Treatment of alcohol use disorder in patients with alcohol-associated liver disease: Innovative approaches and a call to action.
Addiction medicine
Alcohol use disorder
Alcohol-associated liver disease
Hepatology
Treatment
Journal
Addiction science & clinical practice
ISSN: 1940-0640
Titre abrégé: Addict Sci Clin Pract
Pays: England
ID NLM: 101316917
Informations de publication
Date de publication:
19 Mar 2024
19 Mar 2024
Historique:
received:
01
08
2023
accepted:
20
02
2024
medline:
20
3
2024
pubmed:
20
3
2024
entrez:
20
3
2024
Statut:
epublish
Résumé
Alcohol-associated liver disease is currently the leading cause of liver transplantation and liver deaths both in Europe and the United States. Efficacious treatments exist for alcohol use disorder, but they are seldomly prescribed for patients who need them. Besides, the presence of liver cirrhosis can complicate pharmacological treatment choices. In this review, we discuss established and innovative treatment strategies to treat unhealthy alcohol use in patients with alcohol-associated liver disease. We also describe the experience of our own institutions, Hospital Universitari Germans Trias i Pujol in Badalona (Spain) and Yale-New Haven Health and Yale Medicine (Connecticut. United States of America).
Identifiants
pubmed: 38504384
doi: 10.1186/s13722-024-00448-8
pii: 10.1186/s13722-024-00448-8
doi:
Types de publication
Journal Article
Review
Langues
eng
Sous-ensembles de citation
IM
Pagination
19Subventions
Organisme : NIDA NIH HHS
ID : K12 DA033312
Pays : United States
Informations de copyright
© 2024. The Author(s).
Références
Simonetto DA, Shah VH, Kamath PS. Outpatient management of alcohol-related liver disease. Lancet Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2020;5(5):485–93. https://doi.org/10.1016/S2468-1253(19)30415-7 .
doi: 10.1016/S2468-1253(19)30415-7
pubmed: 32277901
pmcid: 8074849
Grant BF, Chou SP, Saha TD, et al. Prevalence of 12-month alcohol use, high-risk drinking, and DSM-IV alcohol use disorder in the United States, 2001–2002 to 2012–2013: results from the national epidemiologic survey on alcohol and related conditions. JAMA Psychiat. 2017;74(9):911–23. https://doi.org/10.1001/JAMAPSYCHIATRY.2017.2161 .
doi: 10.1001/JAMAPSYCHIATRY.2017.2161
Grucza RA, Sher KJ, Kerr WC, et al. Trends in adult alcohol use and binge drinking in the early 21st-century United States: a meta-analysis of 6 national survey series. Alcohol Clin Exp Res. 2018;42(10):1939–50. https://doi.org/10.1111/ACER.13859 .
doi: 10.1111/ACER.13859
pubmed: 30080258
pmcid: 6364977
Tapper EB, Parikh ND. Mortality due to cirrhosis and liver cancer in the United States, 1999–2016: observational study. BMJ. 2018. https://doi.org/10.1136/BMJ.K2817 .
doi: 10.1136/BMJ.K2817
pubmed: 30021785
pmcid: 6050518
Kim D, Li AA, Gadiparthi C, et al. Changing trends in etiology-based annual mortality from chronic liver disease, from 2007 through 2016. Gastroenterology. 2018;155(4):1154-1163.e3. https://doi.org/10.1053/J.GASTRO.2018.07.008 .
doi: 10.1053/J.GASTRO.2018.07.008
pubmed: 30009816
Schomerus G, Leonhard A, Manthey J, et al. The stigma of alcohol-related liver disease and its impact on healthcare. J Hepatol. 2022;77(2):516–24. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.JHEP.2022.04.026 .
doi: 10.1016/J.JHEP.2022.04.026
pubmed: 35526787
Friedmann PD. Clinical practice. Alcohol use in adults. N Engl J Med. 2013;368(4):365–73. https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMcp1204714 .
doi: 10.1056/NEJMcp1204714
pubmed: 23343065
Fuster D, Samet JH. Alcohol use in patients with chronic liver disease. N Engl J Med. 2018;379(13):1251–61. https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMra1715733 .
