Association of Coffee Consumption and Prediagnostic Caffeine Metabolites With Incident Parkinson Disease in a Population-Based Cohort.

Journal

Neurology
ISSN: 1526-632X
Titre abrégé: Neurology
Pays: United States
ID NLM: 0401060

Informations de publication

Date de publication:
23 Apr 2024
Historique:
medline: 21 3 2024
pubmed: 21 3 2024
entrez: 21 3 2024
Statut: ppublish

Résumé

Inverse associations between caffeine intake and Parkinson disease (PD) have been frequently implicated in human studies. However, no studies have quantified biomarkers of caffeine intake years before PD onset and investigated whether and which caffeine metabolites are related to PD. Associations between self-reported total coffee consumption and future PD risk were examined in the EPIC4PD study, a prospective population-based cohort including 6 European countries. Cases with PD were identified through medical records and reviewed by expert neurologists. Hazard ratios (HRs) and 95% CIs for coffee consumption and PD incidence were estimated using Cox proportional hazards models. A case-control study nested within the EPIC4PD was conducted, recruiting cases with incident PD and matching each case with a control by age, sex, study center, and fasting status at blood collection. Caffeine metabolites were quantified by high-resolution mass spectrometry in baseline collected plasma samples. Using conditional logistic regression models, odds ratios (ORs) and 95% CIs were estimated for caffeine metabolites and PD risk. In the EPIC4PD cohort (comprising 184,024 individuals), the multivariable-adjusted HR comparing the highest coffee intake with nonconsumers was 0.63 (95% CI 0.46-0.88, This study demonstrates that the neuroprotection of coffee on PD is attributed to caffeine and its metabolites by detailed quantification of plasma caffeine and its metabolites years before diagnosis.

Sections du résumé

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES OBJECTIVE
Inverse associations between caffeine intake and Parkinson disease (PD) have been frequently implicated in human studies. However, no studies have quantified biomarkers of caffeine intake years before PD onset and investigated whether and which caffeine metabolites are related to PD.
METHODS METHODS
Associations between self-reported total coffee consumption and future PD risk were examined in the EPIC4PD study, a prospective population-based cohort including 6 European countries. Cases with PD were identified through medical records and reviewed by expert neurologists. Hazard ratios (HRs) and 95% CIs for coffee consumption and PD incidence were estimated using Cox proportional hazards models. A case-control study nested within the EPIC4PD was conducted, recruiting cases with incident PD and matching each case with a control by age, sex, study center, and fasting status at blood collection. Caffeine metabolites were quantified by high-resolution mass spectrometry in baseline collected plasma samples. Using conditional logistic regression models, odds ratios (ORs) and 95% CIs were estimated for caffeine metabolites and PD risk.
RESULTS RESULTS
In the EPIC4PD cohort (comprising 184,024 individuals), the multivariable-adjusted HR comparing the highest coffee intake with nonconsumers was 0.63 (95% CI 0.46-0.88,
DISCUSSION CONCLUSIONS
This study demonstrates that the neuroprotection of coffee on PD is attributed to caffeine and its metabolites by detailed quantification of plasma caffeine and its metabolites years before diagnosis.

Identifiants

DOI: 10.1212/WNL.0000000000209201 PMID: 38513162
pubmed: 38513162
doi: 10.1212/WNL.0000000000209201
doi:

Types de publication

Journal Article

Langues

eng

Sous-ensembles de citation

IM

Pagination

e209201

Auteurs

Yujia Zhao (Y)

From the Institute for Risk Assessment Sciences (Y.Z., H.K., S. Peters, R.V.), Utrecht University, the Netherlands; Department of Environmental Health Sciences (Y.L., G.W.M.), Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University, New York, NY; Department of Epidemiology (J.M.H.), Murcia Regional Health Council-IMIB, Murcia; CIBER Epidemiología y Salud Pública (CIBERESP) (J.M.H., M.G.), Madrid; Movement Disorders Unit (A.V.-A.), Department of Neurology, University Hospital Donostia; BioDonostia Health Research Institute (A.V.-A.), Neurodegenerative Diseases Area, San Sebastián, Spain; Division of Cancer Epidemiology (J.A.S.), German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany; Danish Cancer Institute (J.H.), Danish Cancer Society, Copenhagen, Denmark; Escuela Andaluza de Salud Pública (EASP) (D.P.); Instituto de Investigación Biosanitaria-ibs.GRANADA (D.P.), Granada; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Epidemiología y Salud Pública (CIBERESP) (D.P.), Madrid, Spain; Unit of Cancer Epidemiology (C.S.), Città della Salute e della Scienza University-Hospital, Turin, Italy; Unit of Nutrition and Cancer (R.Z.-R.), Cancer Epidemiology Research Programme, Catalan Institute of Oncology (ICO), Bellvitge Biomedical Research Institute (IDIBELL), Barcelona, Spain; Epidemiology and Prevention Unit (V.P.), Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Nazionale dei Tumori di Milano, Italy; Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics (A.K.H., M.G.), School of Public Health, Imperial College London, United Kingdom; School of Medicine (S. Panico), Federico II University, Naples, Italy; de Salud Pública y Laboral de Navarra (M.G.), Pamplona; Navarra Institute for Health Research (IdiSNA) (M.G.), Pamplona, Spain; Institute for Cancer Research (G.M.), Prevention and Clinical Network (ISPRO), Florence, Italy; Institute of Epidemiology and Social Medicine (C.M.L.), University of Münster, Germany; Ageing Epidemiology Research Unit (AGE) (C.M.L.), School of Public Health, Imperial College London, United Kingdom; and University Medical Centre Utrecht (R.V.), the Netherlands.
ORCID: 0000-0002-5275-0036

Yunjia Lai (Y)

