Central nervous system infections in the tropics.
Journal
Current opinion in infectious diseases
ISSN: 1473-6527
Titre abrégé: Curr Opin Infect Dis
Pays: United States
ID NLM: 8809878
Informations de publication
Date de publication:
27 Mar 2024
27 Mar 2024
Historique:
medline:
26
3
2024
pubmed:
26
3
2024
entrez:
26
3
2024
Statut:
aheadofprint
Résumé
Emerging and re-emerging central nervous system (CNS) infections are a major public health concern in the tropics. The reasons for this are myriad; climate change, rainfall, deforestation, increased vector density combined with poverty, poor sanitation and hygiene. This review focuses on pathogens, which have emerged and re-emerged, with the potential for significant morbidity and mortality. In recent years, multiple acute encephalitis outbreaks have been caused Nipah, which carries a high case fatality. Arboviral infections, predominantly dengue, chikungunya and Zika are re-emerging increasingly especially in urban areas due to changing human habitats, vector behaviour and viral evolution. Scrub typhus, another vector borne disease caused by the bacterium Orientia tsutsugamushi, is being established as a leading cause of CNS infections in the tropics. A syndromic and epidemiological approach to CNS infections in the tropics is essential to plan appropriate diagnostic tests and management. Rapid diagnostic tests facilitate early diagnosis and thus help prompt initiation and focusing of therapy to prevent adverse outcomes. Vector control, cautious urbanization and deforestation, and reducing disturbance of ecosystems can help prevent spread of vector-borne diseases. Regional diagnostic and treatment approaches and specific vaccines are required to avert morbidity and mortality.
Identifiants
pubmed: 38529912
doi: 10.1097/QCO.0000000000001015
pii: 00001432-990000000-00141
doi:
Types de publication
Journal Article
Langues
eng
Sous-ensembles de citation
IM
Informations de copyright
Copyright © 2024 Wolters Kluwer Health, Inc. All rights reserved.
Références
Ranawaka UK. Emerging tropical neurological infections. Clin Med 2022; 22:18–20.
Venkatesan A. Emerging infectious encephalitides. Curr Opin Neurol 2021; 34:410–416.
Spernovasilis N, Tsiodras S, Poulakou G. Emerging and re-emerging infectious diseases: humankind's companions and competitors. Microorganisms 2022; 10:98.
Acosta M, Saini AG, Postels D, et al. Tropical infections of the CNS: a worldwide problem: tropical CNS infections. J Int Child Neurol Assoc 2021; 1:1–12.
Glaser CA, Gilliam S, Schnurr D, et al. In search of encephalitis etiologies: diagnostic challenges in the California Encephalitis Project, 1998–2000. Clin Infect Dis 2003; 36:731–742.
Granerod J, Tam CC, Crowcroft NS, et al. Challenge of the unknown. A systematic review of acute encephalitis in nonoutbreak situations. Neurology 2010; 75:924–932.
Zumla A, Ustianowski A. Tropical diseases: definition, geographic distribution, transmission, and classification. Infect Dis Clin North Am 2012; 26:195–205.
Harrison's Principles of Internal Medicine, 21e. AccessMedicine. McGraw Hill Medical. [cited 2024 Jan 29]. Available at: https://accessmedicine.mhmedical.com/book.aspx?bookID=3095.
Dorsett M, Liang SY. Diagnosis and treatment of central nervous system infections in the emergency department. Emerg Med Clin North Am 2016; 34:917–942.
Ramachandran PS, Wilson MR. Diagnostic testing of neurologic infections. Neurol Clin 2018; 36:687–703.
Carter E, McGill F. The management of acute meningitis: an update. Clin Med 2022; 22:396–400.
Tunkel AR, Glaser CA, Bloch KC, et al. The management of encephalitis: clinical practice guidelines by the Infectious Diseases Society of America. Clin Infect Dis 2008; 47:303–327.
Abhilash KPP, Gunasekaran K, Mitra S, et al. Scrub typhus meningitis: an under-recognized cause of aseptic meningitis in India. Neurol India 2015; 63:209–214.
Schultz JS, Sparks H, Beckham JD. Arboviral central nervous system infections. Curr Opin Infect Dis 2021; 34:264–271.
Ravi V, Hameed SKS, Desai A, et al. An algorithmic approach to identifying the aetiology of acute encephalitis syndrome in India: results of a 4-year enhanced surveillance study. Lancet Glob Health 2022; 10:e685–e693.