doi: 10.1056/NEJMra1715733
pubmed: 30257164
Caputo F, Domenicali M, Bernardi M. Diagnosis and treatment of alcohol use disorder in patients with end-stage alcoholic liver disease. Hepatology. 2019;70(1):410–7. https://doi.org/10.1002/HEP.30358 .
doi: 10.1002/HEP.30358
pubmed: 30471136
Asrani SK, Mellinger J, Arab JP, Shah VH. Reducing the global burden of alcohol-associated liver disease: a blueprint for action. Hepatology. 2021;73(5):2039–50. https://doi.org/10.1002/hep.31583 .
doi: 10.1002/hep.31583
pubmed: 32986883
Crabb DW, Im GY, Szabo G, Mellinger JL, Lucey MR. Diagnosis and treatment of alcohol-associated liver diseases: 2019 practice guidance from the american association for the study of liver diseases. Hepatology. 2020;71(1):306–33. https://doi.org/10.1002/HEP.30866 .
doi: 10.1002/HEP.30866
pubmed: 31314133
Thursz M, Gual A, Lackner C, et al. EASL clinical practice guidelines: management of alcohol-related liver disease. J Hepatol. 2018;69(1):154–81. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhep.2018.03.018 .
doi: 10.1016/j.jhep.2018.03.018
Kwong AJ, Ebel NH, Kim WR, et al. OPTN/SRTR 2020 annual data report: liver. Am J Transplant. 2022;22(Suppl 2(S2)):204–309. https://doi.org/10.1111/AJT.16978 .
doi: 10.1111/AJT.16978
pubmed: 35266621
Cholankeril G, Ahmed A. Alcoholic liver disease replaces hepatitis C virus infection as the leading indication for liver transplantation in the United States. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2018;16(8):1356–8. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.CGH.2017.11.045 .
doi: 10.1016/J.CGH.2017.11.045
pubmed: 29199144
Lee BP, Im GY, Rice JP, et al. Patterns of alcohol use after early liver transplantation for alcoholic hepatitis. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2022;20(2):409-418.e5. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.CGH.2020.11.024 .
doi: 10.1016/J.CGH.2020.11.024
pubmed: 33279780
Murray CJL, Mokdad AH, Ballestros K, et al. The State of US Health, 1990–2016: burden of diseases, injuries, and risk factors among US States. JAMA. 2018;319(14):1444–72. https://doi.org/10.1001/JAMA.2018.0158 .
doi: 10.1001/JAMA.2018.0158
pubmed: 29634829
pmcid: 5933332
Moon AM, Singal AG, Tapper EB. Contemporary epidemiology of chronic liver disease and cirrhosis. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2020;18(12):2650–66. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.CGH.2019.07.060 .
doi: 10.1016/J.CGH.2019.07.060
pubmed: 31401364
Moreno C, Mueller S, Szabo G. Non-invasive diagnosis and biomarkers in alcohol-related liver disease. J Hepatol. 2019;70(2):273–83. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhep.2018.11.025 .
doi: 10.1016/j.jhep.2018.11.025
pubmed: 30658728
Deutsch-Link S, Jiang Y, Peery AF, Barritt AS, Bataller R, Moon AM. Alcohol-associated liver disease mortality increased from 2017 to 2020 and accelerated during the COVID-19 pandemic. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2022;20(9):2142-2144.e2. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.CGH.2022.03.017 .
doi: 10.1016/J.CGH.2022.03.017
pubmed: 35314353
pmcid: 8933289
Edelman EJ, Fiellin DA. Alcohol use. Ann Intern Med. 2016;165(5):379. https://doi.org/10.7326/L16-0107 .
doi: 10.7326/L16-0107
pubmed: 27595223
Smith PC, Schmidt SM, Allensworth-Davies D, Saitz R. Primary care validation of a single-question alcohol screening test. J Gen Intern Med. 2009;24(7):783–8. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11606-009-0928-6 .
doi: 10.1007/s11606-009-0928-6
pubmed: 19247718
pmcid: 2695521
Bush K, Kivlahan DR, McDonell MB, Fihn SD, Bradley KA. The AUDIT alcohol consumption questions (AUDIT-C): an effective brief screening test for problem drinking. Ambulatory Care Quality Improvement Project (ACQUIP). Alcohol Use Disorders Identification Test. Arch Intern Med. 1998;158(16):1789–1795.