From the Institute for Risk Assessment Sciences (Y.Z., H.K., S. Peters, R.V.), Utrecht University, the Netherlands; Department of Environmental Health Sciences (Y.L., G.W.M.), Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University, New York, NY; Department of Epidemiology (J.M.H.), Murcia Regional Health Council-IMIB, Murcia; CIBER Epidemiología y Salud Pública (CIBERESP) (J.M.H., M.G.), Madrid; Movement Disorders Unit (A.V.-A.), Department of Neurology, University Hospital Donostia; BioDonostia Health Research Institute (A.V.-A.), Neurodegenerative Diseases Area, San Sebastián, Spain; Division of Cancer Epidemiology (J.A.S.), German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany; Danish Cancer Institute (J.H.), Danish Cancer Society, Copenhagen, Denmark; Escuela Andaluza de Salud Pública (EASP) (D.P.); Instituto de Investigación Biosanitaria-ibs.GRANADA (D.P.), Granada; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Epidemiología y Salud Pública (CIBERESP) (D.P.), Madrid, Spain; Unit of Cancer Epidemiology (C.S.), Città della Salute e della Scienza University-Hospital, Turin, Italy; Unit of Nutrition and Cancer (R.Z.-R.), Cancer Epidemiology Research Programme, Catalan Institute of Oncology (ICO), Bellvitge Biomedical Research Institute (IDIBELL), Barcelona, Spain; Epidemiology and Prevention Unit (V.P.), Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Nazionale dei Tumori di Milano, Italy; Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics (A.K.H., M.G.), School of Public Health, Imperial College London, United Kingdom; School of Medicine (S. Panico), Federico II University, Naples, Italy; de Salud Pública y Laboral de Navarra (M.G.), Pamplona; Navarra Institute for Health Research (IdiSNA) (M.G.), Pamplona, Spain; Institute for Cancer Research (G.M.), Prevention and Clinical Network (ISPRO), Florence, Italy; Institute of Epidemiology and Social Medicine (C.M.L.), University of Münster, Germany; Ageing Epidemiology Research Unit (AGE) (C.M.L.), School of Public Health, Imperial College London, United Kingdom; and University Medical Centre Utrecht (R.V.), the Netherlands.
ORCID: 0000-0002-1081-0897

Hilde Konijnenberg (H)

From the Institute for Risk Assessment Sciences (Y.Z., H.K., S. Peters, R.V.), Utrecht University, the Netherlands; Department of Environmental Health Sciences (Y.L., G.W.M.), Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University, New York, NY; Department of Epidemiology (J.M.H.), Murcia Regional Health Council-IMIB, Murcia; CIBER Epidemiología y Salud Pública (CIBERESP) (J.M.H., M.G.), Madrid; Movement Disorders Unit (A.V.-A.), Department of Neurology, University Hospital Donostia; BioDonostia Health Research Institute (A.V.-A.), Neurodegenerative Diseases Area, San Sebastián, Spain; Division of Cancer Epidemiology (J.A.S.), German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany; Danish Cancer Institute (J.H.), Danish Cancer Society, Copenhagen, Denmark; Escuela Andaluza de Salud Pública (EASP) (D.P.); Instituto de Investigación Biosanitaria-ibs.GRANADA (D.P.), Granada; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Epidemiología y Salud Pública (CIBERESP) (D.P.), Madrid, Spain; Unit of Cancer Epidemiology (C.S.), Città della Salute e della Scienza University-Hospital, Turin, Italy; Unit of Nutrition and Cancer (R.Z.-R.), Cancer Epidemiology Research Programme, Catalan Institute of Oncology (ICO), Bellvitge Biomedical Research Institute (IDIBELL), Barcelona, Spain; Epidemiology and Prevention Unit (V.P.), Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Nazionale dei Tumori di Milano, Italy; Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics (A.K.H., M.G.), School of Public Health, Imperial College London, United Kingdom; School of Medicine (S. Panico), Federico II University, Naples, Italy; de Salud Pública y Laboral de Navarra (M.G.), Pamplona; Navarra Institute for Health Research (IdiSNA) (M.G.), Pamplona, Spain; Institute for Cancer Research (G.M.), Prevention and Clinical Network (ISPRO), Florence, Italy; Institute of Epidemiology and Social Medicine (C.M.L.), University of Münster, Germany; Ageing Epidemiology Research Unit (AGE) (C.M.L.), School of Public Health, Imperial College London, United Kingdom; and University Medical Centre Utrecht (R.V.), the Netherlands.

José María Huerta (JM)

From the Institute for Risk Assessment Sciences (Y.Z., H.K., S. Peters, R.V.), Utrecht University, the Netherlands; Department of Environmental Health Sciences (Y.L., G.W.M.), Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University, New York, NY; Department of Epidemiology (J.M.H.), Murcia Regional Health Council-IMIB, Murcia; CIBER Epidemiología y Salud Pública (CIBERESP) (J.M.H., M.G.), Madrid; Movement Disorders Unit (A.V.-A.), Department of Neurology, University Hospital Donostia; BioDonostia Health Research Institute (A.V.-A.), Neurodegenerative Diseases Area, San Sebastián, Spain; Division of Cancer Epidemiology (J.A.S.), German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany; Danish Cancer Institute (J.H.), Danish Cancer Society, Copenhagen, Denmark; Escuela Andaluza de Salud Pública (EASP) (D.P.); Instituto de Investigación Biosanitaria-ibs.GRANADA (D.P.), Granada; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Epidemiología y Salud Pública (CIBERESP) (D.P.), Madrid, Spain; Unit of Cancer Epidemiology (C.S.), Città della Salute e della Scienza University-Hospital, Turin, Italy; Unit of Nutrition and Cancer (R.Z.-R.), Cancer Epidemiology Research Programme, Catalan Institute of Oncology (ICO), Bellvitge Biomedical Research Institute (IDIBELL), Barcelona, Spain; Epidemiology and Prevention Unit (V.P.), Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Nazionale dei Tumori di Milano, Italy; Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics (A.K.H., M.G.), School of Public Health, Imperial College London, United Kingdom; School of Medicine (S. Panico), Federico II University, Naples, Italy; de Salud Pública y Laboral de Navarra (M.G.), Pamplona; Navarra Institute for Health Research (IdiSNA) (M.G.), Pamplona, Spain; Institute for Cancer Research (G.M.), Prevention and Clinical Network (ISPRO), Florence, Italy; Institute of Epidemiology and Social Medicine (C.M.L.), University of Münster, Germany; Ageing Epidemiology Research Unit (AGE) (C.M.L.), School of Public Health, Imperial College London, United Kingdom; and University Medical Centre Utrecht (R.V.), the Netherlands.