Chaumont H, Roze E, Tressières B, et al. Central nervous system infections in a tropical area: influence of emerging and rare infections. Eur J Neurol 2020; 27:2242–2249.
Jubelt B, Mihai C, Li TM, Veerapaneni P. Rhombencephalitis/brainstem encephalitis. Curr Neurol Neurosci Rep 2011; 11:543–552.
Yow KS, Aik J, Tan EYM, et al. Rapid diagnostic tests for the detection of recent dengue infections: An evaluation of six kits on clinical specimens. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0249602.
Saraswati K, Day NPJ, Mukaka M, Blacksell SD. Scrub typhus point-of-care testing: a systematic review and meta-analysis. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2018; 12:e0006330.
Temfack E, Rim JJB, Spijker R, et al. Cryptococcal antigen in serum and cerebrospinal fluid for detecting cryptococcal meningitis in adults living with human immunodeficiency virus: systematic review and meta-analysis of diagnostic test accuracy studies. Clin Infect Dis 2021; 72:1268–1278.
Macrae C, Ellis J, Keddie SH, et al. Diagnostic performance of the IMMY cryptococcal antigen lateral flow assay on serum and cerebrospinal fluid for diagnosis of cryptococcosis in HIV-negative patients: a systematic review. BMC Infect Dis 2023; 23:209.
Houlihan CF, Bharucha T, Breuer J. Advances in molecular diagnostic testing for central nervous system infections. Curr Opin Infect Dis 2019; 32:244.
Trujillo-Gómez J, Tsokani S, Arango-Ferreira C, et al. Biofire FilmArray Meningitis/Encephalitis panel for the aetiological diagnosis of central nervous system infections: a systematic review and diagnostic test accuracy meta-analysis. EClinicalMedicine 2022; 44:101275.
Vaugon E, Mircescu A, Caya C, et al. Diagnostic accuracy of rapid one-step PCR assays for detection of herpes simplex virus-1 and -2 in cerebrospinal fluid: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Clin Microbiol Infect 2022; 28:1547–1557.
Bridge S, Hullsiek KH, Nerima C, et al. Evaluation of the BioFire® FilmArray® Meningitis/Encephalitis panel in an adult and pediatric Ugandan population. J Mycol Medicale 2021;31. Available at: http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?scp=85109168035&partnerID=8YFLogxK.
Evans L, Rhodes A, Alhazzani W, et al. Surviving sepsis campaign: international guidelines for management of sepsis and septic shock 2021. Crit Care Med 2021; 47:1181–1247.
van de Beek D, de Gans J, McIntyre P, Prasad K. Corticosteroids for acute bacterial meningitis. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2007; CD004405.
Raschilas F, Wolff M, Delatour F, et al. Outcome of and prognostic factors for herpes simplex encephalitis in adult patients: results of a multicenter study. Clin Infect Dis 2002; 35:254–260.
Brouwer MC, Tunkel AR, McKhann GM, van de Beek D. Brain abscess. N Engl J Med 2014; 371:447–456.
Sherrini BA, Chong TT. Nipah encephalitis – an update. Med J Malaysia 2014; 69: (Suppl A): 103–111.
Goh KJ, Tan CT, Chew NK, et al. Clinical features of Nipah virus encephalitis among pig farmers in Malaysia. N Engl J Med 2000; 342:1229–1235.
Aditi null, Shariff M. Nipah virus infection: a review. Epidemiol Infect 2019; 147:e95.
Alam AM. Nipah virus, an emerging zoonotic disease causing fatal encephalitis. Clin Med (Lond) 2022; 22:348–352.
Sayed A, Bottu A, Qaisar M, et al. Nipah virus: a narrative review of viral characteristics and epidemiological determinants. Public Health 2019; 173:97–104.
Singhai M, Jain R, Jain S, et al. Nipah virus disease: recent perspective and one health approach. Ann Glob Health 2021; 87:102.
Sharma V, Kaushik S, Kumar R, et al. Emerging trends of Nipah virus: a review. Rev Med Virol 2019; 29:e2010.
Marsh GA, Wang LF. Hendra and Nipah viruses: why are they so deadly? Curr Opin Virol 2012; 2:242–247.
Bellini WJ, Harcourt BH, Bowden N, Rota PA. Nipah virus: an emergent paramyxovirus causing severe encephalitis in humans. J Neurovirol 2005; 11:481–487.
Devnath P, Wajed S, Chandra Das R, et al. The pathogenesis of Nipah virus: a review. Microb Pathog 2022; 170:105693.
