Exercise-induced bronchoconstriction, allergy and sports in children.
Allergy
Asthma
Atopy
Children
Diagnosis
Exercise-induced asthma
Exercise-induced bronchoconstriction
Sport
Treatment
Journal
Italian journal of pediatrics
ISSN: 1824-7288
Titre abrégé: Ital J Pediatr
Pays: England
ID NLM: 101510759
Informations de publication
Date de publication:
13 Mar 2024
13 Mar 2024
Historique:
received:
26
12
2023
accepted:
09
01
2024
medline:
13
3
2024
pubmed:
13
3
2024
entrez:
13
3
2024
Statut:
epublish
Résumé
Exercise-induced bronchoconstriction (EIB) is characterized by the narrowing of airways during or after physical activity, leading to symptoms such as wheezing, coughing, and shortness of breath. Distinguishing between EIB and exercise-induced asthma (EIA) is essential, given their divergent therapeutic and prognostic considerations. EIB has been increasingly recognized as a significant concern in pediatric athletes. Moreover, studies indicate a noteworthy prevalence of EIB in children with atopic predispositions, unveiling a potential link between allergic sensitivities and exercise-induced respiratory symptoms, underpinned by an inflammatory reaction caused by mechanical, environmental, and genetic factors. Holistic management of EIB in children necessitates a correct diagnosis and a combination of pharmacological and non-pharmacological interventions. This review delves into the latest evidence concerning EIB in the pediatric population, exploring its associations with atopy and sports, and emphasizing the appropriate diagnostic and therapeutic approaches by highlighting various clinical scenarios.
Identifiants
pubmed: 38475842
doi: 10.1186/s13052-024-01594-0
pii: 10.1186/s13052-024-01594-0
doi:
Types de publication
Journal Article
Review
Langues
eng
Sous-ensembles de citation
IM
Pagination
47Informations de copyright
© 2024. The Author(s).
Références
McNeill RS, Nairn JR, Millar JS, Ingram CG. Exercise-induced asthma. Q J Med. 1966;35(137):55–67.
pubmed: 4380323
Silverman M, Anderson SD, Walker SR. Metabolic changes preceding exercise-induced bronchoconstriction. Br Med J. 1972;1(5794):207–9. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj.1.5794.207
doi: 10.1136/bmj.1.5794.207
pubmed: 5058731
pmcid: 1789227
Weiler JM, Anderson SD, Randolph C, et al. Pathogenesis, prevalence, diagnosis, and management of exercise-induced bronchoconstriction: a practice parameter. Ann Allergy Asthma Immunol. 2010;105(6 Suppl):1–S47. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.anai.2010.09.021
doi: 10.1016/j.anai.2010.09.021
Carlsen KH, Anderson SD, Bjermer L, et al. Treatment of exercise-induced asthma, respiratory and allergic disorders in sports and the relationship to doping: part II of the report from the Joint Task Force of European Respiratory Society (ERS) and European Academy of Allergy and Clinical Immunology (EAACI) in cooperation with GA(2)LEN. Allergy. 2008;63(5):492–505. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1398-9995.2008.01663.x
doi: 10.1111/j.1398-9995.2008.01663.x
pubmed: 18394123
Klain A, Indolfi C, Dinardo G, Contieri M, Decimo F, Miraglia Del Giudice M. Exercise-Induced Bronchoconstriction in Children. Front Med (Lausanne). 2022;8:814976. https://doi.org/10.3389/fmed.2021.814976 . Published 2022 Jan 3.
doi: 10.3389/fmed.2021.814976
pubmed: 35047536
Parsons JP, Hallstrand TS, Mastronarde JG, et al. An official American thoracic society clinical practice guideline: exercise-induced bronchoconstriction. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2013;187(9):1016–27. https://doi.org/10.1164/rccm.201303-0437ST
doi: 10.1164/rccm.201303-0437ST
pubmed: 23634861
Global Initiative on Asthma. Available at: http://ginasthma.org/ [Last Access June 26 2023].
