Clinical and Genetic Analysis of Patients With TK2 Deficiency.


Journal

Neurology. Genetics
ISSN: 2376-7839
Titre abrégé: Neurol Genet
Pays: United States
ID NLM: 101671068

Informations de publication

Date de publication:
Apr 2024
Historique:
received: 04 12 2023
accepted: 24 01 2024
medline: 28 3 2024
pubmed: 28 3 2024
entrez: 28 3 2024
Statut: epublish

Résumé

Thymidine kinase 2 deficiency (TK2d) is a rare autosomal recessive disorder that stems from a perturbation of the mitochondrial DNA maintenance. Nucleoside treatment has recently shown promise as a disease-modifying therapy. TK2d was initially associated with rapidly progressive fatal myopathy in children featuring mitochondrial DNA depletion. Subsequently, less severe variants of the disease were described, with onset of symptoms during adolescence or adulthood and associated with the presence of multiple mtDNA deletions. These less severe phenotypes have been reported in only 15% of the approximately 120 patients described worldwide. However, some reports suggest that these juvenile and adult-onset presentations may be more common. The objective of this study was to describe the clinical phenotype in a sample of patients from Spain. This study includes 53 patients harboring biallelic Symptom onset distribution revealed that 32 patients (60%) experienced symptoms beyond 12 years of age. Approximately 30% of patients died of respiratory insufficiency, while 56% of surviving patients needed mechanical ventilation. Genetic analysis identified 16 distinct variants in The higher frequency of TK2d in Spain can be partially attributed to the increased prevalence of 2 variants and consanguinity. Notably, in 60% of the cohort, the disease was late-onset, emphasizing the potential underdiagnosis of this subgroup of patients in other regions. Raising awareness of this potentially treatable disorder is of utmost importance because early interventions can significantly affect the quality of life and survival of affected individuals.

Identifiants

pubmed: 38544965
doi: 10.1212/NXG.0000000000200138
pii: NXG-2023-000339
pmc: PMC10965359
doi:

Types de publication

Journal Article

Langues

eng

Pagination

e200138

Informations de copyright

Copyright © 2024 The Author(s). Published by Wolters Kluwer Health, Inc. on behalf of the American Academy of Neurology.

Déclaration de conflit d'intérêts

F. Ceballos reports no disclosures relevant to the manuscript, P. Serrano-Lorenzo reports no disclosures relevant to the manuscript, L. Bermejo-Guerrero reports no disclosures relevant to the manuscript, A. Blázquez reports no disclosures relevant to the manuscript, J.F. Quesada-Espinosa reports no disclosures relevant to the manuscript, J. Amigo reports no disclosures relevant to the manuscript, P. Minguez reports no disclosures relevant to the manuscript, C. Ayuso reports no disclosures relevant to the manuscript, E. García-Arumí reports no disclosures relevant to the manuscript, N. Muelas reports no disclosures relevant to the manuscript, T. Jaijo reports no disclosures relevant to the manuscript; A. Nascimento serves on the advisory board of UCB Pharma; B. Galán-Rodriguez reports no disclosures relevant to the manuscript; C. Paradas serves on the advisory board of UCB Pharma; TK2d Spanish-Group report no disclosures relevant to the manuscript; J. Arenas reports no disclosures relevant to the manuscript; A. Carracedo reports no disclosures relevant to the manuscript; R. Martí serves on the advisory board of UCB Pharma; MAM serves on the advisory board of UCB Pharma; and C. Domínguez-González serves on the advisory board of UCB Pharma. Go to Neurology.org/NG for full disclosures.

Auteurs

Francisco Ceballos (F)

From the Spanish Network for Biomedical Research in Rare Diseases (CIBERER) (F.C., P.S.-L., A.B., Jorge Amigo, P.M., C.A., E.G.-A., N.M., T.J., A.N., J. Arenas, A.C., R.M., M.A.M., C.D.-G.); Mitochondrial and Neuromuscular Research Group '12 de Octubre' (P.S.-L., A.B., J. Arenas, M.A.M., C.D.-G.), Hospital Research Institute (imas12); Neurology Department (L.B.-G.), Neuromuscular Disorders Unit, Hospital 12 de Octubre; Genetics Department (J.F.Q.-E., M.A.M.), Hospital Universitario 12 de Octubre, Madrid; Fundación Pública Galega de Medicina Xenómica (FPGMX) (J. Amigo, A.C.); Genetic's Group (J. Amigo, A.C.), Santiago de Compostela Research Institute (IDIS); Medicine Xenómica's Group (J. Amigo, A.C.), Research Center for Molecular Medicine and Chronic Diseases (CIMUS), Santiago de Compostela University (USC); Department of Genetics and Genomics (P.M., C.A.), Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria-Fundación Jiménez Díaz University Hospital; Bioinformatics Unit (P.M.), Health Research Institute-Fundación Jiménez Díaz University Hospital, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid (IIS-FJD, UAM), Madrid; Department of Clinical and Molecular Genetics (E.G.-A.), Valld'Hebron University Hospital; Research Group on Neuromuscular and Mitochondrial Disorders (E.G.-A., R.M.), Vall d'Hebron Research Institut (VHIR), Universitat Autónoma de Barcelona; Neuromuscular Unit (N.M.), Department of Neurology, Hospital Universitari I Politècnic La Fe, Neuromuscular and Ataxias Research Group, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria La Fe; Department of Genetics (T.J.), Hospital Universitari I Politècnic la Fe de Valencia; Neuromuscular Unit (A.N.), Neurology Department, Sant Joan de Déu Research Institute, Sant Joan de Déu Hospital, Barcelona; Neurology Department (B.G.-R., C.P.), Neuromuscular Disorders Unit, Instituto de Biomedicina de Sevilla, Hospital U. Virgen del Rocío; and Spanish Network for Biomedical Research in Neurodegenerative Diseases (CIBERNED) (C.P.), Madrid, Spain.

