Beyond empathy training for practitioners: Cultivating empathic healthcare systems and leadership.

burnout empathy hospital design patient education value-based healthcare workload

Journal

Journal of evaluation in clinical practice
ISSN: 1365-2753
Titre abrégé: J Eval Clin Pract
Pays: England
ID NLM: 9609066

Informations de publication

Date de publication:
04 Mar 2024
Historique:
received: 28 09 2023
accepted: 11 01 2024
medline: 4 3 2024
pubmed: 4 3 2024
entrez: 4 3 2024
Statut: aheadofprint

Résumé

Empathic care benefits patients and practitioners, and empathy training for practitioners can enhance empathy. However, practitioners do not operate in a vacuum. For empathy to thrive, healthcare consultations must be situated in a nurturing milieu, guided by empathic, compassionate leaders. Empathy will be suppressed, or even reversed if practitioners are burned out and working in an unpleasant, under-resourced environment with increasingly poorly served and dissatisfied patients. Efforts to enhance empathy must therefore go beyond training practitioners to address system-level factors that foster empathy. These include patient education, cultivating empathic leadership, customer service training for reception staff, valuing cleaning and all ancillary staff, creating healing spaces, and using appropriate, efficiency saving technology to reduce the administrative burden on healthcare practitioners. We divide these elements into environmental factors, organisational factors, job factors, and individual characteristics.

Identifiants

pubmed: 38436621
doi: 10.1111/jep.13970
doi:

Types de publication

Journal Article Review

Langues

eng

Sous-ensembles de citation

IM

Subventions

Organisme : Stoneygate Trust

Informations de copyright

© 2024 The Authors. Journal of Evaluation in Clinical Practice published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd.