Saunders JB, Aasland OG, Babor TF, de la Fuente JR, Grant M. Development of the Alcohol Use Disorders Identification Test (AUDIT): WHO Collaborative Project on Early Detection of Persons with Harmful Alcohol Consumption--II. Addiction. 1993;88(6):791–804. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8329970 .
Association AP. Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, DSM-5.; 2013.
Louvet A, Labreuche J, Artru F, et al. Main drivers of outcome differ between short term and long term in severe alcoholic hepatitis: A prospective study. Hepatology. 2017;66(5):1464–73. https://doi.org/10.1002/HEP.29240 .
doi: 10.1002/HEP.29240
pubmed: 28459138
Pearson MM, Kim NJ, Berry K, et al. Associations Between Alcohol Use and Liver-Related Outcomes in a Large National Cohort of Patients With Cirrhosis. Hepatol Commun. 2021;5(12):2080–95. https://doi.org/10.1002/HEP4.1776 .
doi: 10.1002/HEP4.1776
pubmed: 34601829
pmcid: 8631097
Mellinger JL, Scott Winder G, DeJonckheere M, et al. Misconceptions, preferences and barriers to alcohol use disorder treatment in alcohol-related cirrhosis. J Subst Abuse Treat. 2018;91:20–7. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jsat.2018.05.003 .
doi: 10.1016/j.jsat.2018.05.003
pubmed: 29910011
Louvet A, Labreuche J, Moreno C, et al. Early liver transplantation for severe alcohol-related hepatitis not responding to medical treatment: a prospective controlled study. lancet Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2022;7(5):416–425. doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/S2468-1253(21)00430-1
Faure S, Herrero A, Jung B, et al. Excessive alcohol consumption after liver transplantation impacts on long-term survival, whatever the primary indication. J Hepatol. 2012;57(2):306–12. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.JHEP.2012.03.014 .
doi: 10.1016/J.JHEP.2012.03.014
pubmed: 22521352
Rogal S, Youk A, Zhang H, et al. Impact of Alcohol Use Disorder Treatment on Clinical Outcomes Among Patients With Cirrhosis. Hepatology. 2020;71(6):2080–92. https://doi.org/10.1002/HEP.31042 .
doi: 10.1002/HEP.31042
pubmed: 31758811
Vannier AGL, Shay JES, Fomin V, et al. Incidence and Progression of Alcohol-Associated Liver Disease After Medical Therapy for Alcohol Use Disorder. JAMA Netw open. 2022;5(5): e2213014. https://doi.org/10.1001/JAMANETWORKOPEN.2022.13014 .
doi: 10.1001/JAMANETWORKOPEN.2022.13014
pubmed: 35594048
pmcid: 9123494
Vannier AGL, Przybyszewski EM, Shay J, et al. Psychotherapy for Alcohol Use Disorder Is Associated With Reduced Risk of Incident Alcohol-Associated Liver Disease. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2022. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.CGH.2022.08.001 .
doi: 10.1016/J.CGH.2022.08.001
pubmed: 35964893
Williams R, Aspinall R, Bellis M, et al. Addressing liver disease in the UK: a blueprint for attaining excellence in health care and reducing premature mortality from lifestyle issues of excess consumption of alcohol, obesity, and viral hepatitis. Lancet. 2014;384(9958):1953–97. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(14)61838-9 .
doi: 10.1016/S0140-6736(14)61838-9
pubmed: 25433429
Nilsson E, Anderson H, Sargenti K, Lindgren S, Prytz H. Clinical course and mortality by etiology of liver cirrhosis in Sweden: a population based, long-term follow-up study of 1317 patients. Aliment Pharmacol Ther. 2019;49(11):1421–30. https://doi.org/10.1111/APT.15255 .
doi: 10.1111/APT.15255
pubmed: 30957910
Rinella ME, Neuschwander-Tetri BA, Siddiqui MS, et al. AASLD Practice Guidance on the clinical assessment and management of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease. Hepatology. 2023;77(5):1797–835. https://doi.org/10.1097/HEP.0000000000000323 .
