Consistency of data reporting in fluid responsiveness studies in the critically ill setting: the CODEFIRE consensus from the Cardiovascular Dynamic section of the European Society of Intensive Care Medicine.
ESICM consensus
Fluid challenge
Fluid responsiveness
Fluid therapy
Hemodynamic monitoring
Journal
Intensive care medicine
ISSN: 1432-1238
Titre abrégé: Intensive Care Med
Pays: United States
ID NLM: 7704851
Informations de publication
Date de publication:
14 Mar 2024
14 Mar 2024
Historique:
received:
10
11
2023
accepted:
31
01
2024
medline:
14
3
2024
pubmed:
14
3
2024
entrez:
14
3
2024
Statut:
aheadofprint
Résumé
To provide consensus recommendations regarding hemodynamic data reporting in studies investigating fluid responsiveness and fluid challenge (FC) use in the intensive care unit (ICU). The Executive Committee of the European Society of Intensive Care Medicine (ESICM) commissioned and supervised the project. A panel of 18 international experts and a methodologist identified main domains and items from a systematic literature, plus 2 ancillary domains. A three-step Delphi process based on an iterative approach was used to obtain the final consensus. In the Delphi 1 and 2, the items were selected with strong (≥ 80% of votes) or week agreement (70-80% of votes), while the Delphi 3 generated recommended (≥ 90% of votes) or suggested (80-90% of votes) items (RI and SI, respectively). We identified 5 main domains initially including 117 items and the consensus finally resulted in 52 recommendations or suggestions: 18 RIs and 2 SIs statements were obtained for the domain "ICU admission", 11 RIs and 1 SI for the domain "mechanical ventilation", 5 RIs for the domain "reason for giving a FC", 8 RIs for the domain pre- and post-FC "hemodynamic data", and 7 RIs for the domain "pre-FC infused drugs". We had no consensus on the use of echocardiography, strong agreement regarding the volume (4 ml/kg) and the reference variable (cardiac output), while weak on administration rate (within 10 min) of FC in this setting. This consensus found 5 main domains and provided 52 recommendations for data reporting in studies investigating fluid responsiveness in ICU patients.
Identifiants
pubmed: 38483559
doi: 10.1007/s00134-024-07344-4
pii: 10.1007/s00134-024-07344-4
doi:
Types de publication
Journal Article
Langues
eng
Sous-ensembles de citation
IM
Informations de copyright
© 2024. Springer-Verlag GmbH Germany, part of Springer Nature.
Références
Myburgh JA, Mythen MG (2013) Resuscitation fluids. N Engl J Med 369:1243–1251
pubmed: 24066745
doi: 10.1056/NEJMra1208627
Cecconi M, De Backer D, Antonelli M, Beale R, Bakker J, Hofer C, Jaeschke R, Mebazaa A, Pinsky MR, Teboul JL, Vincent JL, Rhodes A (2014) Consensus on circulatory shock and hemodynamic monitoring. Task force of the European Society of Intensive Care Medicine. Intensive Care Med 40:1795–1815
pubmed: 25392034
pmcid: 4239778
doi: 10.1007/s00134-014-3525-z
Magder S (2010) Fluid status and fluid responsiveness. Curr Opin Crit Care 16:289–296
pubmed: 20543685
doi: 10.1097/MCC.0b013e32833b6bab
De Backer D, Aissaoui N, Cecconi M, Chew MS, Denault A, Hajjar L, Hernandez G, Messina A, Myatra SN, Ostermann M, Pinsky MR, Teboul JL, Vignon P, Vincent JL, Monnet X (2022) How can assessing hemodynamics help to assess volume status? Intensive Care Med 48:1482–1494
pubmed: 35945344
pmcid: 9363272
doi: 10.1007/s00134-022-06808-9