Références

Ockenden D Ockendend report: findings, conclusions and essential actions from the independent review of maternity services at the Shrewsbury and Telford Hospital NHS Trust. 2022. https://assets.publishing.service.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/1064302/Final-Ockenden-Report-web-accessible.pdf
Francis R Report of the mid Staffordshire NHS Foundation Trust Public Inquiry. 2013. https://assets.publishing.service.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/279115/0898_i.pdf
Maternity and neonatal services in East Kent: ‘Reading the signals’ report (GOV.UK) (2022).
The Joint Commission. Sentinel Event Data: 2022 Annual review. Accessed 14 September, 2023. https://www.jointcommission.org/-/media/tjc/documents/resources/patient-safety-topics/sentinel-event/03162023_sentinel-event-_annual-review_final.pdf
Ha JF, Longnecker N. Doctor-patient communication: a review. Ochsner J. 2010;10(1):38-43.
Hannan J, Sanchez G, Musser ED, et al. Role of empathy in the perception of medical errors in patient encounters: a preliminary study. BMC Res Notes. 2019;12(1):327. doi:10.1186/s13104-019-4365-2
Mercer SW, Reynolds WJ. Empathy and quality of care. Br J Gen Pract. 2002;52:suppl S9 12.
Howick J, Moscrop A, Mebius A, et al. Effects of empathic and positive communication in healthcare consultations: a systematic review and meta-analysis. J R Soc Med. 2018;111(7)240-252. doi:10.1177/0141076818769477
Dambha-Miller H, Feldman AL, Kinmonth AL, Griffin SJ. Association between primary care practitioner empathy and risk of cardiovascular events and all-cause mortality among patients with type 2 diabetes: a population-based prospective cohort study. Ann Family Med. 2019;17(4):311-318. doi:10.1370/afm.2421
Wilkinson H, Whittington R, Perry L, Eames C. Examining the relationship between burnout and empathy in healthcare professionals: a systematic review. Burnout Res. 2017;6:18-29. doi:10.1016/j.burn.2017.06.003
GMC. Communication and interpersonal skills. General medical council. Accessed 3 April, 2018. https://www.gmc-uk.org/education/postgraduate/30972.asp
NHS Long term workforce plan. (NHS England) (2023).
Howick J, Steinkopf L, Ulyte A, Roberts N, Meissner K. How empathic is your healthcare practitioner? A systematic review and meta-analysis of patient surveys. BMC Med Educ. 2017;17(1):136. doi:10.1186/s12909-017-0967-3
Andersen FA, Johansen ASB, Søndergaard J, Andersen CM, Assing Hvidt E. Revisiting the trajectory of medical students' empathy, and impact of gender, specialty preferences and nationality: a systematic review. BMC Med Educ. 2020;20(1):52. doi:10.1186/s12909-020-1964-5
Winter R, Issa E, Roberts N, Norman RI, Howick J. Assessing the effect of empathy-enhancing interventions in health education and training: a systematic review of randomised controlled trials. BMJ Open. 2020;10(9):e036471. doi:10.1136/bmjopen-2019-036471
Oxford Empathy Programme. Oxford Empathy Programme International Colloquium. Nuffield Department of Primary Care Health Sciences. Accessed 19 February, 2018. https://www.phc.ox.ac.uk/events/oxford-empathy-programme-international-colloquium
Rotenstein LS, Torre M, Ramos MA, et al. Prevalence of burnout among physicians: a systematic review. JAMA. 2018;320(11):1131-1150. doi:10.1001/jama.2018.12777
Lever I, Dyball D, Greenberg N, Stevelink SAM. Health consequences of bullying in the healthcare workplace: a systematic review. J Adv Nurs. 2019;75(12):3195-3209. doi:10.1111/jan.13986
Moore PJ. Medical malpractice: the effect of doctor-patient relations on medical patient perceptions and malpractice intentions. West J Med. Oct 2000;173(4):244-250.
Roland M, Guthrie B. Quality and outcomes framework: what have we learnt? BMJ. 2016;354:i4060. doi:10.1136/bmj.i4060
The King's Fund. Admin matters: the impact of NHS administration on patient care. The King's Fund. Accessed 26 January 2023; https://www.kingsfund.org.uk/publications/admin-matters-nhs-patient-care
Azulay H, Guy N, Pertzov Y, Israel S. Empathy modulates the effect of stress reactivity on generous giving. Front Neurosci. 2022;16:814789. doi:10.3389/fnins.2022.814789
