ORCA-EFCD consensus report on clinical recommendation for caries diagnosis. Paper I: caries lesion detection and depth assessment.

Adjunct methods Assessment Bitewing radiography Caries detection Dental radiography Diagnosis Laser fluorescence Visual examination

Journal

Clinical oral investigations
ISSN: 1436-3771
Titre abrégé: Clin Oral Investig
Pays: Germany
ID NLM: 9707115

Informations de publication

Date de publication:
22 Mar 2024
Historique:
received: 14 12 2023
accepted: 29 02 2024
medline: 22 3 2024
pubmed: 22 3 2024
entrez: 22 3 2024
Statut: epublish

Résumé

The aim of the present consensus paper was to provide recommendations for clinical practice considering the use of visual examination, dental radiography and adjunct methods for primary caries detection. The executive councils of the European Organisation for Caries Research (ORCA) and the European Federation of Conservative Dentistry (EFCD) nominated ten experts each to join the expert panel. The steering committee formed three work groups that were asked to provide recommendations on (1) caries detection and diagnostic methods, (2) caries activity assessment and (3) forming individualised caries diagnoses. The experts responsible for "caries detection and diagnostic methods" searched and evaluated the relevant literature, drafted this manuscript and made provisional consensus recommendations. These recommendations were discussed and refined during the structured process in the whole work group. Finally, the agreement for each recommendation was determined using an anonymous Delphi survey. Recommendations (N = 8) were approved and agreed upon by the whole expert panel: visual examination (N = 3), dental radiography (N = 3) and additional diagnostic methods (N = 2). While the quality of evidence was found to be heterogeneous, all recommendations were agreed upon by the expert panel. Visual examination is recommended as the first-choice method for the detection and assessment of caries lesions on accessible surfaces. Intraoral radiography, preferably bitewing, is recommended as an additional method. Adjunct, non-ionising radiation methods might also be useful in certain clinical situations. The expert panel merged evidence from the scientific literature with practical considerations and provided recommendations for their use in daily dental practice.

Identifiants

DOI: 10.1007/s00784-024-05597-3 PMID: 38514502
pubmed: 38514502
doi: 10.1007/s00784-024-05597-3
pii: 10.1007/s00784-024-05597-3
doi:

Types de publication

Letter

Langues

eng

Pagination

227

Informations de copyright

© 2024. The Author(s).