Messina A, Bakker J, Chew M, De Backer D, Hamzaoui O, Hernandez G, Myatra SN, Monnet X, Ostermann M, Pinsky M, Teboul JL, Cecconi M (2022) Pathophysiology of fluid administration in critically ill patients. Intensive Care Med Exp 10:46
pubmed: 36329266
pmcid: 9633880
doi: 10.1186/s40635-022-00473-4
Pinsky MR (2015) Functional hemodynamic monitoring. Crit Care Clin 31:89–111
pubmed: 25435480
pmcid: 4250574
doi: 10.1016/j.ccc.2014.08.005
Pinsky MR, Cecconi M, Chew MS, De Backer D, Douglas I, Edwards M, Hamzaoui O, Hernandez G, Martin G, Monnet X, Saugel B, Scheeren TWL, Teboul JL, Vincent JL (2022) Effective hemodynamic monitoring. Crit care 26:294
pubmed: 36171594
pmcid: 9520790
doi: 10.1186/s13054-022-04173-z
Malbrain M, Martin G, Ostermann M (2022) Everything you need to know about deresuscitation. Intensive Care Med 48:1781–1786
pubmed: 35932335
pmcid: 9362613
doi: 10.1007/s00134-022-06761-7
Malbrain M, Van Regenmortel N, Saugel B, De Tavernier B, Van Gaal PJ, Joannes-Boyau O, Teboul JL, Rice TW, Mythen M, Monnet X (2018) Principles of fluid management and stewardship in septic shock: it is time to consider the four D’s and the four phases of fluid therapy. Ann Intensive Care 8:66
pubmed: 29789983
pmcid: 5964054
doi: 10.1186/s13613-018-0402-x
Monnet X, Shi R, Teboul JL (2022) Prediction of fluid responsiveness. What’s new? Ann Intensive Care 12:46
pubmed: 35633423
pmcid: 9148319
doi: 10.1186/s13613-022-01022-8
Messina A, Calabro L, Pugliese L, Lulja A, Sopuch A, Rosalba D, Morenghi E, Hernandez G, Monnet X, Cecconi M (2022) Fluid challenge in critically ill patients receiving haemodynamic monitoring: a systematic review and comparison of two decades. Crit Care 26:186
pubmed: 35729632
pmcid: 9210670
doi: 10.1186/s13054-022-04056-3
Messina A, Dell’Anna A, Baggiani M, Torrini F, Maresca GM, Bennett V, Saderi L, Sotgiu G, Antonelli M, Cecconi M (2019) Functional hemodynamic tests: a systematic review and a metanalysis on the reliability of the end-expiratory occlusion test and of the mini-fluid challenge in predicting fluid responsiveness. Crit Care 23:264
pubmed: 31358025
pmcid: 6664788
doi: 10.1186/s13054-019-2545-z
Monnet X, Marik P, Teboul JL (2016) Passive leg raising for predicting fluid responsiveness: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Intensive Care Med 42:1935–1947
pubmed: 26825952
doi: 10.1007/s00134-015-4134-1
Cecconi M, Kesecioglu J, Azoulay E, European Society of Intensive Care M (2021) Diversity and inclusivity: the way to multidisciplinary intensive care medicine in Europe. Intensive Care Med 47:598–601
pubmed: 33914111
pmcid: 8082476
doi: 10.1007/s00134-021-06384-4
Suzuki R, Shimodaira H (2006) Pvclust: an R package for assessing the uncertainty in hierarchical clustering. Bioinformatics 22:1540–1542
pubmed: 16595560
doi: 10.1093/bioinformatics/btl117
Wolsk E, Bakkestrom R, Thomsen JH, Balling L, Andersen MJ, Dahl JS, Hassager C, Moller JE, Gustafsson F (2017) The influence of age on hemodynamic parameters during rest and exercise in healthy individuals. JACC Heart Fail 5:337–346
pubmed: 28017352
doi: 10.1016/j.jchf.2016.10.012
Coppalini G, Salvagno M, Peluso L, Bogossian EG, Quispe Cornejo A, Labbe V, Annoni F, Taccone FS (2023) Cardiac injury after traumatic brain injury: clinical consequences and management. Neurocrit Care. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12028-023-01777-3