Exercise-Induced Bronchoconstriction (EIB). Available from: https://acaai.org/asthma/types-of-asthma/exercise-induced-bronchoconstriction-eib/ [Last Access June 26 2023].
de Aguiar KB, Anzolin M, Zhang L. Global prevalence of exercise-induced bronchoconstriction in childhood: a meta-analysis. Pediatr Pulmonol. 2018;53(4):412–25. https://doi.org/10.1002/ppul.23951
doi: 10.1002/ppul.23951
pubmed: 29364581
Aggarwal B, Mulgirigama A, Berend N. Exercise-induced bronchoconstriction: prevalence, pathophysiology, patient impact, diagnosis and management. NPJ Prim Care Respir Med. 2018;28(1):31. Published 2018 Aug 14.
doi: 10.1038/s41533-018-0098-2
pubmed: 30108224
pmcid: 6092370
Bonini M, Silvers W. Exercise-induced, bronchoconstriction. background, prevalence, and sport considerations. Immunol Allergy Clin North Am. 2018;38(2):205–14. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.iac.2018.01.007
doi: 10.1016/j.iac.2018.01.007
pubmed: 29631730
Bousquet J, Van Cauwenberge P, Khaltaev N, Aria Workshop Group, World Health Organization. Allergic rhinitis and its impact on asthma. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2001;108(5 Suppl):147–334.
doi: 10.1067/mai.2001.118891
Caggiano S, Cutrera R, Di Marco A, Turchetta A. Exercise-induced bronchospasm and allergy. Front Pediatr. 2017;5:131. https://doi.org/10.3389/fped.2017.00131
doi: 10.3389/fped.2017.00131
pubmed: 28642859
pmcid: 5462910
Ofiaeli OC, Ndukwu CI, Ugwu NO, Nnamani KO, Ebenebe JC, Egbuonu I. Exercise induced bronchospasm and associated factors in primary school children: a cross-sectional study. BMC Pediatr. 2023;23(1):153. Published 2023 Apr 3. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12887-023-03963-w
Kuti BP, Kuti DK, Omole KO, Mohammed LO, Ologun BG, Oso BI. Prevalence and factors associated with exercise-induced bronchospasm among rural school children in Ilesa, Nigeria. Niger Postgrad Med J. 2017;24(2):107–13. https://doi.org/10.4103/npmj.npmj_46_17
doi: 10.4103/npmj.npmj_46_17
pubmed: 28762366
Klain A, Indolfi C, Dinardo G. Marcia Atopica: Ci Sono nuove evidenze? Rivista Di Immunologia E Allergologia Pediatrica. 2021;35(02):17–22.
Weiler JM, Bonini S, Coifman R, Craig T, Delgado L, Capão-Filipe MP, et al. Ad hoc committee of sports medicine committee of American academy of allergy, asthma & immunology. American Academy of Allergy, Asthma & Immunology Work Group report: exercise-induced asthma. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2007;119:1349–58. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaci.2007.02.041
doi: 10.1016/j.jaci.2007.02.041
pubmed: 17433829
McFadden ER Jr., Gilbert IA. Exercise-induced asthma. N Engl J Med. 1994;330:1362e7. https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJM199405123301907
doi: 10.1056/NEJM199405123301907
Murakami Y, Honjo S, Odajima H, et al. Exercise-induced wheezing among Japanese pre-school children and pupils. Allergol Int. 2014;63(2):251–9. https://doi.org/10.2332/allergolint.13-OA-0644
doi: 10.2332/allergolint.13-OA-0644
pubmed: 24759555
Alves A, Martins C, Delgado L, Fonseca J, Moreira A. Exercise-induced rhinitis in competitive swimmers. Am J Rhinol Allergy. 2010;24(5):e114–7. https://doi.org/10.2500/ajra.2010.24.3530
doi: 10.2500/ajra.2010.24.3530
pubmed: 21244727
Ansley L, Bonini M, Delgado L, et al. Pathophysiological mechanisms of exercise-induced anaphylaxis: an EAACI position statement. Allergy. 2015;70(10):1212–21. https://doi.org/10.1111/all.12677
doi: 10.1111/all.12677
pubmed: 26100553
Sijapati N, Sciturro M, Le M, Lanza J, Mercado E, Seferovic A. Exercise-induced urticaria: a rare case report. Cureus. 2022;14(3):e23062. https://doi.org/10.7759/cureus.23062 . Published 2022 Mar 11.