Ana Vinagre-Aragon (A)

From the Institute for Risk Assessment Sciences (Y.Z., H.K., S. Peters, R.V.), Utrecht University, the Netherlands; Department of Environmental Health Sciences (Y.L., G.W.M.), Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University, New York, NY; Department of Epidemiology (J.M.H.), Murcia Regional Health Council-IMIB, Murcia; CIBER Epidemiología y Salud Pública (CIBERESP) (J.M.H., M.G.), Madrid; Movement Disorders Unit (A.V.-A.), Department of Neurology, University Hospital Donostia; BioDonostia Health Research Institute (A.V.-A.), Neurodegenerative Diseases Area, San Sebastián, Spain; Division of Cancer Epidemiology (J.A.S.), German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany; Danish Cancer Institute (J.H.), Danish Cancer Society, Copenhagen, Denmark; Escuela Andaluza de Salud Pública (EASP) (D.P.); Instituto de Investigación Biosanitaria-ibs.GRANADA (D.P.), Granada; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Epidemiología y Salud Pública (CIBERESP) (D.P.), Madrid, Spain; Unit of Cancer Epidemiology (C.S.), Città della Salute e della Scienza University-Hospital, Turin, Italy; Unit of Nutrition and Cancer (R.Z.-R.), Cancer Epidemiology Research Programme, Catalan Institute of Oncology (ICO), Bellvitge Biomedical Research Institute (IDIBELL), Barcelona, Spain; Epidemiology and Prevention Unit (V.P.), Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Nazionale dei Tumori di Milano, Italy; Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics (A.K.H., M.G.), School of Public Health, Imperial College London, United Kingdom; School of Medicine (S. Panico), Federico II University, Naples, Italy; de Salud Pública y Laboral de Navarra (M.G.), Pamplona; Navarra Institute for Health Research (IdiSNA) (M.G.), Pamplona, Spain; Institute for Cancer Research (G.M.), Prevention and Clinical Network (ISPRO), Florence, Italy; Institute of Epidemiology and Social Medicine (C.M.L.), University of Münster, Germany; Ageing Epidemiology Research Unit (AGE) (C.M.L.), School of Public Health, Imperial College London, United Kingdom; and University Medical Centre Utrecht (R.V.), the Netherlands.

Jara Anna Sabin (JA)

From the Institute for Risk Assessment Sciences (Y.Z., H.K., S. Peters, R.V.), Utrecht University, the Netherlands; Department of Environmental Health Sciences (Y.L., G.W.M.), Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University, New York, NY; Department of Epidemiology (J.M.H.), Murcia Regional Health Council-IMIB, Murcia; CIBER Epidemiología y Salud Pública (CIBERESP) (J.M.H., M.G.), Madrid; Movement Disorders Unit (A.V.-A.), Department of Neurology, University Hospital Donostia; BioDonostia Health Research Institute (A.V.-A.), Neurodegenerative Diseases Area, San Sebastián, Spain; Division of Cancer Epidemiology (J.A.S.), German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany; Danish Cancer Institute (J.H.), Danish Cancer Society, Copenhagen, Denmark; Escuela Andaluza de Salud Pública (EASP) (D.P.); Instituto de Investigación Biosanitaria-ibs.GRANADA (D.P.), Granada; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Epidemiología y Salud Pública (CIBERESP) (D.P.), Madrid, Spain; Unit of Cancer Epidemiology (C.S.), Città della Salute e della Scienza University-Hospital, Turin, Italy; Unit of Nutrition and Cancer (R.Z.-R.), Cancer Epidemiology Research Programme, Catalan Institute of Oncology (ICO), Bellvitge Biomedical Research Institute (IDIBELL), Barcelona, Spain; Epidemiology and Prevention Unit (V.P.), Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Nazionale dei Tumori di Milano, Italy; Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics (A.K.H., M.G.), School of Public Health, Imperial College London, United Kingdom; School of Medicine (S. Panico), Federico II University, Naples, Italy; de Salud Pública y Laboral de Navarra (M.G.), Pamplona; Navarra Institute for Health Research (IdiSNA) (M.G.), Pamplona, Spain; Institute for Cancer Research (G.M.), Prevention and Clinical Network (ISPRO), Florence, Italy; Institute of Epidemiology and Social Medicine (C.M.L.), University of Münster, Germany; Ageing Epidemiology Research Unit (AGE) (C.M.L.), School of Public Health, Imperial College London, United Kingdom; and University Medical Centre Utrecht (R.V.), the Netherlands.