Messina A, Villa F, Lionetti G, Galarza L, Meyfroidt G, van der Jagt M, Monnet X, Pelosi P, Cecconi M, Robba C (2022) Hemodynamic management of acute brain injury caused by cerebrovascular diseases: a survey of the European Society of Intensive Care Medicine. Intensive Care Med Exp 10:42
pubmed: 36273067
pmcid: 9588138
doi: 10.1186/s40635-022-00463-6
Wiegers EJA, Lingsma HF, Huijben JA, Cooper DJ, Citerio G, Frisvold S, Helbok R, Maas AIR, Menon DK, Moore EM, Stocchetti N, Dippel DW, Steyerberg EW, van der Jagt M, Center TBI, Oz E-TBICG (2021) Fluid balance and outcome in critically ill patients with traumatic brain injury (CENTER-TBI and OzENTER-TBI): a prospective, multicentre, comparative effectiveness study. Lancet Neurol 20:627–638
pubmed: 34302787
doi: 10.1016/S1474-4422(21)00162-9
Monnet X, Teboul JL (2018) Assessment of fluid responsiveness: recent advances. Curr Opin Crit Care 24:190–195
pubmed: 29634494
doi: 10.1097/MCC.0000000000000501
Shi R, Monnet X, Teboul JL (2020) Parameters of fluid responsiveness. Curr Opin Crit Care 26:319–326
pubmed: 32332283
doi: 10.1097/MCC.0000000000000723
Teboul JL, Monnet X (2009) Detecting volume responsiveness and unresponsiveness in intensive care unit patients: two different problems, only one solution. Crit Care 13:175
pubmed: 19678915
pmcid: 2750176
doi: 10.1186/cc7979
Teboul JL, Monnet X (2013) Pulse pressure variation and ARDS. Minerva Anestesiol 79:398–407
pubmed: 23370121
Feihl F, Broccard AF (2009) Interactions between respiration and systemic hemodynamics. Part I: basic concepts. Intensive Care Med 35:45–54
pubmed: 18825367
doi: 10.1007/s00134-008-1297-z
Feihl F, Broccard AF (2009) Interactions between respiration and systemic hemodynamics. Part II: practical implications in critical care. Intensive Care Med 35:198–205
pubmed: 18825366
doi: 10.1007/s00134-008-1298-y
Marik PE, Cavallazzi R, Vasu T, Hirani A (2009) Dynamic changes in arterial waveform derived variables and fluid responsiveness in mechanically ventilated patients: a systematic review of the literature. Crit Care Med 37:2642–2647
pubmed: 19602972
doi: 10.1097/CCM.0b013e3181a590da
De Backer D, Heenen S, Piagnerelli M, Koch M, Vincent JL (2005) Pulse pressure variations to predict fluid responsiveness: influence of tidal volume. Intensive Care Med 31:517–523
pubmed: 15754196
doi: 10.1007/s00134-005-2586-4
Messina A, Colombo D, Cammarota G, De Lucia M, Cecconi M, Antonelli M, Corte FD, Navalesi P (2015) Patient-ventilator asynchrony affects pulse pressure variation prediction of fluid responsiveness. J Crit Care 30:1067–1071
pubmed: 26193779
doi: 10.1016/j.jcrc.2015.06.010
Roquilly A, Cinotti R, Jaber S, Vourc’h M, Pengam F, Mahe PJ, Lakhal K, Demeure Dit Latte D, Rondeau N, Loutrel O, Paulus J, Rozec B, Blanloeil Y, Vibet MA, Sebille V, Feuillet F, Asehnoune K (2013) Implementation of an evidence-based extubation readiness bundle in 499 brain-injured patients. a before-after evaluation of a quality improvement project. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 188:958–966
pubmed: 23927561
doi: 10.1164/rccm.201301-0116OC
Pham T, Heunks L, Bellani G, Madotto F, Aragao I, Beduneau G, Goligher EC, Grasselli G, Laake JH, Mancebo J, Penuelas O, Piquilloud L, Pesenti A, Wunsch H, van Haren F, Brochard L, Laffey JG, Investigators WS (2023) Weaning from mechanical ventilation in intensive care units across 50 countries (WEAN SAFE): a multicentre, prospective, observational cohort study. Lancet Respir Med 11:465–476
pubmed: 36693401
doi: 10.1016/S2213-2600(22)00449-0
McConville JF, Kress JP (2012) Weaning patients from the ventilator. N Engl J Med 367:2233–2239