doi: 10.7759/cureus.23062
pubmed: 35419242
pmcid: 8995004
Rakkhong K, Kamchaisatian W, Vilaiyuk S, et al. Exercise-induced bronchoconstriction in rhinitis children without asthma. Asian Pac J Allergy Immunol. 2011;29(3):278–83.
pubmed: 22053599
Albuquerque Rodrigues Filho E, Rizzo JÂ, Gonçalves AV, Correia Junior MAV, Sarinho ESC, Medeiros D. Exercise-induced bronchospasm in children and adolescents with allergic rhinitis by treadmill and hyperventilation challenges. Respir Med. 2018;138:102–6. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rmed.2018.04.001
doi: 10.1016/j.rmed.2018.04.001
pubmed: 29724380
Bonini S, Bonini M, Bousquet J, et al. Rhinitis and asthma in athletes: an ARIA document in collaboration with GA2LEN. Allergy. 2006;61(6):681–92.
doi: 10.1111/j.1398-9995.2006.01080.x
pubmed: 16677236
Bousquet J, Melén E, Haahtela T, et al. Rhinitis associated with asthma is distinct from rhinitis alone: the ARIA-MeDALL hypothesis. Allergy. 2023;78(5):1169–203. https://doi.org/10.1111/all.15679
doi: 10.1111/all.15679
pubmed: 36799120
Weiler JM, Brannan JD, Randolph CC, et al. Exercise-induced bronchoconstriction update-2016. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2016;138(5):1292–1295e36. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaci.2016.05.029
doi: 10.1016/j.jaci.2016.05.029
pubmed: 27665489
Lin LL, Huang SJ, Ou LS, et al. Exercise-induced bronchoconstriction in children with asthma: an observational cohort study. J Microbiol Immunol Infect. 2019;52(3):471–9. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jmii.2017.08.013
doi: 10.1016/j.jmii.2017.08.013
pubmed: 28939136
Park HK, Jung JW, Cho SH, Min KU, Kang HR. What makes a difference in exercise-induced bronchoconstriction: an 8 year retrospective analysis. PLoS One. 2014;9(1):e87155. Published 2014 Jan 30. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0087155
Martín-Muñoz MF, Pagliara L, Antelo MC, et al. Exercise-induced asthma in asthmatic children. Predisposing factors. Allergol Immunopathol (Madr). 2008;36(3):123–7.
doi: 10.1016/S0301-0546(08)72535-7
pubmed: 18680698
de Abreu FC, da Silva Júnior JLR, Rabahi MF. The fraction exhaled nitric oxide as a biomarker of asthma control. Biomark Insights. 2019;14:1177271919826550. https://doi.org/10.1177/1177271919826550 . Published 2019 Jan 31.
doi: 10.1177/1177271919826550
pubmed: 30728712
pmcid: 6357290
Grzelewski T, Grzelewska A, Majak P, et al. Fractional exhaled nitric oxide (FeNO) may predict exercise-induced bronchoconstriction (EIB) in schoolchildren with atopic asthma. Nitric Oxide. 2012;27(2):82–7. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.niox.2012.05.002
doi: 10.1016/j.niox.2012.05.002
pubmed: 22584259
Buchvald F, Hermansen MN, Nielsen KG, Bisgaard H. Exhaled nitric oxide predicts exercise-induced bronchoconstriction in asthmatic school children. Chest. 2005;128:1964–7. https://doi.org/10.1378/chest.128.4.1964
doi: 10.1378/chest.128.4.1964
pubmed: 16236842
Kim K, Cho HJ, Yoon JW, et al. Exhaled nitric oxide and mannitol test to predict exercise-induced bronchoconstriction. Pediatr Int. 2018;60(8):691–6. https://doi.org/10.1111/ped.13599
doi: 10.1111/ped.13599
pubmed: 29786927
Chinellato I, Piazza M, Peroni D, Sandri M, Chiorazzo F, Boner AL, Piacentini G. Bronchial and alveolar nitric oxide in exercise-induced bronchoconstriction in asthmatic children. Clin Experimental Allergy: J Br Soc Allergy Clin Immunol. 2012;42(8):1190–6.