Johnni Hansen (J)

From the Institute for Risk Assessment Sciences (Y.Z., H.K., S. Peters, R.V.), Utrecht University, the Netherlands; Department of Environmental Health Sciences (Y.L., G.W.M.), Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University, New York, NY; Department of Epidemiology (J.M.H.), Murcia Regional Health Council-IMIB, Murcia; CIBER Epidemiología y Salud Pública (CIBERESP) (J.M.H., M.G.), Madrid; Movement Disorders Unit (A.V.-A.), Department of Neurology, University Hospital Donostia; BioDonostia Health Research Institute (A.V.-A.), Neurodegenerative Diseases Area, San Sebastián, Spain; Division of Cancer Epidemiology (J.A.S.), German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany; Danish Cancer Institute (J.H.), Danish Cancer Society, Copenhagen, Denmark; Escuela Andaluza de Salud Pública (EASP) (D.P.); Instituto de Investigación Biosanitaria-ibs.GRANADA (D.P.), Granada; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Epidemiología y Salud Pública (CIBERESP) (D.P.), Madrid, Spain; Unit of Cancer Epidemiology (C.S.), Città della Salute e della Scienza University-Hospital, Turin, Italy; Unit of Nutrition and Cancer (R.Z.-R.), Cancer Epidemiology Research Programme, Catalan Institute of Oncology (ICO), Bellvitge Biomedical Research Institute (IDIBELL), Barcelona, Spain; Epidemiology and Prevention Unit (V.P.), Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Nazionale dei Tumori di Milano, Italy; Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics (A.K.H., M.G.), School of Public Health, Imperial College London, United Kingdom; School of Medicine (S. Panico), Federico II University, Naples, Italy; de Salud Pública y Laboral de Navarra (M.G.), Pamplona; Navarra Institute for Health Research (IdiSNA) (M.G.), Pamplona, Spain; Institute for Cancer Research (G.M.), Prevention and Clinical Network (ISPRO), Florence, Italy; Institute of Epidemiology and Social Medicine (C.M.L.), University of Münster, Germany; Ageing Epidemiology Research Unit (AGE) (C.M.L.), School of Public Health, Imperial College London, United Kingdom; and University Medical Centre Utrecht (R.V.), the Netherlands.

Dafina Petrova (D)

From the Institute for Risk Assessment Sciences (Y.Z., H.K., S. Peters, R.V.), Utrecht University, the Netherlands; Department of Environmental Health Sciences (Y.L., G.W.M.), Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University, New York, NY; Department of Epidemiology (J.M.H.), Murcia Regional Health Council-IMIB, Murcia; CIBER Epidemiología y Salud Pública (CIBERESP) (J.M.H., M.G.), Madrid; Movement Disorders Unit (A.V.-A.), Department of Neurology, University Hospital Donostia; BioDonostia Health Research Institute (A.V.-A.), Neurodegenerative Diseases Area, San Sebastián, Spain; Division of Cancer Epidemiology (J.A.S.), German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany; Danish Cancer Institute (J.H.), Danish Cancer Society, Copenhagen, Denmark; Escuela Andaluza de Salud Pública (EASP) (D.P.); Instituto de Investigación Biosanitaria-ibs.GRANADA (D.P.), Granada; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Epidemiología y Salud Pública (CIBERESP) (D.P.), Madrid, Spain; Unit of Cancer Epidemiology (C.S.), Città della Salute e della Scienza University-Hospital, Turin, Italy; Unit of Nutrition and Cancer (R.Z.-R.), Cancer Epidemiology Research Programme, Catalan Institute of Oncology (ICO), Bellvitge Biomedical Research Institute (IDIBELL), Barcelona, Spain; Epidemiology and Prevention Unit (V.P.), Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Nazionale dei Tumori di Milano, Italy; Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics (A.K.H., M.G.), School of Public Health, Imperial College London, United Kingdom; School of Medicine (S. Panico), Federico II University, Naples, Italy; de Salud Pública y Laboral de Navarra (M.G.), Pamplona; Navarra Institute for Health Research (IdiSNA) (M.G.), Pamplona, Spain; Institute for Cancer Research (G.M.), Prevention and Clinical Network (ISPRO), Florence, Italy; Institute of Epidemiology and Social Medicine (C.M.L.), University of Münster, Germany; Ageing Epidemiology Research Unit (AGE) (C.M.L.), School of Public Health, Imperial College London, United Kingdom; and University Medical Centre Utrecht (R.V.), the Netherlands.

Carlotta Sacerdote (C)

From the Institute for Risk Assessment Sciences (Y.Z., H.K., S. Peters, R.V.), Utrecht University, the Netherlands; Department of Environmental Health Sciences (Y.L., G.W.M.), Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University, New York, NY; Department of Epidemiology (J.M.H.), Murcia Regional Health Council-IMIB, Murcia; CIBER Epidemiología y Salud Pública (CIBERESP) (J.M.H., M.G.), Madrid; Movement Disorders Unit (A.V.-A.), Department of Neurology, University Hospital Donostia; BioDonostia Health Research Institute (A.V.-A.), Neurodegenerative Diseases Area, San Sebastián, Spain; Division of Cancer Epidemiology (J.A.S.), German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany; Danish Cancer Institute (J.H.), Danish Cancer Society, Copenhagen, Denmark; Escuela Andaluza de Salud Pública (EASP) (D.P.); Instituto de Investigación Biosanitaria-ibs.GRANADA (D.P.), Granada; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Epidemiología y Salud Pública (CIBERESP) (D.P.), Madrid, Spain; Unit of Cancer Epidemiology (C.S.), Città della Salute e della Scienza University-Hospital, Turin, Italy; Unit of Nutrition and Cancer (R.Z.-R.), Cancer Epidemiology Research Programme, Catalan Institute of Oncology (ICO), Bellvitge Biomedical Research Institute (IDIBELL), Barcelona, Spain; Epidemiology and Prevention Unit (V.P.), Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Nazionale dei Tumori di Milano, Italy; Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics (A.K.H., M.G.), School of Public Health, Imperial College London, United Kingdom; School of Medicine (S. Panico), Federico II University, Naples, Italy; de Salud Pública y Laboral de Navarra (M.G.), Pamplona; Navarra Institute for Health Research (IdiSNA) (M.G.), Pamplona, Spain; Institute for Cancer Research (G.M.), Prevention and Clinical Network (ISPRO), Florence, Italy; Institute of Epidemiology and Social Medicine (C.M.L.), University of Münster, Germany; Ageing Epidemiology Research Unit (AGE) (C.M.L.), School of Public Health, Imperial College London, United Kingdom; and University Medical Centre Utrecht (R.V.), the Netherlands.