Pablo Serrano-Lorenzo (P)

From the Spanish Network for Biomedical Research in Rare Diseases (CIBERER) (F.C., P.S.-L., A.B., Jorge Amigo, P.M., C.A., E.G.-A., N.M., T.J., A.N., J. Arenas, A.C., R.M., M.A.M., C.D.-G.); Mitochondrial and Neuromuscular Research Group '12 de Octubre' (P.S.-L., A.B., J. Arenas, M.A.M., C.D.-G.), Hospital Research Institute (imas12); Neurology Department (L.B.-G.), Neuromuscular Disorders Unit, Hospital 12 de Octubre; Genetics Department (J.F.Q.-E., M.A.M.), Hospital Universitario 12 de Octubre, Madrid; Fundación Pública Galega de Medicina Xenómica (FPGMX) (J. Amigo, A.C.); Genetic's Group (J. Amigo, A.C.), Santiago de Compostela Research Institute (IDIS); Medicine Xenómica's Group (J. Amigo, A.C.), Research Center for Molecular Medicine and Chronic Diseases (CIMUS), Santiago de Compostela University (USC); Department of Genetics and Genomics (P.M., C.A.), Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria-Fundación Jiménez Díaz University Hospital; Bioinformatics Unit (P.M.), Health Research Institute-Fundación Jiménez Díaz University Hospital, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid (IIS-FJD, UAM), Madrid; Department of Clinical and Molecular Genetics (E.G.-A.), Valld'Hebron University Hospital; Research Group on Neuromuscular and Mitochondrial Disorders (E.G.-A., R.M.), Vall d'Hebron Research Institut (VHIR), Universitat Autónoma de Barcelona; Neuromuscular Unit (N.M.), Department of Neurology, Hospital Universitari I Politècnic La Fe, Neuromuscular and Ataxias Research Group, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria La Fe; Department of Genetics (T.J.), Hospital Universitari I Politècnic la Fe de Valencia; Neuromuscular Unit (A.N.), Neurology Department, Sant Joan de Déu Research Institute, Sant Joan de Déu Hospital, Barcelona; Neurology Department (B.G.-R., C.P.), Neuromuscular Disorders Unit, Instituto de Biomedicina de Sevilla, Hospital U. Virgen del Rocío; and Spanish Network for Biomedical Research in Neurodegenerative Diseases (CIBERNED) (C.P.), Madrid, Spain.

Laura Bermejo-Guerrero (L)

From the Spanish Network for Biomedical Research in Rare Diseases (CIBERER) (F.C., P.S.-L., A.B., Jorge Amigo, P.M., C.A., E.G.-A., N.M., T.J., A.N., J. Arenas, A.C., R.M., M.A.M., C.D.-G.); Mitochondrial and Neuromuscular Research Group '12 de Octubre' (P.S.-L., A.B., J. Arenas, M.A.M., C.D.-G.), Hospital Research Institute (imas12); Neurology Department (L.B.-G.), Neuromuscular Disorders Unit, Hospital 12 de Octubre; Genetics Department (J.F.Q.-E., M.A.M.), Hospital Universitario 12 de Octubre, Madrid; Fundación Pública Galega de Medicina Xenómica (FPGMX) (J. Amigo, A.C.); Genetic's Group (J. Amigo, A.C.), Santiago de Compostela Research Institute (IDIS); Medicine Xenómica's Group (J. Amigo, A.C.), Research Center for Molecular Medicine and Chronic Diseases (CIMUS), Santiago de Compostela University (USC); Department of Genetics and Genomics (P.M., C.A.), Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria-Fundación Jiménez Díaz University Hospital; Bioinformatics Unit (P.M.), Health Research Institute-Fundación Jiménez Díaz University Hospital, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid (IIS-FJD, UAM), Madrid; Department of Clinical and Molecular Genetics (E.G.-A.), Valld'Hebron University Hospital; Research Group on Neuromuscular and Mitochondrial Disorders (E.G.-A., R.M.), Vall d'Hebron Research Institut (VHIR), Universitat Autónoma de Barcelona; Neuromuscular Unit (N.M.), Department of Neurology, Hospital Universitari I Politècnic La Fe, Neuromuscular and Ataxias Research Group, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria La Fe; Department of Genetics (T.J.), Hospital Universitari I Politècnic la Fe de Valencia; Neuromuscular Unit (A.N.), Neurology Department, Sant Joan de Déu Research Institute, Sant Joan de Déu Hospital, Barcelona; Neurology Department (B.G.-R., C.P.), Neuromuscular Disorders Unit, Instituto de Biomedicina de Sevilla, Hospital U. Virgen del Rocío; and Spanish Network for Biomedical Research in Neurodegenerative Diseases (CIBERNED) (C.P.), Madrid, Spain.

Alberto Blázquez (A)

From the Spanish Network for Biomedical Research in Rare Diseases (CIBERER) (F.C., P.S.-L., A.B., Jorge Amigo, P.M., C.A., E.G.-A., N.M., T.J., A.N., J. Arenas, A.C., R.M., M.A.M., C.D.-G.); Mitochondrial and Neuromuscular Research Group '12 de Octubre' (P.S.-L., A.B., J. Arenas, M.A.M., C.D.-G.), Hospital Research Institute (imas12); Neurology Department (L.B.-G.), Neuromuscular Disorders Unit, Hospital 12 de Octubre; Genetics Department (J.F.Q.-E., M.A.M.), Hospital Universitario 12 de Octubre, Madrid; Fundación Pública Galega de Medicina Xenómica (FPGMX) (J. Amigo, A.C.); Genetic's Group (J. Amigo, A.C.), Santiago de Compostela Research Institute (IDIS); Medicine Xenómica's Group (J. Amigo, A.C.), Research Center for Molecular Medicine and Chronic Diseases (CIMUS), Santiago de Compostela University (USC); Department of Genetics and Genomics (P.M., C.A.), Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria-Fundación Jiménez Díaz University Hospital; Bioinformatics Unit (P.M.), Health Research Institute-Fundación Jiménez Díaz University Hospital, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid (IIS-FJD, UAM), Madrid; Department of Clinical and Molecular Genetics (E.G.-A.), Valld'Hebron University Hospital; Research Group on Neuromuscular and Mitochondrial Disorders (E.G.-A., R.M.), Vall d'Hebron Research Institut (VHIR), Universitat Autónoma de Barcelona; Neuromuscular Unit (N.M.), Department of Neurology, Hospital Universitari I Politècnic La Fe, Neuromuscular and Ataxias Research Group, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria La Fe; Department of Genetics (T.J.), Hospital Universitari I Politècnic la Fe de Valencia; Neuromuscular Unit (A.N.), Neurology Department, Sant Joan de Déu Research Institute, Sant Joan de Déu Hospital, Barcelona; Neurology Department (B.G.-R., C.P.), Neuromuscular Disorders Unit, Instituto de Biomedicina de Sevilla, Hospital U. Virgen del Rocío; and Spanish Network for Biomedical Research in Neurodegenerative Diseases (CIBERNED) (C.P.), Madrid, Spain.