doi: 10.1097/HEP.0000000000000323
pubmed: 36727674
Alvarez MA, Cirera I, Solà R, Bargalló A, Morillas RM, Planas R. Long-term clinical course of decompensated alcoholic cirrhosis: a prospective study of 165 patients. J Clin Gastroenterol. 2011;45(10):906–11. https://doi.org/10.1097/MCG.0B013E3182284E13 .
doi: 10.1097/MCG.0B013E3182284E13
pubmed: 21814145
Degré D, Stauber RE, Englebert G, et al. Long-term outcomes in patients with decompensated alcohol-related liver disease, steatohepatitis and Maddrey’s discriminant function. J Hepatol. 2020;72(4):636–42. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.JHEP.2019.12.023 .
doi: 10.1016/J.JHEP.2019.12.023
pubmed: 31954208
Addolorato G, Mirijello A, Barrio P, Gual A. Treatment of alcohol use disorders in patients with alcoholic liver disease. J Hepatol. 2016;65(3):618–30. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhep.2016.04.029 .
doi: 10.1016/j.jhep.2016.04.029
pubmed: 27155530
Singal AK, Bataller R, Ahn J, Kamath PS, Shah VH. ACG clinical guideline: alcoholic liver disease. Am J Gastroenterol. 2018. https://doi.org/10.1038/ajg.2017.469 .
doi: 10.1038/ajg.2017.469
pubmed: 29487413
pmcid: 6476786
Leggio L, Lee MR. Treatment of alcohol use disorder in patients with alcoholic liver disease. Am J Med. 2017;130(2):124–34. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.amjmed.2016.10.004 .
doi: 10.1016/j.amjmed.2016.10.004
pubmed: 27984008
Arab JP, Izzy M, Leggio L, Bataller R, Shah VH. Management of alcohol use disorder in patients with cirrhosis in the setting of liver transplantation. Nat Rev Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2022;19(1):45–59. https://doi.org/10.1038/S41575-021-00527-0 .
doi: 10.1038/S41575-021-00527-0
pubmed: 34725498
Saitz R. Clinical practice. Unhealthy alcohol use. N Engl J Med. 2005;352(6):596–607. https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMcp042262 .
doi: 10.1056/NEJMcp042262
pubmed: 15703424
Bertholet N, Palfai T, Gaume J, Daeppen J-B, Saitz R. Do brief alcohol motivational interventions work like we think they do? Alcohol Clin Exp Res. 2014;38(3):853–9. https://doi.org/10.1111/acer.12274 .
doi: 10.1111/acer.12274
pubmed: 24125097
Tsui JI, Saitz R, Cheng DM, et al. Awareness of hepatitis C diagnosis is associated with less alcohol use among persons co-infected with HIV. J Gen Intern Med. 2007;22(6):822–5. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11606-007-0147-y .
doi: 10.1007/s11606-007-0147-y
pubmed: 17503108
pmcid: 2048689
Khan A, Tansel A, White DL, et al. Efficacy of psychosocial interventions in inducing and maintaining alcohol abstinence in patients with chronic liver disease: a systematic review. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2016;14(2):191-202.e1-4. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cgh.2015.07.047 .
doi: 10.1016/j.cgh.2015.07.047
pubmed: 26256464
Willenbring ML, Olson DH. A randomized trial of integrated outpatient treatment for medically ill alcoholic men. Arch Intern Med. 1999;159(16):1946–52.
doi: 10.1001/archinte.159.16.1946
pubmed: 10493326
Addolorato G, Mirijello A, Leggio L, et al. Liver transplantation in alcoholic patients: impact of an alcohol addiction unit within a liver transplant center. Alcohol Clin Exp Res. 2013;37(9):1601–8. https://doi.org/10.1111/ACER.12117 .
doi: 10.1111/ACER.12117
pubmed: 23578009
pmcid: 4977094
van den Brink W, Addolorato G, Aubin H-J, et al. Efficacy and safety of sodium oxybate in alcohol-dependent patients with a very high drinking risk level. Addict Biol. 2018;23(4):969–86. https://doi.org/10.1111/adb.12645 .
doi: 10.1111/adb.12645
pubmed: 30043457
Caputo F, Zoli G, Bernardi M. Letter: alcohol use in patients with chronic liver disease. N Engl J Med. 2018;379:2577.