Raul Zamora-Ros (R)

From the Institute for Risk Assessment Sciences (Y.Z., H.K., S. Peters, R.V.), Utrecht University, the Netherlands; Department of Environmental Health Sciences (Y.L., G.W.M.), Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University, New York, NY; Department of Epidemiology (J.M.H.), Murcia Regional Health Council-IMIB, Murcia; CIBER Epidemiología y Salud Pública (CIBERESP) (J.M.H., M.G.), Madrid; Movement Disorders Unit (A.V.-A.), Department of Neurology, University Hospital Donostia; BioDonostia Health Research Institute (A.V.-A.), Neurodegenerative Diseases Area, San Sebastián, Spain; Division of Cancer Epidemiology (J.A.S.), German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany; Danish Cancer Institute (J.H.), Danish Cancer Society, Copenhagen, Denmark; Escuela Andaluza de Salud Pública (EASP) (D.P.); Instituto de Investigación Biosanitaria-ibs.GRANADA (D.P.), Granada; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Epidemiología y Salud Pública (CIBERESP) (D.P.), Madrid, Spain; Unit of Cancer Epidemiology (C.S.), Città della Salute e della Scienza University-Hospital, Turin, Italy; Unit of Nutrition and Cancer (R.Z.-R.), Cancer Epidemiology Research Programme, Catalan Institute of Oncology (ICO), Bellvitge Biomedical Research Institute (IDIBELL), Barcelona, Spain; Epidemiology and Prevention Unit (V.P.), Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Nazionale dei Tumori di Milano, Italy; Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics (A.K.H., M.G.), School of Public Health, Imperial College London, United Kingdom; School of Medicine (S. Panico), Federico II University, Naples, Italy; de Salud Pública y Laboral de Navarra (M.G.), Pamplona; Navarra Institute for Health Research (IdiSNA) (M.G.), Pamplona, Spain; Institute for Cancer Research (G.M.), Prevention and Clinical Network (ISPRO), Florence, Italy; Institute of Epidemiology and Social Medicine (C.M.L.), University of Münster, Germany; Ageing Epidemiology Research Unit (AGE) (C.M.L.), School of Public Health, Imperial College London, United Kingdom; and University Medical Centre Utrecht (R.V.), the Netherlands.

Valeria Pala (V)

From the Institute for Risk Assessment Sciences (Y.Z., H.K., S. Peters, R.V.), Utrecht University, the Netherlands; Department of Environmental Health Sciences (Y.L., G.W.M.), Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University, New York, NY; Department of Epidemiology (J.M.H.), Murcia Regional Health Council-IMIB, Murcia; CIBER Epidemiología y Salud Pública (CIBERESP) (J.M.H., M.G.), Madrid; Movement Disorders Unit (A.V.-A.), Department of Neurology, University Hospital Donostia; BioDonostia Health Research Institute (A.V.-A.), Neurodegenerative Diseases Area, San Sebastián, Spain; Division of Cancer Epidemiology (J.A.S.), German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany; Danish Cancer Institute (J.H.), Danish Cancer Society, Copenhagen, Denmark; Escuela Andaluza de Salud Pública (EASP) (D.P.); Instituto de Investigación Biosanitaria-ibs.GRANADA (D.P.), Granada; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Epidemiología y Salud Pública (CIBERESP) (D.P.), Madrid, Spain; Unit of Cancer Epidemiology (C.S.), Città della Salute e della Scienza University-Hospital, Turin, Italy; Unit of Nutrition and Cancer (R.Z.-R.), Cancer Epidemiology Research Programme, Catalan Institute of Oncology (ICO), Bellvitge Biomedical Research Institute (IDIBELL), Barcelona, Spain; Epidemiology and Prevention Unit (V.P.), Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Nazionale dei Tumori di Milano, Italy; Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics (A.K.H., M.G.), School of Public Health, Imperial College London, United Kingdom; School of Medicine (S. Panico), Federico II University, Naples, Italy; de Salud Pública y Laboral de Navarra (M.G.), Pamplona; Navarra Institute for Health Research (IdiSNA) (M.G.), Pamplona, Spain; Institute for Cancer Research (G.M.), Prevention and Clinical Network (ISPRO), Florence, Italy; Institute of Epidemiology and Social Medicine (C.M.L.), University of Münster, Germany; Ageing Epidemiology Research Unit (AGE) (C.M.L.), School of Public Health, Imperial College London, United Kingdom; and University Medical Centre Utrecht (R.V.), the Netherlands.