Juan F Quesada-Espinosa (JF)

From the Spanish Network for Biomedical Research in Rare Diseases (CIBERER) (F.C., P.S.-L., A.B., Jorge Amigo, P.M., C.A., E.G.-A., N.M., T.J., A.N., J. Arenas, A.C., R.M., M.A.M., C.D.-G.); Mitochondrial and Neuromuscular Research Group '12 de Octubre' (P.S.-L., A.B., J. Arenas, M.A.M., C.D.-G.), Hospital Research Institute (imas12); Neurology Department (L.B.-G.), Neuromuscular Disorders Unit, Hospital 12 de Octubre; Genetics Department (J.F.Q.-E., M.A.M.), Hospital Universitario 12 de Octubre, Madrid; Fundación Pública Galega de Medicina Xenómica (FPGMX) (J. Amigo, A.C.); Genetic's Group (J. Amigo, A.C.), Santiago de Compostela Research Institute (IDIS); Medicine Xenómica's Group (J. Amigo, A.C.), Research Center for Molecular Medicine and Chronic Diseases (CIMUS), Santiago de Compostela University (USC); Department of Genetics and Genomics (P.M., C.A.), Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria-Fundación Jiménez Díaz University Hospital; Bioinformatics Unit (P.M.), Health Research Institute-Fundación Jiménez Díaz University Hospital, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid (IIS-FJD, UAM), Madrid; Department of Clinical and Molecular Genetics (E.G.-A.), Valld'Hebron University Hospital; Research Group on Neuromuscular and Mitochondrial Disorders (E.G.-A., R.M.), Vall d'Hebron Research Institut (VHIR), Universitat Autónoma de Barcelona; Neuromuscular Unit (N.M.), Department of Neurology, Hospital Universitari I Politècnic La Fe, Neuromuscular and Ataxias Research Group, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria La Fe; Department of Genetics (T.J.), Hospital Universitari I Politècnic la Fe de Valencia; Neuromuscular Unit (A.N.), Neurology Department, Sant Joan de Déu Research Institute, Sant Joan de Déu Hospital, Barcelona; Neurology Department (B.G.-R., C.P.), Neuromuscular Disorders Unit, Instituto de Biomedicina de Sevilla, Hospital U. Virgen del Rocío; and Spanish Network for Biomedical Research in Neurodegenerative Diseases (CIBERNED) (C.P.), Madrid, Spain.

Jorge Amigo (J)

From the Spanish Network for Biomedical Research in Rare Diseases (CIBERER) (F.C., P.S.-L., A.B., Jorge Amigo, P.M., C.A., E.G.-A., N.M., T.J., A.N., J. Arenas, A.C., R.M., M.A.M., C.D.-G.); Mitochondrial and Neuromuscular Research Group '12 de Octubre' (P.S.-L., A.B., J. Arenas, M.A.M., C.D.-G.), Hospital Research Institute (imas12); Neurology Department (L.B.-G.), Neuromuscular Disorders Unit, Hospital 12 de Octubre; Genetics Department (J.F.Q.-E., M.A.M.), Hospital Universitario 12 de Octubre, Madrid; Fundación Pública Galega de Medicina Xenómica (FPGMX) (J. Amigo, A.C.); Genetic's Group (J. Amigo, A.C.), Santiago de Compostela Research Institute (IDIS); Medicine Xenómica's Group (J. Amigo, A.C.), Research Center for Molecular Medicine and Chronic Diseases (CIMUS), Santiago de Compostela University (USC); Department of Genetics and Genomics (P.M., C.A.), Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria-Fundación Jiménez Díaz University Hospital; Bioinformatics Unit (P.M.), Health Research Institute-Fundación Jiménez Díaz University Hospital, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid (IIS-FJD, UAM), Madrid; Department of Clinical and Molecular Genetics (E.G.-A.), Valld'Hebron University Hospital; Research Group on Neuromuscular and Mitochondrial Disorders (E.G.-A., R.M.), Vall d'Hebron Research Institut (VHIR), Universitat Autónoma de Barcelona; Neuromuscular Unit (N.M.), Department of Neurology, Hospital Universitari I Politècnic La Fe, Neuromuscular and Ataxias Research Group, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria La Fe; Department of Genetics (T.J.), Hospital Universitari I Politècnic la Fe de Valencia; Neuromuscular Unit (A.N.), Neurology Department, Sant Joan de Déu Research Institute, Sant Joan de Déu Hospital, Barcelona; Neurology Department (B.G.-R., C.P.), Neuromuscular Disorders Unit, Instituto de Biomedicina de Sevilla, Hospital U. Virgen del Rocío; and Spanish Network for Biomedical Research in Neurodegenerative Diseases (CIBERNED) (C.P.), Madrid, Spain.