doi: 10.1056/NEJMc1814129
pubmed: 30586528
Mellinger JL, Fernandez A, Shedden K, et al. Gender disparities in alcohol use disorder treatment among privately insured patients with alcohol-associated cirrhosis. Alcohol Clin Exp Res. 2019;43(2):334–41. https://doi.org/10.1111/ACER.13944 .
doi: 10.1111/ACER.13944
pubmed: 30667521
pmcid: 6379081
Han B, Jones CM, Einstein EB, Powell PA, Compton WM. Use of Medications For Alcohol Use Disorder In the US: results from the 2019 national survey on drug use and health. JAMA Psychiat. 2021;78(8):922–4. https://doi.org/10.1001/JAMAPSYCHIATRY.2021.1271 .
doi: 10.1001/JAMAPSYCHIATRY.2021.1271
Krampe H, Ehrenreich H. Supervised disulfiram as adjunct to psychotherapy in alcoholism treatment. Curr Pharm Des. 2010;16(19):2076–90.
doi: 10.2174/138161210791516431
pubmed: 20482514
Dayer E, Dayer J-M, Roux-Lombard P. Primer: the practical use of biological markers of rheumatic and systemic inflammatory diseases. Nat Clin Pract Rheumatol. 2007;3(9):512–20. https://doi.org/10.1038/ncprheum0572 .
doi: 10.1038/ncprheum0572
pubmed: 17762850
Pettinati HM, Rabinowitz AR. Choosing the right medication for the treatment of alcoholism. Curr Psychiatry Rep. 2006;8(5):383–8.
doi: 10.1007/s11920-006-0040-0
pubmed: 16968619
Rösner S, Hackl-Herrwerth A, Leucht S, Vecchi S, Srisurapanont M, Soyka M. Opioid antagonists for alcohol dependence. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2010;12:CD001867. https://doi.org/10.1002/14651858.CD001867.pub2 .
doi: 10.1002/14651858.CD001867.pub2
Bouza C, Angeles M, Muñoz A, Amate JM. Efficacy and safety of naltrexone and acamprosate in the treatment of alcohol dependence: a systematic review. Addiction. 2004;99(7):811–28. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1360-0443.2004.00763.x .
doi: 10.1111/j.1360-0443.2004.00763.x
pubmed: 15200577
Anton RF. Naltrexone for the management of alcohol dependence. N Engl J Med. 2008;359(7):715–21. https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMct0801733 .
doi: 10.1056/NEJMct0801733
pubmed: 18703474
pmcid: 2565602
Jonas DE, Amick HR, Feltner C, et al. Pharmacotherapy for adults with alcohol use disorders in outpatient settings: a systematic review and meta-analysis. JAMA. 2014;311(18):1889–900. https://doi.org/10.1001/JAMA.2014.3628 .
doi: 10.1001/JAMA.2014.3628
pubmed: 24825644
Bolton M, Hodkinson A, Boda S, et al. Serious adverse events reported in placebo randomised controlled trials of oral naltrexone: a systematic review and meta-analysis. BMC Med. 2019. https://doi.org/10.1186/S12916-018-1242-0 .
doi: 10.1186/S12916-018-1242-0
pubmed: 30642329
pmcid: 6332608
Ayyala D, Bottyan T, Tien C, et al. Naltrexone for alcohol use disorder: hepatic safety in patients with and without liver disease. Hepatol Commun. 2022. https://doi.org/10.1002/HEP4.2080 .
doi: 10.1002/HEP4.2080
pubmed: 36281979
pmcid: 9701476
López-Pelayo H, Zuluaga P, Caballeria E, Van den Brink W, Mann K, Gual A. Safety of nalmefene for the treatment of alcohol use disorder: an update. Expert Opin Drug Saf. 2020;19(1):9–17. https://doi.org/10.1080/14740338.2020.1707802 .
doi: 10.1080/14740338.2020.1707802
pubmed: 31868031
Rösner S, Hackl-Herrwerth A, Leucht S, Lehert P, Vecchi S, Soyka M. Acamprosate for alcohol dependence. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2010;9:CD004332. https://doi.org/10.1002/14651858.CD004332.pub2 .
doi: 10.1002/14651858.CD004332.pub2
Hammarberg A, Jayaram-Lindström N, Beck O, Franck J, Reid MS. The effects of acamprosate on alcohol-cue reactivity and alcohol priming in dependent patients: a randomized controlled trial. Psychopharmacology. 2009;205(1):53–62. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00213-009-1515-6 .