Alicia K Heath (AK)

From the Institute for Risk Assessment Sciences (Y.Z., H.K., S. Peters, R.V.), Utrecht University, the Netherlands; Department of Environmental Health Sciences (Y.L., G.W.M.), Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University, New York, NY; Department of Epidemiology (J.M.H.), Murcia Regional Health Council-IMIB, Murcia; CIBER Epidemiología y Salud Pública (CIBERESP) (J.M.H., M.G.), Madrid; Movement Disorders Unit (A.V.-A.), Department of Neurology, University Hospital Donostia; BioDonostia Health Research Institute (A.V.-A.), Neurodegenerative Diseases Area, San Sebastián, Spain; Division of Cancer Epidemiology (J.A.S.), German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany; Danish Cancer Institute (J.H.), Danish Cancer Society, Copenhagen, Denmark; Escuela Andaluza de Salud Pública (EASP) (D.P.); Instituto de Investigación Biosanitaria-ibs.GRANADA (D.P.), Granada; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Epidemiología y Salud Pública (CIBERESP) (D.P.), Madrid, Spain; Unit of Cancer Epidemiology (C.S.), Città della Salute e della Scienza University-Hospital, Turin, Italy; Unit of Nutrition and Cancer (R.Z.-R.), Cancer Epidemiology Research Programme, Catalan Institute of Oncology (ICO), Bellvitge Biomedical Research Institute (IDIBELL), Barcelona, Spain; Epidemiology and Prevention Unit (V.P.), Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Nazionale dei Tumori di Milano, Italy; Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics (A.K.H., M.G.), School of Public Health, Imperial College London, United Kingdom; School of Medicine (S. Panico), Federico II University, Naples, Italy; de Salud Pública y Laboral de Navarra (M.G.), Pamplona; Navarra Institute for Health Research (IdiSNA) (M.G.), Pamplona, Spain; Institute for Cancer Research (G.M.), Prevention and Clinical Network (ISPRO), Florence, Italy; Institute of Epidemiology and Social Medicine (C.M.L.), University of Münster, Germany; Ageing Epidemiology Research Unit (AGE) (C.M.L.), School of Public Health, Imperial College London, United Kingdom; and University Medical Centre Utrecht (R.V.), the Netherlands.

Salvatore Panico (S)

From the Institute for Risk Assessment Sciences (Y.Z., H.K., S. Peters, R.V.), Utrecht University, the Netherlands; Department of Environmental Health Sciences (Y.L., G.W.M.), Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University, New York, NY; Department of Epidemiology (J.M.H.), Murcia Regional Health Council-IMIB, Murcia; CIBER Epidemiología y Salud Pública (CIBERESP) (J.M.H., M.G.), Madrid; Movement Disorders Unit (A.V.-A.), Department of Neurology, University Hospital Donostia; BioDonostia Health Research Institute (A.V.-A.), Neurodegenerative Diseases Area, San Sebastián, Spain; Division of Cancer Epidemiology (J.A.S.), German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany; Danish Cancer Institute (J.H.), Danish Cancer Society, Copenhagen, Denmark; Escuela Andaluza de Salud Pública (EASP) (D.P.); Instituto de Investigación Biosanitaria-ibs.GRANADA (D.P.), Granada; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Epidemiología y Salud Pública (CIBERESP) (D.P.), Madrid, Spain; Unit of Cancer Epidemiology (C.S.), Città della Salute e della Scienza University-Hospital, Turin, Italy; Unit of Nutrition and Cancer (R.Z.-R.), Cancer Epidemiology Research Programme, Catalan Institute of Oncology (ICO), Bellvitge Biomedical Research Institute (IDIBELL), Barcelona, Spain; Epidemiology and Prevention Unit (V.P.), Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Nazionale dei Tumori di Milano, Italy; Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics (A.K.H., M.G.), School of Public Health, Imperial College London, United Kingdom; School of Medicine (S. Panico), Federico II University, Naples, Italy; de Salud Pública y Laboral de Navarra (M.G.), Pamplona; Navarra Institute for Health Research (IdiSNA) (M.G.), Pamplona, Spain; Institute for Cancer Research (G.M.), Prevention and Clinical Network (ISPRO), Florence, Italy; Institute of Epidemiology and Social Medicine (C.M.L.), University of Münster, Germany; Ageing Epidemiology Research Unit (AGE) (C.M.L.), School of Public Health, Imperial College London, United Kingdom; and University Medical Centre Utrecht (R.V.), the Netherlands.
ORCID: 0000-0002-5498-8312

Marcela Guevara (M)

From the Institute for Risk Assessment Sciences (Y.Z., H.K., S. Peters, R.V.), Utrecht University, the Netherlands; Department of Environmental Health Sciences (Y.L., G.W.M.), Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University, New York, NY; Department of Epidemiology (J.M.H.), Murcia Regional Health Council-IMIB, Murcia; CIBER Epidemiología y Salud Pública (CIBERESP) (J.M.H., M.G.), Madrid; Movement Disorders Unit (A.V.-A.), Department of Neurology, University Hospital Donostia; BioDonostia Health Research Institute (A.V.-A.), Neurodegenerative Diseases Area, San Sebastián, Spain; Division of Cancer Epidemiology (J.A.S.), German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany; Danish Cancer Institute (J.H.), Danish Cancer Society, Copenhagen, Denmark; Escuela Andaluza de Salud Pública (EASP) (D.P.); Instituto de Investigación Biosanitaria-ibs.GRANADA (D.P.), Granada; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Epidemiología y Salud Pública (CIBERESP) (D.P.), Madrid, Spain; Unit of Cancer Epidemiology (C.S.), Città della Salute e della Scienza University-Hospital, Turin, Italy; Unit of Nutrition and Cancer (R.Z.-R.), Cancer Epidemiology Research Programme, Catalan Institute of Oncology (ICO), Bellvitge Biomedical Research Institute (IDIBELL), Barcelona, Spain; Epidemiology and Prevention Unit (V.P.), Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Nazionale dei Tumori di Milano, Italy; Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics (A.K.H., M.G.), School of Public Health, Imperial College London, United Kingdom; School of Medicine (S. Panico), Federico II University, Naples, Italy; de Salud Pública y Laboral de Navarra (M.G.), Pamplona; Navarra Institute for Health Research (IdiSNA) (M.G.), Pamplona, Spain; Institute for Cancer Research (G.M.), Prevention and Clinical Network (ISPRO), Florence, Italy; Institute of Epidemiology and Social Medicine (C.M.L.), University of Münster, Germany; Ageing Epidemiology Research Unit (AGE) (C.M.L.), School of Public Health, Imperial College London, United Kingdom; and University Medical Centre Utrecht (R.V.), the Netherlands.