Références

Neuhaus KW, Kühnisch J, Banerjee A, Martignon S, Ricketts D, Schwendicke F, van der Veen MH, Doméjean S, Fontana M, Lussi A, Jablonski-Momeni A, Mendes FM, Douglas GVA, Schmalz G, Campus G, Aps J, Horner K, Opdam N, Huysmans MCDNJM, Splieth C (2024) : How to assess caries lesion activity and caries progression? A joint ORCA and EFCD expert Delphi consensus statement. Caries Res submitted
Huysmans MCDNJM, Fontana M, Lussi A, Jablonski-Momeni A, Banerjee A, Ricketts D, Schwendicke F, Mendes FM, Douglas G, Schmalz G, Campus G, Aps JKM, Horner K, Neuhaus K, van der Veen M, Opdam N, Domejean S, Martignon S, Kühnisch J, Splieth C (2024) : Recommendations on caries diagnosis at the individual level. An ORCA/EFCD consensus document. Caries Res submitted
Machiulskiene V, Campus G, Carvalho JC, Dige I, Ekstrand KR, Jablonski-Momeni A, Maltz M, Manton DJ, Martignon S, Martinez-Mier EA, Pitts NB, Schulte AG, Splieth CH, Tenuta LMA, Ferreira Zandona A, Nyvad B (2020) Terminology of Dental Caries and Dental Caries Management: Consensus Report of a Workshop Organized by ORCA and Cariology Research Group of IADR. Caries Res 54:7–14
pubmed: 31590168 doi: 10.1159/000503309
Paris S, Banerjee A, Bottenberg P, Breschi L, Campus G, Doméjean S, Ekstrand K, Giacaman RA, Haak R, Hannig M, Hickel R, Juric H, Lussi A, Machiulskiene V, Manton D, Jablonski-Momeni A, Santamaria R, Schwendicke F, Splieth CH, Tassery H, Zandona A, Zero D, Zimmer S, Opdam N (2020) How to intervene in the Caries process in older adults: a joint ORCA and EFCD Expert Delphi Consensus Statement. Caries Res 54:1–7
pubmed: 33291110 doi: 10.1159/000510843
Santamaría RM, Abudrya MH, Gül G, Mourad MS, Gomez GF, Zandona AGF (2020) How to intervene in the Caries process: Dentin Caries in primary teeth. Caries Res 54:306–323
pubmed: 32854105 doi: 10.1159/000508899
Schwendicke F, Splieth CH, Bottenberg P, Breschi L, Campus G, Doméjean S, Ekstrand K, Giacaman RA, Haak R, Hannig M, Hickel R, Juric H, Lussi A, Machiulskiene V, Manton D, Jablonski-Momeni A, Opdam N, Paris S, Santamaria R, Tassery H, Zandona A, Zero D, Zimmer S, Banerjee A (2020) How to intervene in the caries process in adults: proximal and secondary caries? An EFCD-ORCA-DGZ expert Delphi consensus statement. Clin Oral Investig 24:3315–3321
pubmed: 32643090 doi: 10.1007/s00784-020-03431-0
Splieth CH, Banerjee A, Bottenberg P, Breschi L, Campus G, Ekstrand KR, Giacaman RA, Haak R, Hannig M, Hickel R, Juric H, Lussi A, Machiulskiene V, Manton DJ, Jablonski-Momeni A, Opdam NJM, Paris S, Santamaría RM, Schwendicke F, Tassery H, Ferreira Zandona A, Zero DT, Zimmer S, Doméjean S (2020) How to intervene in the Caries process in children: a joint ORCA and EFCD Expert Delphi Consensus Statement. Caries Res 54:297–305
pubmed: 32610317 doi: 10.1159/000507692
Askar H, Krois J, Göstemeyer G, Bottenberg P, Zero D, Banerjee A, Schwendicke F (2020) Secondary caries: what is it, and how it can be controlled, detected, and managed? Clin Oral Investig 24:1869–1876
pubmed: 32300980 doi: 10.1007/s00784-020-03268-7
Splieth CH, Kanzow P, Wiegand A, Schmoeckel J, Jablonski-Momeni A (2020) How to intervene in the caries process: proximal caries in adolescents and adults-a systematic review and meta-analysis. Clin Oral Investig 24:1623–1636
pubmed: 32306093 doi: 10.1007/s00784-020-03201-y
Meyer-Lueckel H, Machiulskiene V, Giacaman RA (2019) How to intervene in the Root caries process? Systematic review and Meta-analyses. Caries Res 53:599–608
pubmed: 31412343 doi: 10.1159/000501588