Pablo Minguez (P)

From the Spanish Network for Biomedical Research in Rare Diseases (CIBERER) (F.C., P.S.-L., A.B., Jorge Amigo, P.M., C.A., E.G.-A., N.M., T.J., A.N., J. Arenas, A.C., R.M., M.A.M., C.D.-G.); Mitochondrial and Neuromuscular Research Group '12 de Octubre' (P.S.-L., A.B., J. Arenas, M.A.M., C.D.-G.), Hospital Research Institute (imas12); Neurology Department (L.B.-G.), Neuromuscular Disorders Unit, Hospital 12 de Octubre; Genetics Department (J.F.Q.-E., M.A.M.), Hospital Universitario 12 de Octubre, Madrid; Fundación Pública Galega de Medicina Xenómica (FPGMX) (J. Amigo, A.C.); Genetic's Group (J. Amigo, A.C.), Santiago de Compostela Research Institute (IDIS); Medicine Xenómica's Group (J. Amigo, A.C.), Research Center for Molecular Medicine and Chronic Diseases (CIMUS), Santiago de Compostela University (USC); Department of Genetics and Genomics (P.M., C.A.), Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria-Fundación Jiménez Díaz University Hospital; Bioinformatics Unit (P.M.), Health Research Institute-Fundación Jiménez Díaz University Hospital, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid (IIS-FJD, UAM), Madrid; Department of Clinical and Molecular Genetics (E.G.-A.), Valld'Hebron University Hospital; Research Group on Neuromuscular and Mitochondrial Disorders (E.G.-A., R.M.), Vall d'Hebron Research Institut (VHIR), Universitat Autónoma de Barcelona; Neuromuscular Unit (N.M.), Department of Neurology, Hospital Universitari I Politècnic La Fe, Neuromuscular and Ataxias Research Group, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria La Fe; Department of Genetics (T.J.), Hospital Universitari I Politècnic la Fe de Valencia; Neuromuscular Unit (A.N.), Neurology Department, Sant Joan de Déu Research Institute, Sant Joan de Déu Hospital, Barcelona; Neurology Department (B.G.-R., C.P.), Neuromuscular Disorders Unit, Instituto de Biomedicina de Sevilla, Hospital U. Virgen del Rocío; and Spanish Network for Biomedical Research in Neurodegenerative Diseases (CIBERNED) (C.P.), Madrid, Spain.

Carmen Ayuso (C)

From the Spanish Network for Biomedical Research in Rare Diseases (CIBERER) (F.C., P.S.-L., A.B., Jorge Amigo, P.M., C.A., E.G.-A., N.M., T.J., A.N., J. Arenas, A.C., R.M., M.A.M., C.D.-G.); Mitochondrial and Neuromuscular Research Group '12 de Octubre' (P.S.-L., A.B., J. Arenas, M.A.M., C.D.-G.), Hospital Research Institute (imas12); Neurology Department (L.B.-G.), Neuromuscular Disorders Unit, Hospital 12 de Octubre; Genetics Department (J.F.Q.-E., M.A.M.), Hospital Universitario 12 de Octubre, Madrid; Fundación Pública Galega de Medicina Xenómica (FPGMX) (J. Amigo, A.C.); Genetic's Group (J. Amigo, A.C.), Santiago de Compostela Research Institute (IDIS); Medicine Xenómica's Group (J. Amigo, A.C.), Research Center for Molecular Medicine and Chronic Diseases (CIMUS), Santiago de Compostela University (USC); Department of Genetics and Genomics (P.M., C.A.), Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria-Fundación Jiménez Díaz University Hospital; Bioinformatics Unit (P.M.), Health Research Institute-Fundación Jiménez Díaz University Hospital, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid (IIS-FJD, UAM), Madrid; Department of Clinical and Molecular Genetics (E.G.-A.), Valld'Hebron University Hospital; Research Group on Neuromuscular and Mitochondrial Disorders (E.G.-A., R.M.), Vall d'Hebron Research Institut (VHIR), Universitat Autónoma de Barcelona; Neuromuscular Unit (N.M.), Department of Neurology, Hospital Universitari I Politècnic La Fe, Neuromuscular and Ataxias Research Group, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria La Fe; Department of Genetics (T.J.), Hospital Universitari I Politècnic la Fe de Valencia; Neuromuscular Unit (A.N.), Neurology Department, Sant Joan de Déu Research Institute, Sant Joan de Déu Hospital, Barcelona; Neurology Department (B.G.-R., C.P.), Neuromuscular Disorders Unit, Instituto de Biomedicina de Sevilla, Hospital U. Virgen del Rocío; and Spanish Network for Biomedical Research in Neurodegenerative Diseases (CIBERNED) (C.P.), Madrid, Spain.

Elena García-Arumí (E)

From the Spanish Network for Biomedical Research in Rare Diseases (CIBERER) (F.C., P.S.-L., A.B., Jorge Amigo, P.M., C.A., E.G.-A., N.M., T.J., A.N., J. Arenas, A.C., R.M., M.A.M., C.D.-G.); Mitochondrial and Neuromuscular Research Group '12 de Octubre' (P.S.-L., A.B., J. Arenas, M.A.M., C.D.-G.), Hospital Research Institute (imas12); Neurology Department (L.B.-G.), Neuromuscular Disorders Unit, Hospital 12 de Octubre; Genetics Department (J.F.Q.-E., M.A.M.), Hospital Universitario 12 de Octubre, Madrid; Fundación Pública Galega de Medicina Xenómica (FPGMX) (J. Amigo, A.C.); Genetic's Group (J. Amigo, A.C.), Santiago de Compostela Research Institute (IDIS); Medicine Xenómica's Group (J. Amigo, A.C.), Research Center for Molecular Medicine and Chronic Diseases (CIMUS), Santiago de Compostela University (USC); Department of Genetics and Genomics (P.M., C.A.), Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria-Fundación Jiménez Díaz University Hospital; Bioinformatics Unit (P.M.), Health Research Institute-Fundación Jiménez Díaz University Hospital, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid (IIS-FJD, UAM), Madrid; Department of Clinical and Molecular Genetics (E.G.-A.), Valld'Hebron University Hospital; Research Group on Neuromuscular and Mitochondrial Disorders (E.G.-A., R.M.), Vall d'Hebron Research Institut (VHIR), Universitat Autónoma de Barcelona; Neuromuscular Unit (N.M.), Department of Neurology, Hospital Universitari I Politècnic La Fe, Neuromuscular and Ataxias Research Group, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria La Fe; Department of Genetics (T.J.), Hospital Universitari I Politècnic la Fe de Valencia; Neuromuscular Unit (A.N.), Neurology Department, Sant Joan de Déu Research Institute, Sant Joan de Déu Hospital, Barcelona; Neurology Department (B.G.-R., C.P.), Neuromuscular Disorders Unit, Instituto de Biomedicina de Sevilla, Hospital U. Virgen del Rocío; and Spanish Network for Biomedical Research in Neurodegenerative Diseases (CIBERNED) (C.P.), Madrid, Spain.