pubmed: 23215559
doi: 10.1056/NEJMra1203367
Esteban A, Frutos-Vivar F, Muriel A, Ferguson ND, Penuelas O, Abraira V, Raymondos K, Rios F, Nin N, Apezteguia C, Violi DA, Thille AW, Brochard L, Gonzalez M, Villagomez AJ, Hurtado J, Davies AR, Du B, Maggiore SM, Pelosi P, Soto L, Tomicic V, D’Empaire G, Matamis D, Abroug F, Moreno RP, Soares MA, Arabi Y, Sandi F, Jibaja M, Amin P, Koh Y, Kuiper MA, Bulow HH, Zeggwagh AA, Anzueto A (2013) Evolution of mortality over time in patients receiving mechanical ventilation. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 188:220–230
pubmed: 23631814
doi: 10.1164/rccm.201212-2169OC
Muller L, Louart G, Bousquet PJ, Candela D, Zoric L, de La Coussaye JE, Jaber S, Lefrant JY (2010) The influence of the airway driving pressure on pulsed pressure variation as a predictor of fluid responsiveness. Intensive Care Med 36:496–503
pubmed: 19847400
doi: 10.1007/s00134-009-1686-y
De Backer D, Taccone FS, Holsten R, Ibrahimi F, Vincent JL (2009) Influence of respiratory rate on stroke volume variation in mechanically ventilated patients. Anesthesiology 110:1092–1097
pubmed: 19352152
doi: 10.1097/ALN.0b013e31819db2a1
Kattan E, Ospina-Tascon GA, Teboul JL, Castro R, Cecconi M, Ferri G, Bakker J, Hernandez G, Investigators A-S (2020) Systematic assessment of fluid responsiveness during early septic shock resuscitation: secondary analysis of the ANDROMEDA-SHOCK trial. Crit Care 24:23
pubmed: 31973735
pmcid: 6979284
doi: 10.1186/s13054-020-2732-y
Hernandez G, Bakker J (2019) Perspectives on perfusion monitoring in septic shock after the ANDROMEDA-SHOCK trial. Med Intensiva (Engl Ed) 43:578–581
pubmed: 31694767
doi: 10.1016/j.medin.2019.09.009
Hernandez G, Cavalcanti AB, Ospina-Tascon G, Zampieri FG, Dubin A, Hurtado FJ, Friedman G, Castro R, Alegria L, Cecconi M, Teboul JL, Bakker J, Investigators A-SS (2018) Early goal-directed therapy using a physiological holistic view: the ANDROMEDA-SHOCK-a randomized controlled trial. Ann Intensive Care 8:52
pubmed: 29687277
pmcid: 5913056
doi: 10.1186/s13613-018-0398-2
Hernandez G, Kattan E, Ospina-Tascon G, Bakker J, Castro R, Investigators A-SS, the Latin America Intensive Care N (2020) Capillary refill time status could identify different clinical phenotypes among septic shock patients fulfilling Sepsis-3 criteria: a post hoc analysis of ANDROMEDA-SHOCK trial. Intensive Care Med 46:816–818
pubmed: 32076766
doi: 10.1007/s00134-020-05960-4
Hernandez G, Ospina-Tascon GA, Damiani LP, Estenssoro E, Dubin A, Hurtado J, Friedman G, Castro R, Alegria L, Teboul JL, Cecconi M, Ferri G, Jibaja M, Pairumani R, Fernandez P, Barahona D, Granda-Luna V, Cavalcanti AB, Bakker J, The ASI, the Latin America Intensive Care N, Hernandez G, Ospina-Tascon G, Petri Damiani L, Estenssoro E, Dubin A, Hurtado J, Friedman G, Castro R, Alegria L, Teboul JL, Cecconi M, Cecconi M, Ferri G, Jibaja M, Pairumani R, Fernandez P, Barahona D, Cavalcanti AB, Bakker J, Hernandez G, Alegria L, Ferri G, Rodriguez N, Holger P, Soto N, Pozo M, Bakker J, Cook D, Vincent JL, Rhodes A, Kavanagh BP, Dellinger P, Rietdijk W, Carpio D, Pavez N, Henriquez E, Bravo S, Valenzuela ED, Vera M, Dreyse J, Oviedo V, Cid MA, Larroulet M, Petruska E, Sarabia C, Gallardo D, Sanchez JE, Gonzalez H, Arancibia JM, Munoz A, Ramirez G, Aravena F, Aquevedo A, Zambrano F, Bozinovic M, Valle F, Ramirez M, Rossel V, Munoz P, Ceballos C, Esveile C, Carmona C, Candia E, Mendoza