Moher D, Schulz KF, Simera I, Altman DG (2010) Guidance for developers of health research reporting guidelines. PLoS Med 7:e1000217
pubmed: 20169112 pmcid: 2821895 doi: 10.1371/journal.pmed.1000217
Ismail AI, Sohn W, Tellez M, Amaya A, Sen A, Hasson H, Pitts NB (2007) The International Caries Detection and Assessment System (ICDAS): an integrated system for measuring dental caries. Community Dent Oral Epidemiol 35:170–178
pubmed: 17518963 doi: 10.1111/j.1600-0528.2007.00347.x
Pitts N (ed) (2009) Detection
Ekstrand KR, Gimenez T, Ferreira FR, Mendes FM, Braga MM (2018) The International Caries Detection and Assessment System - ICDAS: a systematic review. Caries Res 52:406–419
pubmed: 29518788 doi: 10.1159/000486429
ElSalhy M, Ali U, Lai H, Flores-Mir C, Amin M (2019) Caries reporting in studies that used the International Caries Detection and Assessment System: a scoping review. Community Dent Oral Epidemiol 47:92–102
pubmed: 30334280 doi: 10.1111/cdoe.12430
Foros P, Oikonomou E, Koletsi D, Rahiotis C (2021) Detection methods for early caries diagnosis: a systematic review and Meta-analysis. Caries Res 15:1–13
Gomez J, Tellez M, Pretty IA, Ellwood RP, Ismail AI (2013) Non-cavitated carious lesions detection methods: a systematic review. Community Dent Oral Epidemiol 41:54–66
pubmed: 25180412 doi: 10.1111/cdoe.12021
Gimenez T, Piovesan C, Braga MM, Raggio DP, Deery C, Ricketts DN, Ekstrand KR, Mendes FM (2015) Visual inspection for Caries Detection: a systematic review and Meta-analysis. J Dent Res 94:895–904
pubmed: 25994176 doi: 10.1177/0022034515586763
Ekstrand KR, Ricketts DN, Kidd EA (1997) Reproducibility and accuracy of three methods for assessment of demineralization depth of the occlusal surface: an in vitro examination. Caries Res 31:224–231
pubmed: 9165195 doi: 10.1159/000262404
Nyvad B, Machiulskiene V, Baelum V (1999) Reliability of a new caries diagnostic system differentiating between active and inactive caries lesions. Caries Res 33:252–260
pubmed: 10343087 doi: 10.1159/000016526
Kühnisch J, Goddon I, Berger S, Senkel H, Bücher K, Oehme T, Hickel R, Heinrich-Weltzien R (2009) Development, Methodology and potential of the New Universal Visual Scoring System (UniViSS) for Caries Detection and diagnosis. Int J Environ Res Public Health 6:2500–2509
pubmed: 19826559 pmcid: 2760425 doi: 10.3390/ijerph6092500
Kühnisch J, Bücher K, Henschel V, Albrecht A, Garcia-Godoy F, Mansmann U, Hickel R, Heinrich-Weltzien R (2011) Diagnostic performance of the Universal Visual Scoring System (UniViSS) on occlusal surfaces. Clin Oral Investig 15:215–223
pubmed: 20221780 doi: 10.1007/s00784-010-0390-1
Frencken JE, de Amorim RG, Faber J, Leal SC (2011) The Caries Assessment Spectrum and Treatment (CAST) index: rational and development. Int Dent J 61:117–123
pubmed: 21692781 doi: 10.1111/j.1875-595X.2011.00022.x
Martignon S, Pitts NB, Goffin G, Mazevet M, Douglas GVA, Newton JT, Twetman S, Deery C, Doméjean S, Jablonski-Momeni A, Banerjee A, Kolker J, Ricketts D, Santamaria RM (2019) CariesCare practice guide: consensus on evidence into practice. Br Dent J 227:353–362
pubmed: 31520031 doi: 10.1038/s41415-019-0678-8
Pitts NB, Banerjee A, Mazevet ME, Goffin G, Martignon S (2021) From ‘ICDAS’ to ‘CariesCare International’: the 20-year journey building international consensus to take caries evidence into clinical practice. Br Dent J 231:769–774
pubmed: 34921275 pmcid: 8680063 doi: 10.1038/s41415-021-3732-2
Bader JD, Shugars DA, Bonito AJ (2002) A systematic review of the performance of methods for identifying carious lesions. J Public Health Dent 62:201–213