Nuria Muelas (N)

From the Spanish Network for Biomedical Research in Rare Diseases (CIBERER) (F.C., P.S.-L., A.B., Jorge Amigo, P.M., C.A., E.G.-A., N.M., T.J., A.N., J. Arenas, A.C., R.M., M.A.M., C.D.-G.); Mitochondrial and Neuromuscular Research Group '12 de Octubre' (P.S.-L., A.B., J. Arenas, M.A.M., C.D.-G.), Hospital Research Institute (imas12); Neurology Department (L.B.-G.), Neuromuscular Disorders Unit, Hospital 12 de Octubre; Genetics Department (J.F.Q.-E., M.A.M.), Hospital Universitario 12 de Octubre, Madrid; Fundación Pública Galega de Medicina Xenómica (FPGMX) (J. Amigo, A.C.); Genetic's Group (J. Amigo, A.C.), Santiago de Compostela Research Institute (IDIS); Medicine Xenómica's Group (J. Amigo, A.C.), Research Center for Molecular Medicine and Chronic Diseases (CIMUS), Santiago de Compostela University (USC); Department of Genetics and Genomics (P.M., C.A.), Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria-Fundación Jiménez Díaz University Hospital; Bioinformatics Unit (P.M.), Health Research Institute-Fundación Jiménez Díaz University Hospital, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid (IIS-FJD, UAM), Madrid; Department of Clinical and Molecular Genetics (E.G.-A.), Valld'Hebron University Hospital; Research Group on Neuromuscular and Mitochondrial Disorders (E.G.-A., R.M.), Vall d'Hebron Research Institut (VHIR), Universitat Autónoma de Barcelona; Neuromuscular Unit (N.M.), Department of Neurology, Hospital Universitari I Politècnic La Fe, Neuromuscular and Ataxias Research Group, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria La Fe; Department of Genetics (T.J.), Hospital Universitari I Politècnic la Fe de Valencia; Neuromuscular Unit (A.N.), Neurology Department, Sant Joan de Déu Research Institute, Sant Joan de Déu Hospital, Barcelona; Neurology Department (B.G.-R., C.P.), Neuromuscular Disorders Unit, Instituto de Biomedicina de Sevilla, Hospital U. Virgen del Rocío; and Spanish Network for Biomedical Research in Neurodegenerative Diseases (CIBERNED) (C.P.), Madrid, Spain.

Teresa Jaijo (T)

From the Spanish Network for Biomedical Research in Rare Diseases (CIBERER) (F.C., P.S.-L., A.B., Jorge Amigo, P.M., C.A., E.G.-A., N.M., T.J., A.N., J. Arenas, A.C., R.M., M.A.M., C.D.-G.); Mitochondrial and Neuromuscular Research Group '12 de Octubre' (P.S.-L., A.B., J. Arenas, M.A.M., C.D.-G.), Hospital Research Institute (imas12); Neurology Department (L.B.-G.), Neuromuscular Disorders Unit, Hospital 12 de Octubre; Genetics Department (J.F.Q.-E., M.A.M.), Hospital Universitario 12 de Octubre, Madrid; Fundación Pública Galega de Medicina Xenómica (FPGMX) (J. Amigo, A.C.); Genetic's Group (J. Amigo, A.C.), Santiago de Compostela Research Institute (IDIS); Medicine Xenómica's Group (J. Amigo, A.C.), Research Center for Molecular Medicine and Chronic Diseases (CIMUS), Santiago de Compostela University (USC); Department of Genetics and Genomics (P.M., C.A.), Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria-Fundación Jiménez Díaz University Hospital; Bioinformatics Unit (P.M.), Health Research Institute-Fundación Jiménez Díaz University Hospital, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid (IIS-FJD, UAM), Madrid; Department of Clinical and Molecular Genetics (E.G.-A.), Valld'Hebron University Hospital; Research Group on Neuromuscular and Mitochondrial Disorders (E.G.-A., R.M.), Vall d'Hebron Research Institut (VHIR), Universitat Autónoma de Barcelona; Neuromuscular Unit (N.M.), Department of Neurology, Hospital Universitari I Politècnic La Fe, Neuromuscular and Ataxias Research Group, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria La Fe; Department of Genetics (T.J.), Hospital Universitari I Politècnic la Fe de Valencia; Neuromuscular Unit (A.N.), Neurology Department, Sant Joan de Déu Research Institute, Sant Joan de Déu Hospital, Barcelona; Neurology Department (B.G.-R., C.P.), Neuromuscular Disorders Unit, Instituto de Biomedicina de Sevilla, Hospital U. Virgen del Rocío; and Spanish Network for Biomedical Research in Neurodegenerative Diseases (CIBERNED) (C.P.), Madrid, Spain.