Wellings D, Appleby J Public satisfaction with the NHS falls to a 25-year low. The King's Fund. Accessed 26 January, 2023. https://www.kingsfund.org.uk/blog/2022/03/public-satisfaction-nhs-falls-25-year-low
Vargas EA, Mahalingam R, Marshall RA. Witnessed incivility and perceptions of patients and visitors in hospitals. J Patient Exp. 2021;8:23743735211028092. doi:10.1177/23743735211028092
Kerasidou A, Baerøe K, Berger Z, Caruso Brown AE. The need for empathetic healthcare systems. J Med Ethics. 2020;47(12):e27. doi:10.1136/medethics-2019-105921
Henriksen K, Dayton E, Keyes MA, Carayon P, Hughes R. Understanding adverse events: a human factors framework patient safety and quality: an evidence-based handbook for nurses. Adv Patient Saf. 2008.
Marshall M. It's about more than money: financial incentives and internal motivation. Qual Saf Health Care. 2005;14(1):4-5. doi:10.1136/qshc.2004.013193
Uusitalo S, Howick J. Philosophy of too much medicine conference report. J Eval Clin Pract. 2018;24(5):1011-1012. doi:10.1111/jep.13000
Digital N. Quality and outcomes framework. NHS Digital. 2022. https://qof.digital.nhs.uk/
Ahmed K, Hashim S, Khankhara M, et al. What drives general practitioners in the UK to improve the quality of care? A systematic literature review. BMJ Open Qual. 2021;10(1):e001127. doi:10.1136/bmjoq-2020-001127
Lester H, Matharu T, Mohammed MA, Lester D, Foskett-Tharby R. Implementation of pay for performance in primary care: a qualitative study 8 years after introduction. Br J Gen Pract. 2013;63(611):e408-e415. doi:10.3399/bjgp13X668203
Ryan AM, Krinsky S, Kontopantelis E, Doran T. Long-term evidence for the effect of pay-for-performance in primary care on mortality in the UK: a population study. Lancet. 2016;388(10041):268-274. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(16)00276-2
Ashworth M, Gulliford M. Funding for general practice in the next decade: life after QOF. Br J Gen Pract. 2017;67(654):4-5. doi:10.3399/bjgp17X688477
Morales DR, Minchin M, Kontopantelis E, Roland M, Sutton M, Guthrie B. Estimated impact from the withdrawal of primary care financial incentives on selected indicators of quality of care in Scotland: controlled interrupted time series analysis. BMJ. 2023 Mar 22;380:e072098. 10.1136/bmj-2022-072098
Teisberg E, Wallace S, O'Hara S. Defining and implementing value-based health care: a strategic framework. Acad Med. 2020;95(5):682-685. doi:10.1097/ACM.0000000000003122
Howick J, Dudko M, Feng SN, et al. Why might medical student empathy change throughout medical school? A systematic review and thematic synthesis of qualitative studies. BMC Med Educ. 2023;23(1):270. doi:10.1186/s12909-023-04165-9
Hafferty FW, Franks R. The hidden curriculum, ethics teaching, and the structure of medical education. Acad Med. 1994;69(11):861-871. doi:10.1097/00001888-199411000-00001
Lawrence C, Mhlaba T, Stewart KA, Moletsane R, Gaede B, Moshabela M. The hidden curricula of medical education: a scoping review. Acad Med. 2018;93(4):648-656. doi:10.1097/ACM.0000000000002004
Thirioux B, Birault F, Jaafari N. Empathy is a protective factor of burnout in physicians: new neuro-phenomenological hypotheses regarding empathy and sympathy in care relationship. Front Psychol. 2016;7(763). doi:10.3389/Fpsyg.2016.00763
Howick J, Ahmed A, Dudko M, et al. Why might medical student empathy change throughout medical school? Protocol for a systematic review and thematic synthesis of qualitative studies. BMJ Open. 2022;12(11):e067157. doi:10.1136/bmjopen-2022-067157
Crump WJ, Ziegler C, Fricker S. Empathy and burnout during residency: which changes first. Fam Med. 2022;54(8):640-643. doi:10.22454/FamMed.2022.150120
Crump WJ, Ziegler C, Fricker S. Does empathy really decline during residency training? A longitudinal look at changes in measured empathy in a community program. J Reg Med Campuses. 2021;4(8):640. doi:10.24926/jrmc.v4i4X.4206