doi: 10.1111/j.1365-2222.2012.03973.x
Malewska-Kaczmarek K, Podlecka D, Mańkowski T, Jerzyńska J, Stelmach I. Exercise-Induced bronchoconstriction in children: a comparison between athletes and non-athletes. Healthc (Basel). 2023;11(9):1349. https://doi.org/10.3390/healthcare11091349 . Published 2023 May 8.
doi: 10.3390/healthcare11091349
Anderson SD, Kippelen P. Airway injury as a mechanism for exercise-induced bronchoconstriction in elite athletes. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2008;122(2):225–37. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaci.2008.05.001
doi: 10.1016/j.jaci.2008.05.001
pubmed: 18554705
Barnes PJ. Cholinergic control of airway smooth muscle. Am Rev Respir Dis. 1987;136(4 Pt 2):42–S45. https://doi.org/10.1164/ajrccm/136.4_Pt_2.S42
doi: 10.1164/ajrccm/136.4_Pt_2.S42
Freed AN, Davis MS. Hyperventilation with dry air increases airway surface fluid osmolality in canine peripheral airways. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 1999;159:1101–7.
doi: 10.1164/ajrccm.159.4.9802072
pubmed: 10194152
Daviskas E, Anderson SD, Gonda I, et al. Changes in mucociliary clearance during and after isocapnic hyperventilation in asthmatic and healthy subjects. Eur Respir J. 1995;8:742–51.
doi: 10.1183/09031936.95.08050742
pubmed: 7656945
Anderson SD, Kippelen P. Exercise-induced bronchoconstriction: pathogenesis. Curr Allergy Asthma Rep. 2005;5:116–22.
doi: 10.1007/s11882-005-0084-y
pubmed: 15683611
Seys SF, Hox V, Van Gerven L, et al. Damage-associated molecular pattern and innate cytokine release in the airways of competitive swimmers. Allergy. 2015;70:187–94.
doi: 10.1111/all.12540
pubmed: 25358760
Romberg K, Bjermer L, Tufvesson E. Exercise but not mannitol provocation increases urinary Clara cell protein (CC16) in elite swimmers. Respir Med. 2011;105:31–6.
doi: 10.1016/j.rmed.2010.07.012
pubmed: 20696561
Bolger C, Tufvesson E, Sue-Chu M, et al. Hyperpnea-induced bronchoconstriction and urinary CC16 levels in athletes. Med Sci Sports Exerc. 2011;43:1207–13.
doi: 10.1249/MSS.0b013e31820750d8
pubmed: 21131866
Tufvesson E, Svensson H, Ankerst J, Bjermer L. Increase of club cell (Clara) protein (CC16) in plasma and urine after exercise challenge in asthmatics and healthy controls, and correlations to exhaled breath temperature and exhaled nitric oxide. Respir Med. 2013;107(11):1675–81. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rmed.2013.08.004
doi: 10.1016/j.rmed.2013.08.004
pubmed: 24018107
Grässler B, Thielmann B, Böckelmann I, Hökelmann A. Effects of different exercise interventions on cardiac autonomic control and secondary health factors in middle-aged adults: a systematic review. J Cardiovasc Dev Dis. 2021;8(8):94. https://doi.org/10.3390/jcdd8080094 . Published 2021 Aug 5.