Lee KE, Umapathi T, Tan CB, et al. The neurological manifestations of Nipah virus encephalitis, a novel paramyxovirus. Ann Neurol 1999; 46:428–432.
Liew YJM, Ibrahim PAS, Ong HM, et al. The Immunobiology of Nipah virus. Microorganisms 2022; 10:1162.
Gabra MD, Ghaith HS, Ebada MA. Nipah virus: an updated review and emerging challenges. Infect Disord Drug Targets 2022; 22:e170122200296.
Singh RK, Dhama K, Chakraborty S, et al. Nipah virus: epidemiology, pathology, immunobiology and advances in diagnosis, vaccine designing and control strategies – a comprehensive review. Vet Q 2019; 39:26–55.
Anam AM, Ahmad J, Huq SMR, Rabbani R. Nipah virus encephalitis: MRI findings. J R Coll Physicians Edinb 2019; 49:227–228.
Garbuglia AR, Lapa D, Pauciullo S, et al. Nipah virus: an overview of the current status of diagnostics and their role in preparedness in endemic countries. Viruses 2023; 15:2062.
Mehta R, Gerardin P, de Brito CAA, et al. The neurological complications of chikungunya virus: a systematic review. Rev Med Virol 2018; 28:e1978.
Soman Pillai V, Krishna G, Valiya Veettil M. Nipah virus: past outbreaks and future containment. Viruses 2020; 12:E465.
de Lima Cavalcanti TYV, Pereira MR, de Paula SO, et al. A review on chikungunya virus epidemiology, pathogenesis and current vaccine development. Viruses 2022; 14:969.
Hossain S, Choudhury MR, Islam MdA, et al. Postchikungunya arthritis: a longitudinal study in a tertiary care hospital in Bangladesh. Trop Med Health 2022; 50:21.
Brito Ferreira ML, Militão de Albuquerque MFP, de Brito CAA, et al. Neurological disease in adults with Zika and chikungunya virus infection in Northeast Brazil: a prospective observational study. Lancet Neurol 2020; 19:826–839.
Leonhard SE, Halstead S, Lant SB, et al. Guillain-Barré syndrome during the Zika virus outbreak in Northeast Brazil: an observational cohort study. J Neurol Sci 2021; 420:117272.
Grijalva I, Grajales-Muñiz C, González-Bonilla C, et al. Zika and dengue but not chikungunya are associated with Guillain-Barré syndrome in Mexico: A case-control study. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2020; 14:e0008032.
Mello C. da S., Cabral-Castro MJ, Silva de Faria LC, et al. Dengue and chikungunya infection in neurologic disorders from endemic areas in Brazil. Neurol Clin Pract 2020; 10:497–502.
Myint KSA, Mawuntu AHP, Haryanto S, et al. Neurological disease associated with chikungunya in Indonesia. Am J Trop Med Hyg 2022; 107:291–295.
Saha S, Ramesh A, Kalantar K, et al. Unbiased metagenomic sequencing for pediatric meningitis in Bangladesh reveals neuroinvasive chikungunya virus outbreak and other unrealized pathogens. mBio 2019; 10:e02877-19.
White NJ. Melioidosis. Lancet 2003; 361:1715–1722.
Currie BJ. Melioidosis: evolving concepts in epidemiology, pathogenesis, and treatment. Semin Respir Crit Care Med 2015; 36:111–125.
Wiersinga WJ, Virk HS, Torres AG, et al. Melioidosis. Nat Rev Dis Primer 2018; 367:1035–1044.
Wongwandee M, Linasmita P. Central nervous system melioidosis: a systematic review of individual participant data of case reports and case series. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2019; 13:e0007320.
McLeod C, Morris PS, Bauert PA, et al. Clinical presentation and medical management of melioidosis in children: a 24-year prospective study in the Northern Territory of Australia and review of the literature. Clin Infect Dis 2015; 60:21–26.
Currie BJ, Fisher DA, Howard DM, Burrow JN. Neurological melioidosis. Acta Trop 2000; 74:145–151.
Stephens DP, Thomas JH, Ward LM, Currie BJ. Melioidosis causing critical illness: a review of 24 years of experience from the Royal Darwin Hospital ICU. Crit Care Med 2016; 44:1500–1505.
Harvey J, Boles B, Brown D. A review of imaging findings in melioidosis: revealing the tropics’ dirty secret. Radiol Infect Dis 2020; 7:176–185.