Ellis R Over 333,000 Healthcare Workers Left Jobs in 2021, Report Says. https://www.webmd.com/a-to-z-guides/news/20221024/over-333000-healthcare-workers-left-jobs-in-2021-report-says
West CP, Shanafelt TD. The influence of personal and environmental factors on professionalism in medical education. BMC Med Educ. 2007;7:29. doi:10.1186/1472-6920-7-29
Carucci R. How corporate values get hijacked and misused. Harvard business review. Harvard Business Publishing; 2017.
Sikka R, Morath JM, Leape L. The quadruple aim: care, health, cost and meaning in work. BMJ Qual Saf. 2015;24(10):608-610. doi:10.1136/bmjqs-2015-004160
Organizational culture and leadership. Version Fifth edition. John Wiley and Sons, Incorporated; 2016.
Berwick DM. Era 3 for medicine and health care. JAMA. 2016;315(13):1329-1330. doi:10.1001/jama.2016.1509
Diefenbach T. New public management in public sector organizations: the dark sides of managerialistic ‘enlightenment’. Pub Adm. 2009;87(4):892-909.
Newdick C, Danbury C. Culture, compassion and clinical neglect: probity in the NHS after mid staffordshire. J Med Ethics. 2015;41(12):956-962. doi:10.1136/medethics-2012-101048
Holmes D. Mid staffordshire scandal highlights NHS cultural crisis. Lancet. 2013;381(9866):521-522. doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(13)60264-0
Zulueta P. Reflecting on the Francis report: how we can develop more human systems of care. Nurs Ethics. 2013;20(7):838-840. doi:10.1177/0969733013498744
Stratta EC, Riding DM, Baker P. Ethical erosion in newly qualified doctors: perceptions of empathy decline. Int J Med Educ. 2016;7:286-292. doi:10.5116/ijme.57b8.48e4
Parand A, Dopson S, Renz A, Vincent C. The role of hospital managers in quality and patient safety: a systematic review. BMJ Open. 2014;4(9):e005055. doi:10.1136/bmjopen-2014-005055
de Zulueta PC. Developing compassionate leadership in health care: an integrative review. J Healthcare Leadership. 2016;8:1-10. doi:10.2147/JHL.S93724
Webster V, Brough P, Daly K. Fight, flight or freeze: common responses for follower coping with toxic leadership. Stress Health. 2016;32(4):346-354. doi:10.1002/smi.2626
West M Compassionate leadership: sustaining wisdom, Humanity and presence in health and social care. Swirling Leaf Press; 2021.
American Medical Association. Code of medical ethics. AMA Press; 1847.
Kilbride MK, Joffe S. The new age of patient autonomy: implications for the patient-physician relationship. JAMA. 2018;320(19):1973-1974. doi:10.1001/jama.2018.14382
European Charter of Patients' Rights (European Union) (2002).
American Medical Association. Code of medical ethics. 30 October, 2019. https://www.ama-assn.org/about/publications-newsletters/ama-principles-medical-ethics
Costa DSJ, Mercieca-Bebber R, Tesson S, Seidler Z, Lopez AL. Patient, client, consumer, survivor or other alternatives? A scoping review of preferred terms for labelling individuals who access healthcare across settings. BMJ Open. 2019;9(3):e025166. doi:10.1136/bmjopen-2018-025166
Emanuel EJ. Four models of the physician-patient relationship. JAMA. 1992;267(16):2221-2226.
Neuberger J, Tallis R. Do we need a new word for patients? BMJ. 1999;318(7200):1756-1758. doi:10.1136/bmj.318.7200.1756
Bombard Y, Baker GR, Orlando E, et al. Engaging patients to improve quality of care: a systematic review. Implement Sci. 2018;13(1):98. doi:10.1186/s13012-018-0784-z
Aguirre S, Jogerst KM, Ginsberg Z, et al. Patient suggestions to improve emergency physician empathy and communication. J Patient Exp. 2021;8:2374373521996981. doi:10.1177/2374373521996981
Gray M. Tackling overmedicalisation: give people the opportunity to learn about self-care. BMJ. 2023;381:p1379. doi:10.1136/bmj.p1379
Howick J. Doctor you: revealing the science of self-healing. Hodder & Stoughton; 2017.
Reader TW, Gillespie A, Roberts J. Patient complaints in healthcare systems: a systematic review and coding taxonomy. BMJ Qual Saf. Aug 2014;23(8):678-689. doi:10.1136/bmjqs-2013-002437
O'Dowd E, Lydon S, Madden C, O'Connor P. A systematic review of patient complaints about general practice. Fam Pract. 2020;37(3):297-305. doi:10.1093/fampra/cmz082