doi: 10.3390/jcdd8080094
pubmed: 34436236
pmcid: 8396995
Skaria T, Vogel J. The neuropeptide α-calcitonin gene-related peptide as the mediator of beneficial effects of exercise in the cardiovascular system. Front Physiol. 2022;13:825992. https://doi.org/10.3389/fphys.2022.825992 . Published 2022 Mar 31.
doi: 10.3389/fphys.2022.825992
pubmed: 35431990
pmcid: 9008446
Hox V, Vanoirbeek JA, Alpizar YA, et al. Crucial role of transient receptor potential ankyrin 1 and mast cells in induction of nonallergic airway hyperreactivity in mice. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2013;187:486–93.
doi: 10.1164/rccm.201208-1358OC
pubmed: 23262517
Cox MA, Bassi C, Saunders ME, et al. Beyond neurotransmission: acetylcholine in immunity and inflammation. J Intern Med. 2020;287(2):120–33. https://doi.org/10.1111/joim.13006
doi: 10.1111/joim.13006
pubmed: 31710126
Bonini M, Fioretti D, Sargentini V, et al. Increased nerve growth factor serum levels in top athletes. Clin J Sport Med. 2013;23:228–31.
doi: 10.1097/JSM.0b013e31827ee6d5
pubmed: 23275347
Raby KL, Michaeloudes C, Tonkin J, Chung KF, Bhavsar PK. Mechanisms of airway epithelial injury and abnormal repair in asthma and COPD. Front Immunol. 2023;14:1201658. https://doi.org/10.3389/fimmu.2023.1201658 . Published 2023 Jul 13.
doi: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1201658
pubmed: 37520564
pmcid: 10374037
Anderson SD. How does exercise cause asthma attacks? Current Opinion in Allergy and Clinical Immunology. Immunology. 2006;6(1);37–42. https://doi.org/10.1097/01.all.0000199797.02423.78
Lødrup Carlsen KC, Håland G, Devulapalli CS, et al. Asthma in every fifth child in Oslo, Norway: a 10-year follow up of a birth cohort study. Allergy. 2006;61(4):454–60. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1398-9995.2005.00938.x
doi: 10.1111/j.1398-9995.2005.00938.x
pubmed: 16512808
Pigakis KM, Stavrou VT, Pantazopoulos I, Daniil Z, Kontopodi AK, Gourgoulianis K. Exercise-induced bronchospasm in elite athletes. Cureus. 2022;14(1):e20898.
pubmed: 35145802
pmcid: 8807463
Del Giacco SR, Manconi PE, Del Giacco GS. Allergy and Sports Allergy. 2001;56:215–23.
doi: 10.1034/j.1398-9995.2001.056003215.x
pubmed: 11251401
Kanazawa H. Microvascular theory of exercise-induced bronchoconstriction in asthma: potential implications of vascular endothelial growth factor. Inflamm Allergy Drug Targets. 2007;6:133–7.
doi: 10.2174/187152807780832256
pubmed: 17692037
Couto M, Kurowski M, Moreira A, et al. Mechanisms of exercise-induced bronchoconstriction in athletes: current perspectives and future challenges. Allergy. 2018;73(1):8–16. https://doi.org/10.1111/all.13224
doi: 10.1111/all.13224
pubmed: 28599081
Bucchieri F, Puddicombe SM, Lordan JL, et al. Asthmatic bronchial epithelium is more susceptible to oxidant-induced apoptosis. Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol. 2002;27:179–85.
doi: 10.1165/ajrcmb.27.2.4699
pubmed: 12151309
Biddle SJ, Asare M. Physical activity and mental health in children and adolescents: a review of reviews. Br J Sports Med. 2011;45(11):886–95.
doi: 10.1136/bjsports-2011-090185
pubmed: 21807669
Haahtela T, Malmberg P, Moreira A. Mechanisms of asthma in olympic athletes–practical implications. Allergy. 2008;63(6):685–94. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1398-9995.2008.01686.x
doi: 10.1111/j.1398-9995.2008.01686.x
pubmed: 18445185
Hashim SH, Alenezi MI, Alenezi RM, et al. Exercise-induced bronchoconstriction among adolescent athletes with asthma: a systematic review. Cureus. 2023;15(6):e40643. https://doi.org/10.7759/cureus.40643 . Published 2023 Jun 19.