D, Sanchez A, Ponce D, Ponce D, Lastra J, Nahuelpan B, Fasce F, Luengo C, Medel N, Cortes C, Campassi L, Rubatto P, Horna N, Furche M, Pendino JC, Bettini L, Lovesio C, Gonzalez MC, Rodruguez J, Canales H, Caminos F, Galletti C, Minoldo E, Aramburu MJ, Olmos D, Nin N, Tenzi J, Quiroga C, Lacuesta P, Gaudin A, Pais R, Silvestre A, Olivera G, Rieppi G, Berrutti D, Ochoa M, Cobos P, Vintimilla F, Ramirez V, Tobar M, Garcia F, Picoita F, Remache N, Granda V, Paredes F, Barzallo E, Garces P, Guerrero F, Salazar S, Torres G, Tana C, Calahorrano J, Solis F, Torres P, Herrera L, Ornes A, Perez V, Delgado G, Lopez A, Espinosa E, Moreira J, Salcedo B, Villacres I, Suing J, Lopez M, Gomez L, Toctaquiza G, Cadena Zapata M, Orazabal MA, Pardo Espejo R, Jimenez J, Calderon A, Paredes G, Barberan JL, Moya T, Atehortua H, Sabogal R, Ortiz G, Lara A, Sanchez F, Hernan Portilla A, Davila H, Mora JA, Calderon LE, Alvarez I, Escobar E, Bejarano A, Bustamante LA, Aldana JL (2019) Effect of a Resuscitation Strategy Targeting Peripheral Perfusion Status vs Serum Lactate Levels on 28-Day Mortality Among Patients With Septic Shock: The ANDROMEDA-SHOCK Randomized Clinical Trial. JAMA 321:654–664
pubmed: 30772908
pmcid: 6439620
doi: 10.1001/jama.2019.0071
Zampieri FG, Damiani LP, Bakker J, Ospina-Tascon GA, Castro R, Cavalcanti AB, Hernandez G (2020) Effects of a resuscitation strategy targeting peripheral perfusion status versus serum lactate levels among patients with septic shock. a bayesian reanalysis of the ANDROMEDA-SHOCK trial. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 201:423–429
pubmed: 31574228
doi: 10.1164/rccm.201905-0968OC
Cecconi M, Hofer C, Teboul JL, Pettila V, Wilkman E, Molnar Z, Della Rocca G, Aldecoa C, Artigas A, Jog S, Sander M, Spies C, Lefrant JY, De Backer D, Investigators F, Group ET (2015) Fluid challenges in intensive care: the FENICE study: a global inception cohort study. Intensive Care Med 41:1529–1537
pubmed: 26162676
pmcid: 4550653
doi: 10.1007/s00134-015-3850-x
Schortgen F, Schetz M (2017) Does this critically ill patient with oliguria need more fluids, a vasopressor, or neither? Intensive Care Med 43:907–910
pubmed: 28293703
doi: 10.1007/s00134-017-4744-x
Inkinen N, Pettila V, Valkonen M, Serlo M, Backlund M, Hastbacka J, Pulkkinen A, Selander T, Vaara ST (2022) Non-interventional follow-up versus fluid bolus in RESPONSE to oliguria in hemodynamically stable critically ill patients: a randomized controlled pilot trial. Crit Care 26:401
pubmed: 36550559
pmcid: 9773608
doi: 10.1186/s13054-022-04283-8
Messina A, Palandri C, De Rosa S, Danzi V, Bonaldi E, Montagnini C, Baino S, Villa F, Sala F, Zito P, Negri K, Della Corte F, Cammarota G, Saderi L, Sotgiu G, Monge Garcia MI, Cecconi M (2022) Pharmacodynamic analysis of a fluid challenge with 4 ml kg(-1) over 10 or 20 min: a multicenter cross-over randomized clinical trial. J Clin Monit Comput 36:1193–1203
pubmed: 34494204
doi: 10.1007/s10877-021-00756-3
Aya HD, Ster IC, Fletcher N, Grounds RM, Rhodes A, Cecconi M (2016) Pharmacodynamic analysis of a fluid challenge. Crit Care Med 44:880–891
pubmed: 26683506
doi: 10.1097/CCM.0000000000001517
Ebert TJ (2005) Sympathetic and hemodynamic effects of moderate and deep sedation with propofol in humans. Anesthesiology 103:20–24
pubmed: 15983452
doi: 10.1097/00000542-200507000-00007