O'dowd E, Lydon S, O'connor P. The adaptation of the ‘healthcare complaints analysis tool’ for general practice. Fam Pract. 2021;38(6):712-717. doi:10.1093/fampra/cmab040
Patel RS, Bachu R, Adikey A, Malik M, Shah M. Factors related to physician burnout and its consequences: a review. Behav Sci. 2018;8(11):98. doi:10.3390/bs8110098
Shanafelt TD, Gorringe G, Menaker R, et al. Impact of organizational leadership on physician burnout and satisfaction. Mayo Clin Proc. 2015;90(4):432-440. doi:10.1016/j.mayocp.2015.01.012
Riskin A, Bamberger P, Erez A, et al. Expressions of gratitude and medical team performance. Pediatrics. 2019;143(4):e20182043. doi:10.1542/peds.2018-2043
Aparicio M, Centeno C, Robinson CA, Arantzamendi M. Palliative professionals' experiences of receiving gratitude: a transformative and protective resource. Qual Health Res. 2022;32(7):1126-1138. doi:10.1177/10497323221097247
Litchfield I, Gale N, Burrows M, Greenfield S. The future role of receptionists in primary care. Br J Gen Pract. 2017;67(664):523-524. doi:10.3399/bjgp17X693401
Brant HD, Atherton H, Bikker A, et al. Receptionists' role in new approaches to consultations in primary care: a focused ethnographic study. Br J Gen Pract. 2018;68(672):e478-e486. doi:10.3399/bjgp18X697505
Litchfield I, Burrows M, Gale N, Greenfield S. Understanding the invisible workforce: lessons for general practice from a survey of receptionists. BMC Primary Care. 2022;23(1):230. doi:10.1186/s12875-022-01842-4
Schwartz B. Why we work. TED Books, Simon & Schuster; 2015:96.
Cross S, Gon G, Morrison E, et al. An invisible workforce: the neglected role of cleaners in patient safety on maternity units. Glob Health Action. 2019;12(1):1480085. doi:10.1080/16549716.2018.1480085
Press Ganey. Emerging best practices in response to evolving patient perceptions of clean. Press Ganey; Accessed 26 January 2023. https://www.compassonehealthcare.com/files/4416/7329/7612/2022_C1H_CaseStudy_Emerging_Best_Practices_in_Response_to_Evolving_Patient_Perceptions_of_Clean-CPX.pdf
Healthcare Facilities Today. Perception of hospital cleanliness can impact patient satisfaction. Healthcare facilities today. Accessed 26 January, 2023. https://www.healthcarefacilitiestoday.com/posts/Perception-of-hospital-cleanliness-can-impact-patient-satisfaction--943
Vance N, Ackerman-Barger K, Murray-García J, Cothran FA. “More than just cleaning”: a qualitative descriptive study of hospital cleaning staff as patient caregivers. Int J Nurs Stud Adv. 2022;4:100097. doi:10.1016/j.ijnsa.2022.100097
Toynbee P I was an outsourced Carillion hospital worker. Here's what I learned. The Guardian. https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2018/jan/18/outsourced-carillion-hospital-state-treasury-work
Toynbee P. Quality care means valuing care assistants, porters, and cleaners too. Qual Saf Health Care. 2003;12(1):i13-i15. doi:10.1136/qhc.12.suppl_1.i13
Jansen BW, Brazil K, Passmore P, et al. Exploring healthcare assistants' role and experience in pain assessment and management for people with advanced dementia towards the end of life: a qualitative study. BMC Palliat Care. 2017;16(1):6. doi:10.1186/s12904-017-0184-1
Ashton C, Manthorpe J. The views of domestic staff and porters when supporting patients with dementia in the acute hospital: an exploratory qualitative study. Dementia. 2019;18(3):1128-1145. doi:10.1177/1471301217707085
Rinkoo AV, Mishra S, Rahesuddin, Nabi T, Chandra V, Chandra H. Gauging skills of hospital security personnel: a statistically-driven, questionnaire-based approach. Int J Health Sci. 2013;7(1):45-51. doi:10.12816/0006019
Ng QX, Yau CE, Yaow CYL, et al. Impact of COVID-19 on environmental services workers in healthcare settings: a scoping review. J Hosp Infect. 2022;130:95-103. doi:10.1016/j.jhin.2022.09.001
Department of Health and Social Care. The Cavendish Review: an independent review into healthcare assistants and support workers in the NHS and social care settings. 2013. https://assets.publishing.service.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/236212/Cavendish_Review.pdf