doi: 10.7759/cureus.40643
pubmed: 37476118
pmcid: 10355688
Randolph C. The challenge of asthma in adolescent athletes: exercise induced bronchoconstriction (EIB) with and without known asthma. Adolesc Med State Art Rev. 2010;21(1):44–viii.
pubmed: 20568554
Uyan ZS, Carraro S, Piacentini G, Baraldi E. Swimming pool, respiratory health, and childhood asthma: should we change our beliefs? Pediatr Pulmonol. 2009;44(1):31–7. https://doi.org/10.1002/ppul.20947
doi: 10.1002/ppul.20947
pubmed: 19061232
Bougault V, Boulet LP. Is there a potential link between indoor chlorinated pool environment and airway remodeling/inflammation in swimmers? Expert Rev Respir Med. 2012;6(5):469–71. https://doi.org/10.1586/ers.12.51
doi: 10.1586/ers.12.51
pubmed: 23134238
Valeriani F, Protano C, Vitali M, Romano Spica V. Swimming attendance during childhood and development of asthma: Meta-analysis. Pediatr Int. 2017;59(5):614–21. https://doi.org/10.1111/ped.13230
doi: 10.1111/ped.13230
pubmed: 28032933
Eksi N, Calis ZAB, Seyhun N, Ozkarafakili A, Coskun BU. Evaluation of exercise-induced bronchoconstriction and rhinitis in adolescent elite swimmers. North Clin Istanb. 2021;8(5):493–9. https://doi.org/10.14744/nci.2021.99327 . Published 2021 Oct 20.
doi: 10.14744/nci.2021.99327
pubmed: 34909588
pmcid: 8630724
Leahy MG, Peters CM, Geary CM, et al. Diagnosis of exercise-induced bronchoconstriction in swimmers: context matters. Med Sci Sports Exerc. 2020;52(9):1855–61. https://doi.org/10.1249/MSS.0000000000002335
doi: 10.1249/MSS.0000000000002335
pubmed: 32175977
Bernard A, Carbonnelle S, de Burbure C, Michel O, Nickmilder M. Chlorinated pool attendance, atopy, and the risk of asthma during childhood. Environ Health Perspect. 2006;114:1567–73.
doi: 10.1289/ehp.8461
pubmed: 17035144
pmcid: 1626429
Andersson M, Hedman L, Nordberg G, Forsberg B, Eriksson K, Rönmark E. Swimming pool attendance is related to asthma among atopic school children: a population-based study. Environ Health. 2015;14:37. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12940-015-0023-x . Published 2015 Apr 15.
doi: 10.1186/s12940-015-0023-x
pubmed: 25890001
pmcid: 4411937
Dogra S, Kuk JL, Baker J, Jamnik V. Exercise is associated with improved asthma control in adults. Eur Respir J. 2011;37(2):318–23. https://doi.org/10.1183/09031936.00182209
doi: 10.1183/09031936.00182209
pubmed: 20530042
Pastva A, Estell K, Schoeb TR, Atkinson TP, Schwiebert LM. Aerobic exercise attenuates airway inflammatory responses in a mouse model of atopic asthma. J Immunol. 2004;172:4520–6.
doi: 10.4049/jimmunol.172.7.4520
pubmed: 15034069
Lowder T, Dugger K, Deshane J, Estell K, Schwiebert LM. Repeated bouts of aerobic exercise enhance regulatory T-cell responses in a murine asthma model. Brain Behav Immun. 2010;24:153–9.