Barthelemy R, Kindermans M, Delval P, Collet M, Gaugain S, Cecconi M, Mebazaa A, Chousterman BG (2022) Accuracy of cumulative volumes of fluid challenge to assess fluid responsiveness in critically ill patients with acute circulatory failure: a pharmacodynamic approach. Br J Anaesth 128:236–243
pubmed: 34895718
doi: 10.1016/j.bja.2021.10.049
Hughes CG, Mailloux PT, Devlin JW, Swan JT, Sanders RD, Anzueto A, Jackson JC, Hoskins AS, Pun BT, Orun OM, Raman R, Stollings JL, Kiehl AL, Duprey MS, Bui LN, O’Neal HR Jr, Snyder A, Gropper MA, Guntupalli KK, Stashenko GJ, Patel MB, Brummel NE, Girard TD, Dittus RS, Bernard GR, Ely EW, Pandharipande PP, Investigators MS (2021) Dexmedetomidine or propofol for sedation in mechanically ventilated adults with sepsis. N Engl J Med 384:1424–1436
pubmed: 33528922
pmcid: 8162695
doi: 10.1056/NEJMoa2024922
de Wit F, van Vliet AL, de Wilde RB, Jansen JR, Vuyk J, Aarts LP, de Jonge E, Veelo DP, Geerts BF (2016) The effect of propofol on haemodynamics: cardiac output, venous return, mean systemic filling pressure, and vascular resistances. Br J Anaesth 116:784–789
pubmed: 27199311
doi: 10.1093/bja/aew126
Vignon P, Begot E, Mari A, Silva S, Chimot L, Delour P, Vargas F, Filloux B, Vandroux D, Jabot J, Francois B, Pichon N, Clavel M, Levy B, Slama M, Riu-Poulenc B (2018) Hemodynamic assessment of patients with septic shock using transpulmonary thermodilution and critical care echocardiography: a comparative study. Chest 153:55–64
pubmed: 28866112
doi: 10.1016/j.chest.2017.08.022
Walley PE, Walley KR, Goodgame B, Punjabi V, Sirounis D (2014) A practical approach to goal-directed echocardiography in the critical care setting. Crit Care 18:681
pubmed: 25672460
pmcid: 4331439
doi: 10.1186/s13054-014-0681-z
Robba C, Wong A, Poole D, Al Tayar A, Arntfield RT, Chew MS, Corradi F, Doufle G, Goffi A, Lamperti M, Mayo P, Messina A, Mongodi S, Narasimhan M, Puppo C, Sarwal A, Slama M, Taccone FS, Vignon P, Vieillard-Baron A, European Society of Intensive Care Medicine task force for critical care u (2021) Basic ultrasound head-to-toe skills for intensivists in the general and neuro intensive care unit population: consensus and expert recommendations of the European Society of Intensive Care Medicine. Intensive Care Med 47:1347–1367
pubmed: 34787687
pmcid: 8596353
doi: 10.1007/s00134-021-06486-z
Expert Round Table on Echocardiography in ICU (2014) International consensus statement on training standards for advanced critical care echocardiography. Intensive Care Med 40:654–666
doi: 10.1007/s00134-014-3228-5
Sanfilippo F, Huang S, Herpain A, Balik M, Chew MS, Clau-Terre F, Corredor C, De Backer D, Fletcher N, Geri G, Mekontso-Dessap A, McLean A, Morelli A, Orde S, Petrinic T, Slama M, van der Horst ICC, Vignon P, Mayo P, Vieillard-Baron A (2021) The PRICES statement: an ESICM expert consensus on methodology for conducting and reporting critical care echocardiography research studies. Intensive Care Med 47:1–13
pubmed: 33275163
doi: 10.1007/s00134-020-06262-5
Ait-Hamou Z, Teboul JL, Anguel N, Monnet X (2019) How to detect a positive response to a fluid bolus when cardiac output is not measured? Ann Intensive Care 9:138
pubmed: 31845003
pmcid: 6915177
doi: 10.1186/s13613-019-0612-x
Messina A, Sotgiu G, Saderi L, Cammarota G, Capuano L, Colombo D, Bennett V, Payen D, Deb D, Navalesi P, Cecconi M (2022) Does the definition of fluid responsiveness affect passive leg raising reliability? A methodological ancillary analysis from a multicentric study. Minerva Anestesiol 88:272–281
pubmed: 34709017
doi: 10.23736/S0375-9393.21.15944-9