Peters A, Otter J, Moldovan A, Parneix P, Voss A, Pittet D. Keeping hospitals clean and safe without breaking the bank; summary of the healthcare cleaning forum 2018. Antimicrob Resist Infect Control. 2018;7(132). doi:10.1186/s13756-018-0420-3
Zajac S, Woods A, Tannenbaum S, Salas E, Holladay CL. Overcoming challenges to teamwork in healthcare: a team effectiveness framework and evidence-based guidance. Front Commun. 2021;6:6. doi:10.3389/fcomm.2021.606445
Reeves S, Pelone F, Harrison R, Goldman J, Zwarenstein M. Interprofessional collaboration to improve professional practice and healthcare outcomes. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2017;6(6):000072. doi:10.1002/14651858.CD000072.pub3
van Leijen-Zeelenberg JE, van Raak AJA, Duimel-Peeters IGP, Kroese MEAL, Brink PRG, Vrijhoef HJM. Interprofessional communication failures in acute care chains: how can we identify the causes? J Interprof Care. 2015;29(4):320-330. doi:10.3109/13561820.2014.1003802
O'connor P, O'dea A, Lydon S, et al. A mixed-methods study of the causes and impact of poor teamwork between junior doctors and nurses. Int J Qual Health Care. 2016;28(3):339-345. doi:10.1093/intqhc/mzw036
UK Department of Health. The new NHS: modern and dependable https://assets.publishing.service.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/266003/newnhs.pdf
Medicine Io. Interprofessional Education for Collaboration: Learning how to improve health from interprofessional models across the continuum of education to practice: Workshop summary. The National Academies Press; 2013.
Health Canada. First ministers' accord on health care renewal. Accessed 14 September, 2023. https://www.canada.ca/en/health-canada/services/health-care-system/health-care-system-delivery/federal-provincial-territorial-collaboration/2003-first-ministers-accord-health-care-renewal/2003-first-ministers-health-accord.html
Kang ES, Di Genova T, Howick J, Gottesman R. Adding a dose of empathy to healthcare: what can healthcare systems do? J Eval Clin Pract. 2022;28(3):475-482. doi:10.1111/jep.13664
Clapton G, Reid L. Neglected spaces: UK general practice surgery waiting rooms. BJGP Open. 2017;1(1):bjgpopen17X100641. doi:10.3399/bjgpopen17X100641
Kerasidou A, Horn R. Making space for empathy: supporting doctors in the emotional labour of clinical care. BMC Med Ethics. 2016;17:8. doi:10.1186/s12910-016-0091-7
Nejati A, Shepley M, Rodiek S, Lee C, Varni J. Restorative design features for hospital staff break areas: a multi-method study. HERD. 2016;9(2):16-35. doi:10.1177/1937586715592632
Edmondson AC, Bransby DP. Psychological safety comes of age: observed themes in an established literature. Ann Rev Org Psychol Org Behav. 2023;10:55-78.
Balint M. The doctor, his patient and the illness. Pitman Medical; 1960.
Maben J, Taylor C, Dawson J, et al. A realist informed mixed-methods evaluation of Schwartz Center Rounds((R)) in England. 2018. Health Services and Delivery Research.
Donnelly WJ. Viewpoint: patient-centered medical care requires a patient-centered medical record. Acad Med. 2005;80(1):33-38. doi:10.1097/00001888-200501000-00009
Bloom BM, Pott J, Thomas S, Gaunt DR, Hughes TC. Usability of electronic health record systems in UK EDs. Emerg Med J. 2021;38(6):410-415. doi:10.1136/emermed-2020-210401
Joukes E, Abu-Hanna A, Cornet R, de Keizer N. Time spent on dedicated patient care and documentation tasks before and after the introduction of a structured and standardized electronic health record. Appl Clin Inform. 2018;09(1):046-053. doi:10.1055/s-0037-1615747
Martin PM, Sbaffi L. Electronic health record and problem lists in leeds, United Kingdom: variability of general practitioners' views. Health Inform J. 2020;26(3):1898-1911. doi:10.1177/1460458219895184
Lau F, Price M, Boyd J, Partridge C, Bell H, Raworth R. Impact of electronic medical record on physician practice in office settings: a systematic review. BMC Med Inform Decis Mak. 2012;12:10. doi:10.1186/1472-6947-12-10