doi: 10.1007/s00213-009-1515-6
pubmed: 19319508
European Association for the Study of Liver. EASL clinical practical guidelines: management of alcoholic liver disease. J Hepatol. 2012;57(2):399–420. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhep.2012.04.004 .
doi: 10.1016/j.jhep.2012.04.004
Naudet F, Braillon A. Baclofen and alcohol in France. Lancet Psychiatry. 2018;5(12):961–2. https://doi.org/10.1016/S2215-0366(18)30419-X .
doi: 10.1016/S2215-0366(18)30419-X
pubmed: 30413392
Hauser P, Fuller B, Ho SB, Thuras P, Kern S, Dieperink E. The safety and efficacy of baclofen to reduce alcohol use in veterans with chronic hepatitis C: a randomized controlled trial. Addiction. 2017;112(7):1173–83. https://doi.org/10.1111/add.13787 .
doi: 10.1111/add.13787
pubmed: 28192622
Reynaud M, Aubin HJ, Trinquet F, et al. A Randomized, Placebo-controlled study of high-dose baclofen in alcohol-dependent patients-the ALPADIR study. Alcohol Alcohol. 2017;52(4):439–46. https://doi.org/10.1093/ALCALC/AGX030 .
doi: 10.1093/ALCALC/AGX030
pubmed: 28525555
Chaignot C, Zureik M, Rey G, Dray-Spira R, Coste J, Weill A. Risk of hospitalisation and death related to baclofen for alcohol use disorders: Comparison with nalmefene, acamprosate, and naltrexone in a cohort study of 165 334 patients between 2009 and 2015 in France. Pharmacoepidemiol Drug Saf. 2018;27(11):1239–48. https://doi.org/10.1002/PDS.4635 .
doi: 10.1002/PDS.4635
pubmed: 30251424
pmcid: 6282718
Mason BJ, Quello S, Goodell V, Shadan F, Kyle M, Begovic A. Gabapentin treatment for alcohol dependence: a randomized clinical trial. JAMA Intern Med. 2014;174(1):70. https://doi.org/10.1001/jamainternmed.2013.11950 .
doi: 10.1001/jamainternmed.2013.11950
pubmed: 24190578
pmcid: 3920987
Bahji A, Bach P, Danilewitz M, et al. Pharmacotherapies for adults with alcohol use disorders: a systematic review and network meta-analysis. J Addict Med. 2022. https://doi.org/10.1097/ADM.0000000000000992 .
doi: 10.1097/ADM.0000000000000992
pubmed: 35653782
pmcid: 10010623
Avanceña ALV, Miller N, Uttal SE, Hutton DW, Mellinger JL. Cost-effectiveness of alcohol use treatments in patients with alcohol-related cirrhosis. J Hepatol. 2021;74(6):1286–94. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhep.2020.12.004 .
doi: 10.1016/j.jhep.2020.12.004
pubmed: 33326815
Haque LY, Jakab S, Deng Y, Ciarleglio MM, Tetrault JM. Substance use disorders in recently hospitalized patients with cirrhosis. J Addict Med. 2020;14(6):E337–43. https://doi.org/10.1097/ADM.0000000000000677 .
doi: 10.1097/ADM.0000000000000677
pubmed: 32530887
pmcid: 9033633
Louvet A, Mathurin P. Alcoholic liver disease: mechanisms of injury and targeted treatment. Nat Rev Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2015;12(4):231–42. https://doi.org/10.1038/nrgastro.2015.35 .
doi: 10.1038/nrgastro.2015.35
pubmed: 25782093
DiMartini AF, Leggio L, Singal AK. Barriers to the management of alcohol use disorder and alcohol-associated liver disease: strategies to implement integrated care models. Lancet Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2022;7(2):186–95. https://doi.org/10.1016/S2468-1253(21)00191-6 .
doi: 10.1016/S2468-1253(21)00191-6
pubmed: 35026172
Heyes CM, Schofield T, Gribble R, Day CA, Haber PS. Reluctance to accept alcohol treatment by alcoholic liver disease transplant patients: a qualitative study. Transplant Direct. 2016. https://doi.org/10.1097/TXD.0000000000000617 .