doi: 10.1016/j.bbi.2009.09.011
pubmed: 19781626
Mendes FA, Almeida FM, Cukier A, et al. Effects of aerobic training on airway inflammation in asthmatic patients. Med Sci Sports Exerc. 2011;43(2):197–203. https://doi.org/10.1249/MSS.0b013e3181ed0ea3
doi: 10.1249/MSS.0b013e3181ed0ea3
pubmed: 20581719
Ram FS, Robinson SM, Black PN. Effects of physical training in asthma: a systematic review. Br J Sports Med. 2000;34:162–7.
doi: 10.1136/bjsm.34.3.162
pubmed: 10854014
pmcid: 1763260
Qu C, Guo F, Zhang C. Pediatric exercise-induced bronchoconstriction. Minerva Pediatr. 2019;71(5):476–7. https://doi.org/10.23736/S0026-4946.17.04790-9
doi: 10.23736/S0026-4946.17.04790-9
pubmed: 28353320
Anderson SD, Argyros GJ, Magnussen H. Holzer K. Provocation by eucapnic voluntary hyperpnoea to identify exercise-induced bronchoconstriction. Br J Sports Med. 2001;35:344–7.
doi: 10.1136/bjsm.35.5.344
pubmed: 11579071
pmcid: 1724385
Rundell KW, Anderson SD, Spiering BA, Judelson DA. Field exercise vs laboratory eucapnic voluntary hyperventilation to identify airway hyperresponsiveness in elite cold weather athletes. Chest. 2004;125(3):909–15. https://doi.org/10.1378/chest.125.3.909
doi: 10.1378/chest.125.3.909
pubmed: 15006949
Burman J, Elenius V, Lukkarinen H, et al. Cut-off values to evaluate exercise-induced asthma in eucapnic voluntary hyperventilation test for children. Clin Physiol Funct Imaging. 2020;40(5):343–50. https://doi.org/10.1111/cpf.12647
doi: 10.1111/cpf.12647
pubmed: 32491255
pmcid: 7496314
Price OJ, Ansley L, Hull JH. Diagnosing exercise-induced bronchoconstriction with eucapnic voluntary hyperpnea: is one test enough? J Allergy Clin Immunol Pract. 2015;3(2):243–9. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaip.2014.10.012
doi: 10.1016/j.jaip.2014.10.012
pubmed: 25609322
Chateaubriand do Nascimento Silva, Filho MJ, Gonçalves AV, Tavares Viana M, Peixoto DM, Cavalcanti Sarinho ES, Rizzo JÂ. Exercise-induced bronchoconstriction diagnosis in asthmatic children: comparison of treadmill running and eucapnic voluntary hyperventilation challenges. Ann Allergy Asthma Immunol. 2015;115(4):277–81. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.anai.2015.07.009
doi: 10.1016/j.anai.2015.07.009
The World Anti-Doping Code. Available at: https://www.wada-ama.org/en/what-we-do/world-anti-doping-code . [Las access June 26 2023].
Koya T, Ueno H, Hasegawa T, Arakawa M, Kikuchi T. Management of exercise-induced bronchoconstriction in athletes. J Allergy Clin Immunol Pract. 2020;8(7):2183–92. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaip.2020.03.011
doi: 10.1016/j.jaip.2020.03.011
pubmed: 32620432
Goossens J, Decaesteker T, Jonckheere AC, et al. How to detect young athletes at risk of exercise-induced bronchoconstriction? Paediatr Respir Rev. 2022;44:40–6. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.prrv.2021.09.007
doi: 10.1016/j.prrv.2021.09.007
pubmed: 34740520
Del Giacco SR, Carlsen KH, Du Toit G. Allergy and sports in children. Pediatr Allergy Immunol. 2012;23(1):11–20. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1399-3038.2011.01256.x
doi: 10.1111/j.1399-3038.2011.01256.x
pubmed: 22283403
França-Pinto A, Mendes FAR, de Carvalho-Pinto RM, et al. Aerobic training decreases bronchial hyperresponsiveness and systemic inflammation in patients with moderate or severe asthma: a randomized controlled trial. Thorax. 2015;70(8):732–9.
