Medication-associated orbital inflammation: A systematic review.

We performed a comprehensive systematic review to identify medication-associated orbital inflammation and to characterize its clinico-radiological features. We reviewed English-language articles describing medication-associated orbital inflammation (i.e., orbital myositis, dacryoadenitis and orbital fat) published to June 2023. Isolated inflammation of the intraocular structures or globe alone (i.e. uveitis), scleritis, optic neuritis and peri-neuritis) were excluded. In medication-associated orbital inflammation, the extraocular muscles are preferentially affected, occurring in isolation or in combination with other orbital and/or intraocular structures. Clinico-radiological manifestations may be non-specific; however, certain medications may be distinguished according to the presence of systemic prodrome, laterality, associated intraocular inflammation, and predisposition to involve certain orbital structures. Rapid identification, discontinuation of the provoking medication, and systemic corticosteroid therapy (if appropriate) typically achieves a favorable visual prognosis. As new medications become adopted by clinicians, rare adverse effects will be further delineated. Medication-associated orbital inflammation is an important diagnostic consideration in orbital inflammatory disease. A careful medication history and clinical assessment may be revealing, permitting timely discontinuation of the offending agent and initiation of appropriate management.

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Declaration of Competing Interest The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper. DECLARATION OF INTEREST The authors do not have any conflicts of interests to declare. Declaration of Competing Interest The authors do not have any conflicts of interests or funding sources to declare.