Andres Nascimento (A)

From the Spanish Network for Biomedical Research in Rare Diseases (CIBERER) (F.C., P.S.-L., A.B., Jorge Amigo, P.M., C.A., E.G.-A., N.M., T.J., A.N., J. Arenas, A.C., R.M., M.A.M., C.D.-G.); Mitochondrial and Neuromuscular Research Group '12 de Octubre' (P.S.-L., A.B., J. Arenas, M.A.M., C.D.-G.), Hospital Research Institute (imas12); Neurology Department (L.B.-G.), Neuromuscular Disorders Unit, Hospital 12 de Octubre; Genetics Department (J.F.Q.-E., M.A.M.), Hospital Universitario 12 de Octubre, Madrid; Fundación Pública Galega de Medicina Xenómica (FPGMX) (J. Amigo, A.C.); Genetic's Group (J. Amigo, A.C.), Santiago de Compostela Research Institute (IDIS); Medicine Xenómica's Group (J. Amigo, A.C.), Research Center for Molecular Medicine and Chronic Diseases (CIMUS), Santiago de Compostela University (USC); Department of Genetics and Genomics (P.M., C.A.), Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria-Fundación Jiménez Díaz University Hospital; Bioinformatics Unit (P.M.), Health Research Institute-Fundación Jiménez Díaz University Hospital, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid (IIS-FJD, UAM), Madrid; Department of Clinical and Molecular Genetics (E.G.-A.), Valld'Hebron University Hospital; Research Group on Neuromuscular and Mitochondrial Disorders (E.G.-A., R.M.), Vall d'Hebron Research Institut (VHIR), Universitat Autónoma de Barcelona; Neuromuscular Unit (N.M.), Department of Neurology, Hospital Universitari I Politècnic La Fe, Neuromuscular and Ataxias Research Group, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria La Fe; Department of Genetics (T.J.), Hospital Universitari I Politècnic la Fe de Valencia; Neuromuscular Unit (A.N.), Neurology Department, Sant Joan de Déu Research Institute, Sant Joan de Déu Hospital, Barcelona; Neurology Department (B.G.-R., C.P.), Neuromuscular Disorders Unit, Instituto de Biomedicina de Sevilla, Hospital U. Virgen del Rocío; and Spanish Network for Biomedical Research in Neurodegenerative Diseases (CIBERNED) (C.P.), Madrid, Spain.

Beatriz Galán-Rodriguez (B)

From the Spanish Network for Biomedical Research in Rare Diseases (CIBERER) (F.C., P.S.-L., A.B., Jorge Amigo, P.M., C.A., E.G.-A., N.M., T.J., A.N., J. Arenas, A.C., R.M., M.A.M., C.D.-G.); Mitochondrial and Neuromuscular Research Group '12 de Octubre' (P.S.-L., A.B., J. Arenas, M.A.M., C.D.-G.), Hospital Research Institute (imas12); Neurology Department (L.B.-G.), Neuromuscular Disorders Unit, Hospital 12 de Octubre; Genetics Department (J.F.Q.-E., M.A.M.), Hospital Universitario 12 de Octubre, Madrid; Fundación Pública Galega de Medicina Xenómica (FPGMX) (J. Amigo, A.C.); Genetic's Group (J. Amigo, A.C.), Santiago de Compostela Research Institute (IDIS); Medicine Xenómica's Group (J. Amigo, A.C.), Research Center for Molecular Medicine and Chronic Diseases (CIMUS), Santiago de Compostela University (USC); Department of Genetics and Genomics (P.M., C.A.), Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria-Fundación Jiménez Díaz University Hospital; Bioinformatics Unit (P.M.), Health Research Institute-Fundación Jiménez Díaz University Hospital, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid (IIS-FJD, UAM), Madrid; Department of Clinical and Molecular Genetics (E.G.-A.), Valld'Hebron University Hospital; Research Group on Neuromuscular and Mitochondrial Disorders (E.G.-A., R.M.), Vall d'Hebron Research Institut (VHIR), Universitat Autónoma de Barcelona; Neuromuscular Unit (N.M.), Department of Neurology, Hospital Universitari I Politècnic La Fe, Neuromuscular and Ataxias Research Group, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria La Fe; Department of Genetics (T.J.), Hospital Universitari I Politècnic la Fe de Valencia; Neuromuscular Unit (A.N.), Neurology Department, Sant Joan de Déu Research Institute, Sant Joan de Déu Hospital, Barcelona; Neurology Department (B.G.-R., C.P.), Neuromuscular Disorders Unit, Instituto de Biomedicina de Sevilla, Hospital U. Virgen del Rocío; and Spanish Network for Biomedical Research in Neurodegenerative Diseases (CIBERNED) (C.P.), Madrid, Spain.

Carmen Paradas (C)

From the Spanish Network for Biomedical Research in Rare Diseases (CIBERER) (F.C., P.S.-L., A.B., Jorge Amigo, P.M., C.A., E.G.-A., N.M., T.J., A.N., J. Arenas, A.C., R.M., M.A.M., C.D.-G.); Mitochondrial and Neuromuscular Research Group '12 de Octubre' (P.S.-L., A.B., J. Arenas, M.A.M., C.D.-G.), Hospital Research Institute (imas12); Neurology Department (L.B.-G.), Neuromuscular Disorders Unit, Hospital 12 de Octubre; Genetics Department (J.F.Q.-E., M.A.M.), Hospital Universitario 12 de Octubre, Madrid; Fundación Pública Galega de Medicina Xenómica (FPGMX) (J. Amigo, A.C.); Genetic's Group (J. Amigo, A.C.), Santiago de Compostela Research Institute (IDIS); Medicine Xenómica's Group (J. Amigo, A.C.), Research Center for Molecular Medicine and Chronic Diseases (CIMUS), Santiago de Compostela University (USC); Department of Genetics and Genomics (P.M., C.A.), Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria-Fundación Jiménez Díaz University Hospital; Bioinformatics Unit (P.M.), Health Research Institute-Fundación Jiménez Díaz University Hospital, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid (IIS-FJD, UAM), Madrid; Department of Clinical and Molecular Genetics (E.G.-A.), Valld'Hebron University Hospital; Research Group on Neuromuscular and Mitochondrial Disorders (E.G.-A., R.M.), Vall d'Hebron Research Institut (VHIR), Universitat Autónoma de Barcelona; Neuromuscular Unit (N.M.), Department of Neurology, Hospital Universitari I Politècnic La Fe, Neuromuscular and Ataxias Research Group, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria La Fe; Department of Genetics (T.J.), Hospital Universitari I Politècnic la Fe de Valencia; Neuromuscular Unit (A.N.), Neurology Department, Sant Joan de Déu Research Institute, Sant Joan de Déu Hospital, Barcelona; Neurology Department (B.G.-R., C.P.), Neuromuscular Disorders Unit, Instituto de Biomedicina de Sevilla, Hospital U. Virgen del Rocío; and Spanish Network for Biomedical Research in Neurodegenerative Diseases (CIBERNED) (C.P.), Madrid, Spain.