Giovanna Masala (G)

From the Institute for Risk Assessment Sciences (Y.Z., H.K., S. Peters, R.V.), Utrecht University, the Netherlands; Department of Environmental Health Sciences (Y.L., G.W.M.), Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University, New York, NY; Department of Epidemiology (J.M.H.), Murcia Regional Health Council-IMIB, Murcia; CIBER Epidemiología y Salud Pública (CIBERESP) (J.M.H., M.G.), Madrid; Movement Disorders Unit (A.V.-A.), Department of Neurology, University Hospital Donostia; BioDonostia Health Research Institute (A.V.-A.), Neurodegenerative Diseases Area, San Sebastián, Spain; Division of Cancer Epidemiology (J.A.S.), German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany; Danish Cancer Institute (J.H.), Danish Cancer Society, Copenhagen, Denmark; Escuela Andaluza de Salud Pública (EASP) (D.P.); Instituto de Investigación Biosanitaria-ibs.GRANADA (D.P.), Granada; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Epidemiología y Salud Pública (CIBERESP) (D.P.), Madrid, Spain; Unit of Cancer Epidemiology (C.S.), Città della Salute e della Scienza University-Hospital, Turin, Italy; Unit of Nutrition and Cancer (R.Z.-R.), Cancer Epidemiology Research Programme, Catalan Institute of Oncology (ICO), Bellvitge Biomedical Research Institute (IDIBELL), Barcelona, Spain; Epidemiology and Prevention Unit (V.P.), Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Nazionale dei Tumori di Milano, Italy; Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics (A.K.H., M.G.), School of Public Health, Imperial College London, United Kingdom; School of Medicine (S. Panico), Federico II University, Naples, Italy; de Salud Pública y Laboral de Navarra (M.G.), Pamplona; Navarra Institute for Health Research (IdiSNA) (M.G.), Pamplona, Spain; Institute for Cancer Research (G.M.), Prevention and Clinical Network (ISPRO), Florence, Italy; Institute of Epidemiology and Social Medicine (C.M.L.), University of Münster, Germany; Ageing Epidemiology Research Unit (AGE) (C.M.L.), School of Public Health, Imperial College London, United Kingdom; and University Medical Centre Utrecht (R.V.), the Netherlands.

Christina M Lill (CM)

From the Institute for Risk Assessment Sciences (Y.Z., H.K., S. Peters, R.V.), Utrecht University, the Netherlands; Department of Environmental Health Sciences (Y.L., G.W.M.), Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University, New York, NY; Department of Epidemiology (J.M.H.), Murcia Regional Health Council-IMIB, Murcia; CIBER Epidemiología y Salud Pública (CIBERESP) (J.M.H., M.G.), Madrid; Movement Disorders Unit (A.V.-A.), Department of Neurology, University Hospital Donostia; BioDonostia Health Research Institute (A.V.-A.), Neurodegenerative Diseases Area, San Sebastián, Spain; Division of Cancer Epidemiology (J.A.S.), German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany; Danish Cancer Institute (J.H.), Danish Cancer Society, Copenhagen, Denmark; Escuela Andaluza de Salud Pública (EASP) (D.P.); Instituto de Investigación Biosanitaria-ibs.GRANADA (D.P.), Granada; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Epidemiología y Salud Pública (CIBERESP) (D.P.), Madrid, Spain; Unit of Cancer Epidemiology (C.S.), Città della Salute e della Scienza University-Hospital, Turin, Italy; Unit of Nutrition and Cancer (R.Z.-R.), Cancer Epidemiology Research Programme, Catalan Institute of Oncology (ICO), Bellvitge Biomedical Research Institute (IDIBELL), Barcelona, Spain; Epidemiology and Prevention Unit (V.P.), Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Nazionale dei Tumori di Milano, Italy; Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics (A.K.H., M.G.), School of Public Health, Imperial College London, United Kingdom; School of Medicine (S. Panico), Federico II University, Naples, Italy; de Salud Pública y Laboral de Navarra (M.G.), Pamplona; Navarra Institute for Health Research (IdiSNA) (M.G.), Pamplona, Spain; Institute for Cancer Research (G.M.), Prevention and Clinical Network (ISPRO), Florence, Italy; Institute of Epidemiology and Social Medicine (C.M.L.), University of Münster, Germany; Ageing Epidemiology Research Unit (AGE) (C.M.L.), School of Public Health, Imperial College London, United Kingdom; and University Medical Centre Utrecht (R.V.), the Netherlands.
ORCID: 0000-0002-2805-1307

Gary W Miller (GW)