pubmed: 12474624 doi: 10.1111/j.1752-7325.2002.tb03446.x
Gimenez T, Piovesan C, Braga MM, Raggio DP, Deery C, Ricketts DN, Ekstrand KR, Mendes FM (2015) Clinical relevance of studies on the accuracy of visual inspection for detecting caries lesions: a systematic review. Caries Res 49:91–98
pubmed: 25571967 doi: 10.1159/000365948
Gimenez T, Tedesco TK, Janoian F, Braga MM, Raggio DP, Deery C, Ricketts DNJ, Ekstrand KR, Mendes FM (2021) What is the most accurate method for detecting caries lesions? A systematic review. Community Dent Oral Epidemiol 49:216–224
pubmed: 33847007 doi: 10.1111/cdoe.12641
Macey R, Walsh T, Riley P, Glenny AM, Worthington HV, O’Malley L, Clarkson JE, Ricketts D (2021) Visual or visual-tactile examination to detect and inform the diagnosis of enamel caries. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 14:CD014546
Kapor S, Rankovic MJ, Khazaei Y, Crispin A, Schüler I, Krause F, Lussi A, Neuhaus K, Eggmann F, Michou S, Ekstrand K, Huysmans MC, Kühnisch J (2021) Systematic review and meta-analysis of diagnostic methods for occlusal surface caries. Clin Oral Investig 25:4801–4815
pubmed: 34128130 pmcid: 8342337 doi: 10.1007/s00784-021-04024-1
Janjic Rankovic M, Kapor S, Khazaei Y, Crispin A, Schüler I, Krause F, Ekstrand K, Michou S, Eggmann F, Lussi A, Huysmans M-C, Neuhaus K, Kühnisch J (2021) Systematic review and meta-analysis of caries diagnostic studies on proximal surfaces. Clin Oral Investig 25:6069–6079
pubmed: 34480645 pmcid: 8531083 doi: 10.1007/s00784-021-04113-1
Kühnisch J, Janjic Rankovic M, Kapor S, Schüler I, Krause F, Michou S, Ekstrand K, Eggmann F, Lussi A, Neuhaus K, Huysmans MC (2021) Identifying and avoiding risk of bias in caries diagnostic studies. J Clin Med 10:3223
pubmed: 34362007 pmcid: 8347423 doi: 10.3390/jcm10153223
Goel D, Sandhu M, Jhingan P, Sachdev V (2016) Effectiveness of Air Drying and Magnification methods for detecting initial caries on Occlusal surfaces using three different diagnostic aids. J Clin Pediatr Dent 40:221–226
pubmed: 27472570 doi: 10.17796/1053-4628-40.3.221
Neuhaus KW, Jost F, Perrin P, Lussi A (2015) Impact of different magnification levels on visual caries detection with ICDAS. J Dent 43:1559–1564
pubmed: 26366524 doi: 10.1016/j.jdent.2015.09.002
Bottenberg P, Jacquet W, Behrens C, Stachniss V, Jablonski-Momeni A (2016) Comparison of occlusal caries detection using the ICDAS criteria on extracted teeth or their photographs. BMC Oral Health 16:93
pubmed: 27604238 pmcid: 5015202 doi: 10.1186/s12903-016-0291-z
International Atomic Energy Agency, Radiation Protection in Dental Radiology (2022) Safety Report Series No. 108, IAEA, Vienna. https://www-pub.iaea.org/MTCD/Publications/PDF/PUB1972_Web.pdf
Van Acker JWG, Pauwels NS, Cauwels RGEC, Rajasekharan S (2020) Outcomes of different radioprotective precautions in children undergoing dental radiography: a systematic review. Eur Arch Paediatr Dent 21:463–508
pubmed: 32557182 doi: 10.1007/s40368-020-00544-8
Gaalaas L, Tyndall D, Mol A, Everett ET, Bangdiwala A (2016) Ex vivo evaluation of new 2D and 3D dental radiographic technology for detecting caries. Dentomaxillofac Radiol 45:20150281
pubmed: 26670605 pmcid: 4846148 doi: 10.1259/dmfr.20150281
Kamburoglu K, Kolsuz E, Murat S, Yüksel S, Ozen T (2012) Proximal caries detection accuracy using intraoral bitewing radiography, extraoral bitewing radiography and panoramic radiography. Dentomaxillofac Radiol 41:450–459
pubmed: 22868296 pmcid: 3520392 doi: 10.1259/dmfr/30526171