Morrison Z, Fernando B, Kalra D, Cresswell K, Sheikh A. National evaluation of the benefits and risks of greater structuring and coding of the electronic health record: exploratory qualitative investigation. J Am Med Inform Assoc. 2014;21(3):492-500. doi:10.1136/amiajnl-2013-001666
Warren LR, Clarke J, Arora S, Darzi A. Improving data sharing between acute hospitals in England: an overview of health record system distribution and retrospective observational analysis of inter-hospital transitions of care. BMJ Open. 2019;9(12):e031637. doi:10.1136/bmjopen-2019-031637
Cook L, Espinoza J, Weiskopf NG, et al. Issues with variability in electronic health record data about race and ethnicity: descriptive analysis of The National COVID Cohort Collaborative Data Enclave. JMIR Med Inform. 2022;10(9):e39235. doi:10.2196/39235
Ko H, Turner T, Jones C, Hill C. Patient-held medical records for patients with chronic disease: a systematic review. Qual Saf Health Care. 2010;19(5):41. doi:10.1136/qshc.2009.037531
de Dombal FT, Leaper DJ, Staniland JR, McCann AP, Horrocks JC. Computer-aided diagnosis of acute abdominal pain. BMJ. 1972;2(5804):9-13.
Honda Motor Company. The ASIMO Technical Robotics Manual - ASIMO History and Specifications. Accessed 30 September, 2020. http://asimo.honda.com/Abstract-Technical-Information
Schüssler S, Zuschnegg J, Paletta L, et al. Effects of a humanoid socially assistive robot versus tablet training on psychosocial and physical outcomes of persons with dementia: protocol for a mixed methods study. JMIR Res Protoc. 2020;9(2):e14927. doi:10.2196/14927
Fitzpatrick KK, Darcy A, Vierhile M. Delivering cognitive behavior therapy to young adults with symptoms of depression and anxiety using a fully automated conversational agent (Woebot): a randomized controlled trial. JMIR Ment Health. 2017;4(2):e19. doi:10.2196/mental.7785
Ali R, Tang OY, Connolly ID, et al. Performance of ChatGPT, GPT-4, and google bard on a neurosurgery oral boards preparation question bank. Neurosurgery. 2023;93:1353. doi:10.1227/neu.0000000000002551
Morrow E, Zidaru T, Ross F, et al. Artificial intelligence technologies and compassion in healthcare: a systematic scoping review. Front Psychol. 2023;13:971044. doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2022.971044
Ayers JW, Poliak A, Dredze M, et al. Comparing physician and artificial intelligence chatbot responses to patient questions posted to a public social media forum. JAMA Intern Med. 2023;183(6):589-596. doi:10.1001/jamainternmed.2023.1838
Hayashi R, Fujita S, Iida S, Nagai Y, Shimamori Y, Hasegawa T. Relationship of patient safety culture with factors influencing working environment such as working hours, the number of night shifts, and the number of days off among healthcare workers in Japan: a cross-sectional study. BMC Health Serv Res. 2020;20(1):310. doi:10.1186/s12913-020-05114-8
Voglino G, Savatteri A, Gualano MR, et al. How the reduction of working hours could influence health outcomes: a systematic review of published studies. BMJ Open. 2022;12(4):e051131. doi:10.1136/bmjopen-2021-051131
Rotenstein LS, Brown R, Sinsky C, Linzer M. The association of work overload with burnout and intent to leave the job across the healthcare workforce during COVID-19. J Gen Intern Med. 2023;38:1-8. doi:10.1007/s11606-023-08153-z
Delgado N, Delgado J, Betancort M, Bonache H, Harris LT. What is the link between different components of empathy and burnout in healthcare professionals? A systematic review and meta-analysis. Psychol Res Behav Manag. 2023;16:447-463. doi:10.2147/PRBM.S384247
Rydon-Grange M. Psychological perspective on compassion in modern healthcare settings. J Med Ethics. 2018;44(11):729-733. doi:10.1136/medethics-2017-104698
Mathieu C, Gilbreath B. Measuring presenteeism from work stress: the job stress-related presenteeism scale. J Occup Environ Med. 2023;65(3):210-216. doi:10.1097/JOM.0000000000002753
Brouwer W, Verbooy K, Hoefman R, van Exel J. Production losses due to absenteeism and presenteeism: the influence of compensation mechanisms and multiplier effects. Pharmacoeconomics. 2023;41:1103-1115. doi:10.1007/s40273-023-01253-y