Mannam P, Arvind VH, Koshy M, et al. Neuromelioidosis: a single-center experience with emphasis on imaging. Indian J Radiol Imaging 2021; 31:57–64.
Gora H, Hasan T, Smith S, et al. Melioidosis of the central nervous system; impact of the bimABm allele on patient presentation and outcome. Clin Infect Dis 2022; ciac111.
Smith MD, Wuthiekanun V, Walsh AL, White NJ. In-vitro activity of carbapenem antibiotics against beta-lactam susceptible and resistant strains of Burkholderia pseudomallei. J Antimicrob Chemother 1996; 37:611–615.
Dance D. Treatment and prophylaxis of melioidosis. Int J Antimicrob Agents 2014; 43:310–318.
Shaw T, Tellapragada C, Eshwara VK, et al. The antibiotics of choice for the treatment of melioidosis in Indian set up. Indian J Med Microbiol 2016; 34:353–354.
Limmathurotsakul D, Peacock SJ. Melioidosis: a clinical overview. Br Med Bull 2011; 99:125–139.
Xu G, Walker DH, Jupiter D, et al. A review of the global epidemiology of scrub typhus. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2017; 11:e0006062.
Alam AM, Gillespie CS, Goodall J, et al. Neurological manifestations of scrub typhus infection: A systematic review and meta-analysis of clinical features and case fatality. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2022; 16:e0010952.
Pommier JD, Gorman C, Crabol Y, et al. Childhood encephalitis in the Greater Mekong region (the SouthEast Asia Encephalitis Project): a multicentre prospective study. Lancet Glob Health 2022; 10:e989–e1002.
Damodar T, Singh B, Prabhu N, et al. Association of scrub typhus in children with acute encephalitis syndrome and meningoencephalitis, southern India. Emerg Infect Dis 2023;29. Available at: https://wwwnc.cdc.gov/eid/article/29/4/22-1157_article.
Modi T, Sood T, Moudgil S, Arora N. Neurological manifestations of scrub typhus: encephalitis and Guillain-Barré syndrome (GBS). BMJ Case Rep CP 2023; 16:e253350.
Sardana V, Shringi P. Neurological manifestations of scrub typhus: a case series from tertiary care hospital in southern east Rajasthan. Ann Indian Acad Neurol 2020; 23:808–811.
Kannan K, John R, Kundu D, et al. Performance of molecular and serologic tests for the diagnosis of scrub typhus. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2020; 14:e0008747.
Varghese GM, Dayanand D, Gunasekaran K, et al. Intravenous doxycycline, azithromycin, or both for severe scrub typhus. N Engl J Med 2023; 388:792–803.
Solomon T, Dung NM, Vaughn DW, et al. Neurological manifestations of dengue infection. Lancet Lond Engl 2000; 355:1053–1059.
Dengue guidelines, for diagnosis, treatment, prevention and control. [cited 2024 Jan 27]. Available at: https://www.who.int/publications-detail-redirect/9789241547871.
Kulkarni R, Pujari S, Gupta D. Neurological manifestations of dengue fever. Ann Indian Acad Neurol 2021; 24:693–702.
Trivedi S, Chakravarty A. Neurological complications of dengue fever. Curr Neurol Neurosci Rep 2022; 22:515–529.
Leowattana W, Leowattana T. Dengue hemorrhagic fever and the liver. World J Hepatol 2021; 13:1968–1976.
Hopkins HK, Traverse EM, Barr KL. Viral Parkinsonism: an underdiagnosed neurological complication of dengue virus infection. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2022; 16:e0010118.
Mota MT, de O, Estofolete CF, et al. Transverse myelitis as an unusual complication of dengue fever. Am J Trop Med Hyg 2017; 96:380–381.
Imtiaz H, Khan AF, Khan S. Dengue-induced Guillain-Barre syndrome: a case series. Egypt J Neurol Psychiatry Neurosurg 2023; 59:149.
Muller DA, Depelsenaire ACI, Young PR. Clinical and laboratory diagnosis of dengue virus infection. J Infect Dis 2017; 215: (Suppl 2): S89–S95.
Carod-Artal FJ, Wichmann O, Farrar J, Gascón J. Neurological complications of dengue virus infection. Lancet Neurol 2013; 12:906–919.
Pichl T, Wedderburn CJ, Hoskote C, et al. A systematic review of brain imaging findings in neurological infection with Japanese encephalitis virus compared with Dengue virus. Int J Infect Dis 2022; 119:102–110.