leukoc Biol. 2003;74:635–41.

Campbell JH, Hearps AC, Martin GE, et al. The importance of monocytes and macrophages in HIV pathogenesis, treatment, and cure. AIDS. 2014;28:2175–87.

Walker NF, Scriven J, Meintjes G, et al. Immune reconstitution inflammatory syndrome in HIV-infected patients. HIV/AIDS-Res Palliat Care. 2015;12:49–64.

Echefu SN, Udosen JE, Akwiwu EC, et al. Effect of Dolutegravir regimen against other regimens on some hematological parameters, CD4 count and viral load of people living with HIV infection in South Eastern Nigeria. Medicine (Baltimore). 2023;102:e35910.

Alum EU, Obeagu EI, Ugwu OPC, et al. Inclusion of nutritional counseling and mental health services in HIV/AIDS management: a paradigm shift. Medicine (Baltimore). 2023;102:e35673.