Joaquín Arenas (J)

From the Spanish Network for Biomedical Research in Rare Diseases (CIBERER) (F.C., P.S.-L., A.B., Jorge Amigo, P.M., C.A., E.G.-A., N.M., T.J., A.N., J. Arenas, A.C., R.M., M.A.M., C.D.-G.); Mitochondrial and Neuromuscular Research Group '12 de Octubre' (P.S.-L., A.B., J. Arenas, M.A.M., C.D.-G.), Hospital Research Institute (imas12); Neurology Department (L.B.-G.), Neuromuscular Disorders Unit, Hospital 12 de Octubre; Genetics Department (J.F.Q.-E., M.A.M.), Hospital Universitario 12 de Octubre, Madrid; Fundación Pública Galega de Medicina Xenómica (FPGMX) (J. Amigo, A.C.); Genetic's Group (J. Amigo, A.C.), Santiago de Compostela Research Institute (IDIS); Medicine Xenómica's Group (J. Amigo, A.C.), Research Center for Molecular Medicine and Chronic Diseases (CIMUS), Santiago de Compostela University (USC); Department of Genetics and Genomics (P.M., C.A.), Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria-Fundación Jiménez Díaz University Hospital; Bioinformatics Unit (P.M.), Health Research Institute-Fundación Jiménez Díaz University Hospital, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid (IIS-FJD, UAM), Madrid; Department of Clinical and Molecular Genetics (E.G.-A.), Valld'Hebron University Hospital; Research Group on Neuromuscular and Mitochondrial Disorders (E.G.-A., R.M.), Vall d'Hebron Research Institut (VHIR), Universitat Autónoma de Barcelona; Neuromuscular Unit (N.M.), Department of Neurology, Hospital Universitari I Politècnic La Fe, Neuromuscular and Ataxias Research Group, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria La Fe; Department of Genetics (T.J.), Hospital Universitari I Politècnic la Fe de Valencia; Neuromuscular Unit (A.N.), Neurology Department, Sant Joan de Déu Research Institute, Sant Joan de Déu Hospital, Barcelona; Neurology Department (B.G.-R., C.P.), Neuromuscular Disorders Unit, Instituto de Biomedicina de Sevilla, Hospital U. Virgen del Rocío; and Spanish Network for Biomedical Research in Neurodegenerative Diseases (CIBERNED) (C.P.), Madrid, Spain.

Angel Carracedo (A)

From the Spanish Network for Biomedical Research in Rare Diseases (CIBERER) (F.C., P.S.-L., A.B., Jorge Amigo, P.M., C.A., E.G.-A., N.M., T.J., A.N., J. Arenas, A.C., R.M., M.A.M., C.D.-G.); Mitochondrial and Neuromuscular Research Group '12 de Octubre' (P.S.-L., A.B., J. Arenas, M.A.M., C.D.-G.), Hospital Research Institute (imas12); Neurology Department (L.B.-G.), Neuromuscular Disorders Unit, Hospital 12 de Octubre; Genetics Department (J.F.Q.-E., M.A.M.), Hospital Universitario 12 de Octubre, Madrid; Fundación Pública Galega de Medicina Xenómica (FPGMX) (J. Amigo, A.C.); Genetic's Group (J. Amigo, A.C.), Santiago de Compostela Research Institute (IDIS); Medicine Xenómica's Group (J. Amigo, A.C.), Research Center for Molecular Medicine and Chronic Diseases (CIMUS), Santiago de Compostela University (USC); Department of Genetics and Genomics (P.M., C.A.), Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria-Fundación Jiménez Díaz University Hospital; Bioinformatics Unit (P.M.), Health Research Institute-Fundación Jiménez Díaz University Hospital, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid (IIS-FJD, UAM), Madrid; Department of Clinical and Molecular Genetics (E.G.-A.), Valld'Hebron University Hospital; Research Group on Neuromuscular and Mitochondrial Disorders (E.G.-A., R.M.), Vall d'Hebron Research Institut (VHIR), Universitat Autónoma de Barcelona; Neuromuscular Unit (N.M.), Department of Neurology, Hospital Universitari I Politècnic La Fe, Neuromuscular and Ataxias Research Group, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria La Fe; Department of Genetics (T.J.), Hospital Universitari I Politècnic la Fe de Valencia; Neuromuscular Unit (A.N.), Neurology Department, Sant Joan de Déu Research Institute, Sant Joan de Déu Hospital, Barcelona; Neurology Department (B.G.-R., C.P.), Neuromuscular Disorders Unit, Instituto de Biomedicina de Sevilla, Hospital U. Virgen del Rocío; and Spanish Network for Biomedical Research in Neurodegenerative Diseases (CIBERNED) (C.P.), Madrid, Spain.

Ramon Martí (R)