Terry GL, Noujeim M, Langlais RP, Moore WS, Prihoda TJ (2016) A clinical comparison of extraoral panoramic and intraoral radiographic modalities for detecting proximal caries and visualizing open posterior interproximal contacts. Dentomaxillofac Radiol 45:20150159
pubmed: 26869221 pmcid: 4846168 doi: 10.1259/dmfr.20150159
Abu El-Ela WH, Farid MM, Mostafa MS (2016) Intraoral versus extraoral bitewing radiography in detection of enamel proximal caries: an ex vivo study. Dentomaxillofac Radiol 45:20150326
pubmed: 26892946 pmcid: 4846173 doi: 10.1259/dmfr.20150326
Abdinian M, Razavi SM, Faghihian R, Samety AA, Faghihian E (2015) Accuracy of Digital Bitewing Radiography versus different views of Digital Panoramic Radiography for Detection of Proximal Caries. J Dent (Tehran) 2:290–297
Putra RH, Doi C, Yoda N, Astuti ER, Sasaki K (2022) Current applications and development of artificial intelligence for digital dental radiography. Dentomaxillofac Radiol 51:20210197
pubmed: 34233515 pmcid: 8693331 doi: 10.1259/dmfr.20210197
Schmalz G, Jakubovics N, Schwendicke F (2022) Normative approaches for oral health: Standards, specifications, and guidelines. J Dent Res 101:489–494
pubmed: 34689656 doi: 10.1177/00220345211049695
Schwendicke F, Cejudo Grano de Oro J, Garcia Cantu A, Meyer-Lueckel H, Chaurasia A, Krois J (2022) Artificial Intelligence for Caries Detection: value of data and information. J Dent Res 101:1350–1356
pubmed: 35996332 doi: 10.1177/00220345221113756
Schwendicke F, Büttner M (2023) Artificial intelligence: advances and pitfalls. Br Dent J 234:749–750
pubmed: 37237204 doi: 10.1038/s41415-023-5855-0
Aps JKM, Lim LZ, Tong HJ, Kalia B, Chou AM (2020) Diagnostic efficacy of and indications for intraoral radiographs in pediatric dentistry: a systematic review. Eur Arch Paediatr Dent 21:429–462
pubmed: 32390073 doi: 10.1007/s40368-020-00532-y
Tsiklakis K, Mitsea A, Tsichlaki A, Pandis N (2020) A systematic review of relative indications and contra-indications for prescribing panoramic radiographs in dental paediatric patients. Eur Arch Paediatr Dent 21:387–406
pubmed: 31602555 doi: 10.1007/s40368-019-00478-w
Horner K, Barry S, Dave M, Dixon C, Littlewood A, Pang CL, Sengupta A, Srinivasan V (2020) Diagnostic efficacy of cone beam computed tomography in paediatric dentistry: a systematic review. Eur Arch Paediatr Dent 21:407–426
pubmed: 31858481 doi: 10.1007/s40368-019-00504-x
Kühnisch J, Anttonen V, Duggal MS, Spyridonos ML, Rajasekharan S, Sobczak M, Stratigaki E, Van Acker JWG, Aps JKM, Horner K, Tsiklakis K (2020) Best clinical practice guidance for prescribing dental radiographs in children and adolescents: an EAPD policy document. Eur Arch Paediatr Dent 21:375–386
pubmed: 31768893 doi: 10.1007/s40368-019-00493-x
Walsh T, Macey R, Riley P, Glenny AM, Schwendicke F, Worthington HV, Clarkson JE, Ricketts D, Su TL, Sengupta A (2021) Imaging modalities to inform the detection and diagnosis of early caries. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 3:CD014545
pubmed: 33720395
Wenzel A (2021) Radiographic modalities for diagnosis of caries in a historical perspective: from film to machine-intelligence supported systems. Dentomaxillofacial Radiol 50:20210010
doi: 10.1259/dmfr.20210010
Schwendicke F, Tzschoppe M, Paris S (2015) Radiographic caries detection: a systematic review and meta-analysis. J Dent 43:924–933
pubmed: 25724114 doi: 10.1016/j.jdent.2015.02.009
Bader JD, Shugars DA (2004) A systematic review of the performance of a laser fluorescence device for detecting caries. J Am Dent Assoc 135:1413–1426