doi: 10.1097/TXD.0000000000000617
pubmed: 27795986
pmcid: 5068203
Im GY, Mellinger JL, Winters A, et al. Provider attitudes and practices for alcohol screening, treatment, and education in patients with liver disease: a survey from the American association for the study of liver diseases alcohol-associated liver disease special interest group. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2021;19(11):2407-2416.e8. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cgh.2020.10.026 .
doi: 10.1016/j.cgh.2020.10.026
pubmed: 33069880
Cotter TG, Ayoub F, King AC, Reddy KG, Charlton M. Practice habits, knowledge, and attitudes of hepatologists to alcohol use disorder medication: sobering gaps and opportunities. Transplant Direct. 2020. https://doi.org/10.1097/TXD.0000000000001054 .
doi: 10.1097/TXD.0000000000001054
pubmed: 33134483
pmcid: 7591123
Winder GS, Fernandez AC, Mellinger JL. Integrated care of alcohol-related liver disease. J Clin Exp Hepatol. 2022;12(4):1069–82. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.JCEH.2022.01.010 .
doi: 10.1016/J.JCEH.2022.01.010
pubmed: 35814517
pmcid: 9257883
Proeschold-Bell RJ, Patkar AA, Naggie S, et al. An integrated alcohol abuse and medical treatment model for patients with hepatitis C. Dig Dis Sci. 2012;57(4):1083–91. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10620-011-1976-4 .
doi: 10.1007/s10620-011-1976-4
pubmed: 22134784
Proeschold-Bell RJ, Evon DM, Yao J, et al. A randomized controlled trial of an integrated alcohol reduction intervention in patients with hepatitis C infection. Hepatology. 2020;71(6):1894–909. https://doi.org/10.1002/HEP.31058 .
doi: 10.1002/HEP.31058
pubmed: 31803945
Mellinger JL, Winder GS, Fernandez AC, et al. Feasibility and early experience of a novel multidisciplinary alcohol-associated liver disease clinic. J Subst Abuse Treat. 2021. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.JSAT.2021.108396 .
doi: 10.1016/J.JSAT.2021.108396
pubmed: 34118717
pmcid: 8478703
Winder GS, Fernandez AC, Klevering K, Mellinger JL. Confronting the crisis of comorbid alcohol use disorder and alcohol-related liver disease with a novel multidisciplinary clinic. Psychosomatics. 2020;61(3):238–53. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.PSYM.2019.12.004 .
doi: 10.1016/J.PSYM.2019.12.004
pubmed: 32033835
Barritt AS, Jiang Y, Schmidt M, Hayashi PH, Bataller R. Charges for alcoholic cirrhosis exceed all other etiologies of cirrhosis combined: a national and state inpatient survey analysis. Dig Dis Sci. 2019;64(6):1460–9. https://doi.org/10.1007/S10620-019-5471-7 .
doi: 10.1007/S10620-019-5471-7
pubmed: 30673984
Fomin V, Marshall C, Tsai S, Goodman R, Schaefer E, Luther J. Creation of an inpatient alcohol liver service improves early liver disease detection in patients with alcohol use disorder. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2022. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.CGH.2022.03.042 .
doi: 10.1016/J.CGH.2022.03.042
pubmed: 35398568
Donnadieu-Rigole H, Jaubert L, Ursic-Bedoya J, et al. Integration of an addiction team in a liver transplantation center. Liver Transpl. 2019;25(11):1611–9. https://doi.org/10.1002/LT.25641 .
doi: 10.1002/LT.25641
pubmed: 31529607
Carrique L, Quance J, Tan A, et al. Results of early transplantation for alcohol-related cirrhosis: integrated addiction treatment with low rate of relapse. Gastroenterology. 2021;161(6):1896-1906.e2. https://doi.org/10.1053/J.GASTRO.2021.08.004 .
doi: 10.1053/J.GASTRO.2021.08.004
pubmed: 34370999
Erim Y, Böttcher M, Schieber K, et al. Feasibility and acceptability of an alcohol addiction therapy integrated in a transplant center for patients awaiting liver transplantation. Alcohol Alcohol. 2016;51(1):40–6. https://doi.org/10.1093/ALCALC/AGV075 .