From the Spanish Network for Biomedical Research in Rare Diseases (CIBERER) (F.C., P.S.-L., A.B., Jorge Amigo, P.M., C.A., E.G.-A., N.M., T.J., A.N., J. Arenas, A.C., R.M., M.A.M., C.D.-G.); Mitochondrial and Neuromuscular Research Group '12 de Octubre' (P.S.-L., A.B., J. Arenas, M.A.M., C.D.-G.), Hospital Research Institute (imas12); Neurology Department (L.B.-G.), Neuromuscular Disorders Unit, Hospital 12 de Octubre; Genetics Department (J.F.Q.-E., M.A.M.), Hospital Universitario 12 de Octubre, Madrid; Fundación Pública Galega de Medicina Xenómica (FPGMX) (J. Amigo, A.C.); Genetic's Group (J. Amigo, A.C.), Santiago de Compostela Research Institute (IDIS); Medicine Xenómica's Group (J. Amigo, A.C.), Research Center for Molecular Medicine and Chronic Diseases (CIMUS), Santiago de Compostela University (USC); Department of Genetics and Genomics (P.M., C.A.), Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria-Fundación Jiménez Díaz University Hospital; Bioinformatics Unit (P.M.), Health Research Institute-Fundación Jiménez Díaz University Hospital, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid (IIS-FJD, UAM), Madrid; Department of Clinical and Molecular Genetics (E.G.-A.), Valld'Hebron University Hospital; Research Group on Neuromuscular and Mitochondrial Disorders (E.G.-A., R.M.), Vall d'Hebron Research Institut (VHIR), Universitat Autónoma de Barcelona; Neuromuscular Unit (N.M.), Department of Neurology, Hospital Universitari I Politècnic La Fe, Neuromuscular and Ataxias Research Group, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria La Fe; Department of Genetics (T.J.), Hospital Universitari I Politècnic la Fe de Valencia; Neuromuscular Unit (A.N.), Neurology Department, Sant Joan de Déu Research Institute, Sant Joan de Déu Hospital, Barcelona; Neurology Department (B.G.-R., C.P.), Neuromuscular Disorders Unit, Instituto de Biomedicina de Sevilla, Hospital U. Virgen del Rocío; and Spanish Network for Biomedical Research in Neurodegenerative Diseases (CIBERNED) (C.P.), Madrid, Spain.

Miguel A Martín (MA)

From the Spanish Network for Biomedical Research in Rare Diseases (CIBERER) (F.C., P.S.-L., A.B., Jorge Amigo, P.M., C.A., E.G.-A., N.M., T.J., A.N., J. Arenas, A.C., R.M., M.A.M., C.D.-G.); Mitochondrial and Neuromuscular Research Group '12 de Octubre' (P.S.-L., A.B., J. Arenas, M.A.M., C.D.-G.), Hospital Research Institute (imas12); Neurology Department (L.B.-G.), Neuromuscular Disorders Unit, Hospital 12 de Octubre; Genetics Department (J.F.Q.-E., M.A.M.), Hospital Universitario 12 de Octubre, Madrid; Fundación Pública Galega de Medicina Xenómica (FPGMX) (J. Amigo, A.C.); Genetic's Group (J. Amigo, A.C.), Santiago de Compostela Research Institute (IDIS); Medicine Xenómica's Group (J. Amigo, A.C.), Research Center for Molecular Medicine and Chronic Diseases (CIMUS), Santiago de Compostela University (USC); Department of Genetics and Genomics (P.M., C.A.), Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria-Fundación Jiménez Díaz University Hospital; Bioinformatics Unit (P.M.), Health Research Institute-Fundación Jiménez Díaz University Hospital, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid (IIS-FJD, UAM), Madrid; Department of Clinical and Molecular Genetics (E.G.-A.), Valld'Hebron University Hospital; Research Group on Neuromuscular and Mitochondrial Disorders (E.G.-A., R.M.), Vall d'Hebron Research Institut (VHIR), Universitat Autónoma de Barcelona; Neuromuscular Unit (N.M.), Department of Neurology, Hospital Universitari I Politècnic La Fe, Neuromuscular and Ataxias Research Group, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria La Fe; Department of Genetics (T.J.), Hospital Universitari I Politècnic la Fe de Valencia; Neuromuscular Unit (A.N.), Neurology Department, Sant Joan de Déu Research Institute, Sant Joan de Déu Hospital, Barcelona; Neurology Department (B.G.-R., C.P.), Neuromuscular Disorders Unit, Instituto de Biomedicina de Sevilla, Hospital U. Virgen del Rocío; and Spanish Network for Biomedical Research in Neurodegenerative Diseases (CIBERNED) (C.P.), Madrid, Spain.

Cristina Domínguez-González (C)

From the Spanish Network for Biomedical Research in Rare Diseases (CIBERER) (F.C., P.S.-L., A.B., Jorge Amigo, P.M., C.A., E.G.-A., N.M., T.J., A.N., J. Arenas, A.C., R.M., M.A.M., C.D.-G.); Mitochondrial and Neuromuscular Research Group '12 de Octubre' (P.S.-L., A.B., J. Arenas, M.A.M., C.D.-G.), Hospital Research Institute (imas12); Neurology Department (L.B.-G.), Neuromuscular Disorders Unit, Hospital 12 de Octubre; Genetics Department (J.F.Q.-E., M.A.M.), Hospital Universitario 12 de Octubre, Madrid; Fundación Pública Galega de Medicina Xenómica (FPGMX) (J. Amigo, A.C.); Genetic's Group (J. Amigo, A.C.), Santiago de Compostela Research Institute (IDIS); Medicine Xenómica's Group (J. Amigo, A.C.), Research Center for Molecular Medicine and Chronic Diseases (CIMUS), Santiago de Compostela University (USC); Department of Genetics and Genomics (P.M., C.A.), Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria-Fundación Jiménez Díaz University Hospital; Bioinformatics Unit (P.M.), Health Research Institute-Fundación Jiménez Díaz University Hospital, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid (IIS-FJD, UAM), Madrid; Department of Clinical and Molecular Genetics (E.G.-A.), Valld'Hebron University Hospital; Research Group on Neuromuscular and Mitochondrial Disorders (E.G.-A., R.M.), Vall d'Hebron Research Institut (VHIR), Universitat Autónoma de Barcelona; Neuromuscular Unit (N.M.), Department of Neurology, Hospital Universitari I Politècnic La Fe, Neuromuscular and Ataxias Research Group, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria La Fe; Department of Genetics (T.J.), Hospital Universitari I Politècnic la Fe de Valencia; Neuromuscular Unit (A.N.), Neurology Department, Sant Joan de Déu Research Institute, Sant Joan de Déu Hospital, Barcelona; Neurology Department (B.G.-R., C.P.), Neuromuscular Disorders Unit, Instituto de Biomedicina de Sevilla, Hospital U. Virgen del Rocío; and Spanish Network for Biomedical Research in Neurodegenerative Diseases (CIBERNED) (C.P.), Madrid, Spain.

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