pubmed: 15551982 doi: 10.14219/jada.archive.2004.0051
Macey R, Walsh T, Riley P, Glenny AM, Worthington HV, Fee PA, Clarkson JE, Ricketts D (2020) Fluorescence devices for the detection of dental caries. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 12:CD013811
pubmed: 33319353
Macey R, Walsh T, Riley P, Hogan R, Glenny AM, Worthington HV, Clarkson JE, Ricketts D (2021) Transillumination and optical coherence tomography for the detection and diagnosis of enamel caries. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 1:CD013855
pubmed: 33502759
Macey R, Walsh T, Riley P, Glenny AM, Worthington HV, Clarkson JE, Ricketts D (2021) Electrical conductance for the detection of dental caries. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 3:CD014547
pubmed: 33724442
Ortiz MIG, de Melo Alencar C, De Paula BLF, Magno MB, Maia LC, Silva CM (2020) Accuracy of near-infrared light transillumination (NILT) compared to bitewing radiograph for detection of interproximal caries in the permanent dentition: a systematic review and meta-analysis. J Dent 98:103351
pubmed: 32380136 doi: 10.1016/j.jdent.2020.103351
Doméjean S, Rongier J, Muller-Bolla M (2016) Detection of Occlusal Carious Lesion using the SoproLife Camera: a systematic review. J Contemp Dent Pract 17:774–779
pubmed: 27733723 doi: 10.5005/jp-journals-10024-1928
Gimenez T, Braga MM, Raggio DP, Deery C, Ricketts DN, Mendes FM (2013) Fluorescence-based methods for detecting caries lesions: systematic review, meta-analysis and sources of heterogeneity. PLoS ONE 8:e60421
pubmed: 23593215 pmcid: 3617206 doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0060421
Gomez J (2015) Detection and diagnosis of the early caries lesion. BMC Oral Health 15(Suppl1):S3
pubmed: 26392124 pmcid: 4580848 doi: 10.1186/1472-6831-15-S1-S3
Twetman S (2015) Visual inspection Displays Good Accuracy for detecting caries lesions. J Evid Based Dent Pract 15:182–184
pubmed: 26698004 doi: 10.1016/j.jebdp.2015.10.009
Schwendicke F, Brouwer F, Paris S, Stolpe M (2016) Detecting Proximal secondary caries lesions: a cost-effectiveness analysis. J Dent Res 95:152–159
pubmed: 26574493 doi: 10.1177/0022034515617937
Neuhaus K, Eggmann F, Kühnisch J, Kapor S, Janjic Rankovic M, Schüler I, Krause F, Lussi A, Ekstrand K, Michou S, Huysmans MC (2022) STAndard Reporting of CAries Detection and Diagnostic studies (STARCARDDS). Clin Oral Investig 26:1947–1955
pubmed: 34623505 doi: 10.1007/s00784-021-04173-3
Signori C, Gimenez T, Mendes FM, Huysmans MDNJM, Opdam NJM, Cenci MS (2018) Clinical relevance of studies on the visual and radiographic methods for detecting secondary caries lesions - a systematic review. J Dent 75:22–33
pubmed: 29857074 doi: 10.1016/j.jdent.2018.05.018
Prados-Privado M, García Villalón J, Martínez-Martínez CH, Ivorra C, Prados-Frutos JC (2020) Dental Caries diagnosis and detection using neural networks: a systematic review. J Clin Med 9:3579
pubmed: 33172056 pmcid: 7694692 doi: 10.3390/jcm9113579
Moharrami M, Farmer J, Singhal S, Watson E, Glogauer M, Johnson AEW, Schwendicke F, Quinonez C (2023) Detecting dental caries on oral photographs using artificial intelligence: a systematic review. Oral Dis. https://doi.org/10.1111/odi.14659 Epub ahead of print
doi: 10.1111/odi.14659 pubmed: 37392423
Heo MS, Kim JE, Hwang JJ, Han SS, Kim JS, Yi WJ, Park IW (2021) Artificial intelligence in oral and maxillofacial radiology: what is currently possible? Dentomaxillofac Radiol 50:20200375
pubmed: 33197209 doi: 10.1259/dmfr.20200375