doi: 10.1093/ALCALC/AGV075
pubmed: 26124208
Anderson MS, Valbuena VSM, Brown CS, et al. Association of COVID-19 with new waiting list registrations and liver transplantation for alcoholic hepatitis in the United States. JAMA Netw Open. 2021. https://doi.org/10.1001/JAMANETWORKOPEN.2021.31132 .
doi: 10.1001/JAMANETWORKOPEN.2021.31132
pubmed: 34889947
pmcid: 8665367
Fuster D, Garcia-Calvo X, Zuluaga P, et al. Ultrasound findings of liver damage in a series of patients consecutively admitted for treatment of alcohol use disorder. Drug Alcohol Depend. 2018;190:195–9. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2018.06.012 .
doi: 10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2018.06.012
pubmed: 30048873
Sanvisens A, Fuster D, Serra I, et al. Estimated liver fibrosis and its impact on all-cause mortality of HCV-monoinfected and HCV/HIV-coinfected drug users. Curr HIV Res. 2011;9(4):256–62.
doi: 10.2174/157016211796320298
pubmed: 21675942
Fuster D, Sanvisens A, Bolao F, et al. Impact of hepatitis C virus infection on the risk of death of alcohol-dependent patients. J Viral Hepat. 2015;22(1):18–24. https://doi.org/10.1111/jvh.12290 .
doi: 10.1111/jvh.12290
pubmed: 25131721
Yale-New Haven Health. Digestive Health-Hepatology.; 2021.
Yale School of Medicine. Yale Addiction Medicine Consult Service.; 2022.
Yale School of Medicine. Yale Program in Addiction Medicine.; 2022.
Holt SR, Segar N, Cavallo DA, Tetrault JM. The addiction recovery clinic: a novel, primary-care-based approach to teaching addiction medicine. Acad Med. 2017;92(5):680–3. https://doi.org/10.1097/ACM.0000000000001480 .
doi: 10.1097/ACM.0000000000001480
pubmed: 28441678
D’Onofrio G, O’Connor PG, Pantalon MV, et al. Emergency department-initiated buprenorphine/naloxone treatment for opioid dependence: a randomized clinical trial. JAMA. 2015;313(16):1636–44. https://doi.org/10.1001/JAMA.2015.3474 .
doi: 10.1001/JAMA.2015.3474
pubmed: 25919527
pmcid: 4527523
Fiellin DA, Schottenfeld RS, Cutter CJ, Moore BA, Barry DT, O’Connor PG. Primary care-based buprenorphine taper vs maintenance therapy for prescription opioid dependence: a randomized clinical trial. JAMA Intern Med. 2014;174(12):1947–54. https://doi.org/10.1001/jamainternmed.2014.5302 .
doi: 10.1001/jamainternmed.2014.5302
pubmed: 25330017
pmcid: 6167926
Edelman EJ, Gan G, Dziura J, et al. Readiness to provide medications for addiction treatment in HIV clinics: a multisite mixed-methods formative evaluation. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr. 2021;87(3):959–70. https://doi.org/10.1097/QAI.0000000000002666 .
doi: 10.1097/QAI.0000000000002666
pubmed: 33675619
pmcid: 8192340
Edelman EJ, Maisto SA, Hansen NB, et al. Integrated stepped alcohol treatment for patients with HIV and alcohol use disorder: a randomised controlled trial. Lancet HIV. 2019;6(8):e509–17. https://doi.org/10.1016/S2352-3018(19)30076-1 .
doi: 10.1016/S2352-3018(19)30076-1
pubmed: 31109915
pmcid: 7161741
Edelman EJ, Maisto SA, Hansen NB, et al. Integrated stepped alcohol treatment for patients with HIV and liver disease: a randomized trial. J Subst Abuse Treat. 2019;106:97–106. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.JSAT.2019.08.007 .
doi: 10.1016/J.JSAT.2019.08.007
pubmed: 31540617
pmcid: 7244228
Lucey MR, Singal AK. Integrated treatment of alcohol use disorder in patients with alcohol-associated liver disease: an evolving story. Hepatology. 2020;71(6):1891–3. https://doi.org/10.1002/HEP.31235 .
doi: 10.1002/HEP.31235
pubmed: 32171034