Bruyneel A, Bouckaert N, Maertens de Noordhout C, et al. Association of burnout and intention-to-leave the profession with work environment: a nationwide cross-sectional study among Belgian intensive care nurses after two years of pandemic. Int J Nurs Stud. 2023;137:104385. doi:10.1016/j.ijnurstu.2022.104385
Albulescu P, Macsinga I, Rusu A, Sulea C, Bodnaru A, Tulbure BT. “Give me a break!” A systematic review and meta-analysis on the efficacy of micro-breaks for increasing well-being and performance. PloS one. 2022;17(8):e0272460. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0272460
Fogarty LA, Curbow BA, Wingard JR, McDonnell K, Somerfield MR. Can 40 seconds of compassion reduce patient anxiety? J Clin Oncol. 1999;17(1):371.
Howick J, Mittoo S, Abel L, Halpern J, Mercer S. A price tag on clinical empathy? Factors influencing its cost-effectiveness. J R Soc Med. 2020;113(10):389-393. doi:10.1177/0141076820945272
British Medical Association. Pressures in general practice data analysis. Accessed May 23, 2023. https://www.bma.org.uk/advice-and-support/nhs-delivery-and-workforce/pressures/pressures-in-general-practice-data-analysis
Royal College of General Practitioners. Fit for the future: GP Pressures 2023. Royal College of General Practitioners. Accessed May 23, 2023. https://www.rcgp.org.uk/getmedia/f16447b1-699c-4420-8ebe-0239a978c179/gp-pressures-2023.pdf
Selye H. The stress of life. McGraw-Hill; 1976.
Couarraze S, Delamarre L, Marhar F, et al. The major worldwide stress of healthcare professionals during the first wave of the COVID-19 pandemic - the international COVISTRESS survey. PLoS One. 2021;16(10):e0257840. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0257840
Membrive-Jimenez MJ, Pradas-Hernandez L, Suleiman-Martos N, et al. Burnout in nursing managers: a systematic review and meta-analysis of related factors, levels and prevalence. Int J Environ Res Pub Health. 2020;17(11):3983. doi:10.3390/ijerph17113983
Valera-Hernández MF, Arenas-Pérez L, Fernandez-Capriles I, Omaña-Paipilla F, Palencia-Sánchez F, Cadena-Camargo Y. Forgotten heroes: experiences of health care support workers regarding burnout and resilience during pandemic, a qualitative approach. J Occup Environ Med. 2022;64(12):e839-e844. doi:10.1097/JOM.0000000000002717
Krasner MS. Association of an educational program in mindful communication with burnout, empathy, and attitudes among primary care physicians. JAMA. 2009;302(12):1284-1293. doi:10.1001/jama.2009.1384
Wiederhold BK, Cipresso P, Pizzioli D, Wiederhold M, Riva G. Intervention for physician burnout: a systematic review. Open Med. 2018;13:34. doi:10.1515/med-2018-0039
Bolier L, Haverman M, Westerhof GJ, Riper H, Smit F, Bohlmeijer E. Positive psychology interventions: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled studies. BMC Pub Health. 2013;13:119. doi:10.1186/1471-2458-13-119
Kotera Y, Van Gordon W. Effects of self-compassion training on work-related well-being: a systematic review. Front Psychol. 2021;12:630798. doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2021.630798
Department of Healthc and Social Care. Report of the Independent Review of NHS Hospital Food. 2020. https://assets.publishing.service.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/929234/independent-review-of-nhs-hospital-food-report.pdf
Belfrage ASV, Grotmol KS, Tyssen R, et al. Factors influencing doctors' counselling on patients' lifestyle habits: a cohort study. BJGP Open. 2018;2(3):bjgpopen18X101607. doi:10.3399/bjgpopen18X101607

Auteurs

Jeremy Howick (J)

Stoneygate Centre for Empathic Healthcare, Leicester Medical School, University of Leicester, Leicester, UK.

Paquita de Zulueta (P)

Department of Primary Care and Public Health, Imperial College London, London, UK.

Muir Gray (M)

Director of the Oxford Value and Stewardship Programme, Oxford, UK.
Faculty of Philosophy, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom.

Classifications MeSH