Auteurs

Jan Kühnisch (J)

Department of Conservative Dentistry and Periodontology, University Hospital, Ludwig-Maximilians Universität München, Poliklinik für Zahnerhaltung und Parodontologie, Goethestraße 70, 80336, München, Germany. jan.kuehnisch@med.uni-muenchen.de.

Johan Km Aps (JK)

OpiniDent BV, Kortrijk, Belgium.

Christian Splieth (C)

Preventive and Pediatric Dentistry, Center for Oral Health, Universitätsmedizin Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany.

Adrian Lussi (A)

University Hospital for Conservative Dentistry and Periodontology, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria.
Department of Restorative, Preventive and Pediatric Dentistry, School of Dental Medicine, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland.

Anahita Jablonski-Momeni (A)

Department of Orthodontics, Dental School, Philipps-University Marburg, Marburg, Germany.

Fausto M Mendes (FM)

Department of Pediatric Dentistry, School of Dentistry, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil.

Gottfried Schmalz (G)

Department of Conservative Dentistry and Periodontology, University Hospital Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany.
Department of Periodontology, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland.

Margherita Fontana (M)

Department of Cariology, Restorative Sciences and Endodontics, University of Michigan School of Dentistry, Ann Arbor, USA.

Avijit Banerjee (A)

Conservative & MI Dentistry, Faculty of Dentistry, Oral & Craniofacial Sciences, King's College London, London, UK.

David Ricketts (D)

Unit of Restorative Dentistry, University of Dundee, Dundee, UK.

Falk Schwendicke (F)

Department of Conservative Dentistry and Periodontology, University Hospital, Ludwig-Maximilians Universität München, Poliklinik für Zahnerhaltung und Parodontologie, Goethestraße 70, 80336, München, Germany.

Gail Douglas (G)

Department of Dental Public Health, University of Leeds Dental School, Leeds, UK.

Guglielmo Campus (G)

Department of Restorative, Preventive and Pediatric Dentistry, School of Dental Medicine, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland.
Department of Surgery, Microsurgery and Medicine Sciences, School of Dentistry, University of Sassari, Sassari, Italy.

Monique van der Veen (M)

Departments of Preventive Dentistry and Paediatric Dentistry, Academic Centre for Dentistry Amsterdam, University of Amsterdam and VU University, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
Oral Hygiene School, Inholland University of applied sciences, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.

Niek Opdam (N)

Department of Dentistry, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands.

Sophie Doméjean (S)

Centre de Recherche en Odontologie Clinique EA 4847, UFR d'Odontologie, Département d'Odontologie Conservatrice, Université Clermont Auvergne, Clermont-Ferrand, France.
Service d'Odontologie, CHU Estaing Clermont-Ferrand, Clermont-Ferrand, France.

Stefania Martignon (S)

UNICA - Caries Research Unit, Research Department, Universidad El Bosque, Bogotá, Colombia.

Klaus W Neuhaus (KW)

Department of Pediatric Oral Health, University Center for Dental Medicine Basel (UZB), University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland.
Department of Dermatology, Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland.

Keith Horner (K)

Division of Dentistry, School of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, Manchester, UK.

Marie-Charlotte Dnjm Huysmans (MD)

Department of Dentistry, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands.

Classifications MeSH