From the Institute for Risk Assessment Sciences (Y.Z., H.K., S. Peters, R.V.), Utrecht University, the Netherlands; Department of Environmental Health Sciences (Y.L., G.W.M.), Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University, New York, NY; Department of Epidemiology (J.M.H.), Murcia Regional Health Council-IMIB, Murcia; CIBER Epidemiología y Salud Pública (CIBERESP) (J.M.H., M.G.), Madrid; Movement Disorders Unit (A.V.-A.), Department of Neurology, University Hospital Donostia; BioDonostia Health Research Institute (A.V.-A.), Neurodegenerative Diseases Area, San Sebastián, Spain; Division of Cancer Epidemiology (J.A.S.), German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany; Danish Cancer Institute (J.H.), Danish Cancer Society, Copenhagen, Denmark; Escuela Andaluza de Salud Pública (EASP) (D.P.); Instituto de Investigación Biosanitaria-ibs.GRANADA (D.P.), Granada; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Epidemiología y Salud Pública (CIBERESP) (D.P.), Madrid, Spain; Unit of Cancer Epidemiology (C.S.), Città della Salute e della Scienza University-Hospital, Turin, Italy; Unit of Nutrition and Cancer (R.Z.-R.), Cancer Epidemiology Research Programme, Catalan Institute of Oncology (ICO), Bellvitge Biomedical Research Institute (IDIBELL), Barcelona, Spain; Epidemiology and Prevention Unit (V.P.), Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Nazionale dei Tumori di Milano, Italy; Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics (A.K.H., M.G.), School of Public Health, Imperial College London, United Kingdom; School of Medicine (S. Panico), Federico II University, Naples, Italy; de Salud Pública y Laboral de Navarra (M.G.), Pamplona; Navarra Institute for Health Research (IdiSNA) (M.G.), Pamplona, Spain; Institute for Cancer Research (G.M.), Prevention and Clinical Network (ISPRO), Florence, Italy; Institute of Epidemiology and Social Medicine (C.M.L.), University of Münster, Germany; Ageing Epidemiology Research Unit (AGE) (C.M.L.), School of Public Health, Imperial College London, United Kingdom; and University Medical Centre Utrecht (R.V.), the Netherlands.

Susan Peters (S)

From the Institute for Risk Assessment Sciences (Y.Z., H.K., S. Peters, R.V.), Utrecht University, the Netherlands; Department of Environmental Health Sciences (Y.L., G.W.M.), Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University, New York, NY; Department of Epidemiology (J.M.H.), Murcia Regional Health Council-IMIB, Murcia; CIBER Epidemiología y Salud Pública (CIBERESP) (J.M.H., M.G.), Madrid; Movement Disorders Unit (A.V.-A.), Department of Neurology, University Hospital Donostia; BioDonostia Health Research Institute (A.V.-A.), Neurodegenerative Diseases Area, San Sebastián, Spain; Division of Cancer Epidemiology (J.A.S.), German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany; Danish Cancer Institute (J.H.), Danish Cancer Society, Copenhagen, Denmark; Escuela Andaluza de Salud Pública (EASP) (D.P.); Instituto de Investigación Biosanitaria-ibs.GRANADA (D.P.), Granada; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Epidemiología y Salud Pública (CIBERESP) (D.P.), Madrid, Spain; Unit of Cancer Epidemiology (C.S.), Città della Salute e della Scienza University-Hospital, Turin, Italy; Unit of Nutrition and Cancer (R.Z.-R.), Cancer Epidemiology Research Programme, Catalan Institute of Oncology (ICO), Bellvitge Biomedical Research Institute (IDIBELL), Barcelona, Spain; Epidemiology and Prevention Unit (V.P.), Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Nazionale dei Tumori di Milano, Italy; Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics (A.K.H., M.G.), School of Public Health, Imperial College London, United Kingdom; School of Medicine (S. Panico), Federico II University, Naples, Italy; de Salud Pública y Laboral de Navarra (M.G.), Pamplona; Navarra Institute for Health Research (IdiSNA) (M.G.), Pamplona, Spain; Institute for Cancer Research (G.M.), Prevention and Clinical Network (ISPRO), Florence, Italy; Institute of Epidemiology and Social Medicine (C.M.L.), University of Münster, Germany; Ageing Epidemiology Research Unit (AGE) (C.M.L.), School of Public Health, Imperial College London, United Kingdom; and University Medical Centre Utrecht (R.V.), the Netherlands.
ORCID: 0000-0001-5662-1971

Roel Vermeulen (R)

From the Institute for Risk Assessment Sciences (Y.Z., H.K., S. Peters, R.V.), Utrecht University, the Netherlands; Department of Environmental Health Sciences (Y.L., G.W.M.), Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University, New York, NY; Department of Epidemiology (J.M.H.), Murcia Regional Health Council-IMIB, Murcia; CIBER Epidemiología y Salud Pública (CIBERESP) (J.M.H., M.G.), Madrid; Movement Disorders Unit (A.V.-A.), Department of Neurology, University Hospital Donostia; BioDonostia Health Research Institute (A.V.-A.), Neurodegenerative Diseases Area, San Sebastián, Spain; Division of Cancer Epidemiology (J.A.S.), German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany; Danish Cancer Institute (J.H.), Danish Cancer Society, Copenhagen, Denmark; Escuela Andaluza de Salud Pública (EASP) (D.P.); Instituto de Investigación Biosanitaria-ibs.GRANADA (D.P.), Granada; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Epidemiología y Salud Pública (CIBERESP) (D.P.), Madrid, Spain; Unit of Cancer Epidemiology (C.S.), Città della Salute e della Scienza University-Hospital, Turin, Italy; Unit of Nutrition and Cancer (R.Z.-R.), Cancer Epidemiology Research Programme, Catalan Institute of Oncology (ICO), Bellvitge Biomedical Research Institute (IDIBELL), Barcelona, Spain; Epidemiology and Prevention Unit (V.P.), Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Nazionale dei Tumori di Milano, Italy; Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics (A.K.H., M.G.), School of Public Health, Imperial College London, United Kingdom; School of Medicine (S. Panico), Federico II University, Naples, Italy; de Salud Pública y Laboral de Navarra (M.G.), Pamplona; Navarra Institute for Health Research (IdiSNA) (M.G.), Pamplona, Spain; Institute for Cancer Research (G.M.), Prevention and Clinical Network (ISPRO), Florence, Italy; Institute of Epidemiology and Social Medicine (C.M.L.), University of Münster, Germany; Ageing Epidemiology Research Unit (AGE) (C.M.L.), School of Public Health, Imperial College London, United Kingdom; and University Medical Centre Utrecht (R.V.), the Netherlands.

Classifications MeSH