doi: 10.1136/thoraxjnl-2014-206070
pubmed: 26063507
Gonçalves RC, Nunes MPT, Cukier A, Stelmach R, Martins MA, Carvalho CRF. Effects of an aerobic physical training program on psychosocial characteristics, quality-of-life, symptoms and exhaled nitric oxide in individuals with moderate or severe persistent asthma. Rev Bras Fisioter. 2008;12(2):127–35.
doi: 10.1590/S1413-35552008000200009
Souza Silva BRV, da Silva GAS, de Albuquerque Rodrigues Filho E, et al. Can physical exercise assist in controlling and reducing the severity of exercise-induced bronchospasm in children and adolescents? A systematic review. Clin Respir J. 2023;17(1):3–12. https://doi.org/10.1111/crj.13559
doi: 10.1111/crj.13559
pubmed: 36463836
Vera HM, Wanrooij M, Willeboordse E, Dompeling, Kim DG, van de Kant. Exercise training in children with asthma: a systematic review. Br J Sports Med. 2014;48(13):1024–31. https://doi.org/10.1136/bjsports-2012-091347
doi: 10.1136/bjsports-2012-091347
Stickland MK, Rowe BH, Spooner CH, Vandermeer B, Dryden DM. Effect of warm-up exercise on exercise-induced bronchoconstriction. Med Sci Sports Exerc. 2012;44(3):383 – 91. https://doi.org/10.1249/MSS.0b013e31822fb73a . PMID: 21811185.
Boulet L, O’Byrne P. Asthma and exercise-induced bronchoconstriction in athletes. N Engl J Med. 2015;372:641–8.
doi: 10.1056/NEJMra1407552
pubmed: 25671256
Eichenberger PA, Scherer TA, Spengler CM. Pre-exercise hyperpnea attenuates exercise-induced bronchoconstriction without affecting performance. PLoS ONE. 2016;11(11):e0167318. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0167318 . Published 2016 Nov 29.
doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0167318
pubmed: 27898744
pmcid: 5127560
Mickleborough TD, Lindley MR, Turner LA. Comparative effects of a high-intensity interval warm-up and salbutamol on the bronchoconstrictor response to exercise in asthmatic athletes. Int J Sports Med. 2007;28(6):456–62.
doi: 10.1055/s-2006-924583
pubmed: 17111314
Randolph C. Pediatric exercise-induced bronchoconstriction: contemporary developments in epidemiology, pathogenesis, presentation, diagnosis, and therapy. Curr Allergy Asthma Rep. 2013;13(6):662–71. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11882-013-0380-x
doi: 10.1007/s11882-013-0380-x
pubmed: 23925985
Del Giacco S, Couto M, Firinu D, Garcia-Larsen V. Management of intermittent and persistent asthma in adolescent and high school athletes. J Allergy Clin Immunol Pract. 2020;8(7):2166–81. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaip.2020.05.003
doi: 10.1016/j.jaip.2020.05.003
pubmed: 32620431
Hoshino Y, Koya T, Kagamu H, et al. Effect of inhaled corticosteroids on bronchial asthma in Japanese athletes. Allergol Int. 2015;64(2):145–9. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.alit.2014.10.004
doi: 10.1016/j.alit.2014.10.004
pubmed: 25838089
Couto M, Stang J, Horta L, et al. Two distinct phenotypes of asthma in elite athletes identified by latent class analysis. J Asthma. 2015;52(9):897–904. https://doi.org/10.3109/02770903.2015.1067321
doi: 10.3109/02770903.2015.1067321
pubmed: 26377281
Greiwe J, Cooke A, Nanda A, et al. Work group report: perspectives in diagnosis and management of exercise-induced bronchoconstriction in athletes. J Allergy Clin Immunol Pract. 2020;8(8):2542–55. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaip.2020.05.020
doi: 10.1016/j.jaip.2020.05.020
pubmed: 32636147
Athlete Advisory: Explanation of Key Changes on 2023 WADA Prohibited List. Available at: https://www.usada.org/athlete-advisory/key-changes-2023-prohibited-list/ [Last Access June 26 2023].