Predictors of Seizure Recurrence in Women With Idiopathic Generalized Epilepsy Who Switch From Valproate to Another Medication.

Journal

Neurology
ISSN: 1526-632X
Titre abrégé: Neurology
Pays: United States
ID NLM: 0401060

Informations de publication

Date de publication:
May 2024
Historique:
medline: 3 4 2024
pubmed: 3 4 2024
entrez: 3 4 2024
Statut: ppublish

Résumé

To investigate the predictors of seizure recurrence in women of childbearing age with idiopathic generalized epilepsy (IGE) who switched from valproate (VPA) to alternative antiseizure medications (ASMs) and compare the effectiveness of levetiracetam (LEV) and lamotrigine (LTG) as VPA alternatives after switch. This multicenter retrospective study included women of childbearing age diagnosed with IGE from 16 epilepsy centers. Study outcomes included worsening or recurrence of generalized tonic-clonic seizure (GTCS) at 12 months and 24 months after the switch from VPA to an alternative ASM. The comparative effectiveness of LEV and LTG as alternative ASM following VPA discontinuation was assessed through inverse probability treatment-weighted (IPTW) Cox regression analysis. We included 426 women with IGE, with a median (interquartile range) age at VPA switch of 24 (19-30) years and a median VPA dosage of 750 (500-1,000) mg/d. The most common reason for VPA switch was teratogenicity concern in 249 women (58.6%), and the most common ASM used in place of VPA was LEV in 197 (46.2%) cases, followed by LTG in 140 (32.9%). GTCS worsening/recurrence occurred in 105 (24.6%) and 139 (32.6%) women at 12 and 24 months, respectively. Catamenial worsening of seizures, higher VPA dosage during switch, multiple seizure types, and shorter duration of GTCS freedom before switch were independent predictors of GTCS recurrence or worsening at 12 months according to mixed multivariable logistic regression analysis. After internal-external validation through 16 independent cohorts, the model showed an area under the curve of 0.71 (95% CI 0.64-0.77). In the subgroup of 337 women who switched to LEV or LTG, IPTW Cox regression analysis showed that LEV was associated with a reduced risk of GTCS worsening or recurrence compared with LTG (adjusted hazard ratio 0.59, 95% CI 0.40-0.87, Our findings can have practical implications for optimizing counselling and treatment choices in women of childbearing age with IGE and may help clinicians in making informed treatment decisions in this special population of patients. This study provides Class III evidence that for women with IGE switching from VPA, LEV was associated with a reduced risk of GTCS worsening or recurrence compared with LTG.

Sections du résumé

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES OBJECTIVE
To investigate the predictors of seizure recurrence in women of childbearing age with idiopathic generalized epilepsy (IGE) who switched from valproate (VPA) to alternative antiseizure medications (ASMs) and compare the effectiveness of levetiracetam (LEV) and lamotrigine (LTG) as VPA alternatives after switch.
METHODS METHODS
This multicenter retrospective study included women of childbearing age diagnosed with IGE from 16 epilepsy centers. Study outcomes included worsening or recurrence of generalized tonic-clonic seizure (GTCS) at 12 months and 24 months after the switch from VPA to an alternative ASM. The comparative effectiveness of LEV and LTG as alternative ASM following VPA discontinuation was assessed through inverse probability treatment-weighted (IPTW) Cox regression analysis.
RESULTS RESULTS
We included 426 women with IGE, with a median (interquartile range) age at VPA switch of 24 (19-30) years and a median VPA dosage of 750 (500-1,000) mg/d. The most common reason for VPA switch was teratogenicity concern in 249 women (58.6%), and the most common ASM used in place of VPA was LEV in 197 (46.2%) cases, followed by LTG in 140 (32.9%). GTCS worsening/recurrence occurred in 105 (24.6%) and 139 (32.6%) women at 12 and 24 months, respectively. Catamenial worsening of seizures, higher VPA dosage during switch, multiple seizure types, and shorter duration of GTCS freedom before switch were independent predictors of GTCS recurrence or worsening at 12 months according to mixed multivariable logistic regression analysis. After internal-external validation through 16 independent cohorts, the model showed an area under the curve of 0.71 (95% CI 0.64-0.77). In the subgroup of 337 women who switched to LEV or LTG, IPTW Cox regression analysis showed that LEV was associated with a reduced risk of GTCS worsening or recurrence compared with LTG (adjusted hazard ratio 0.59, 95% CI 0.40-0.87,
DISCUSSION CONCLUSIONS
Our findings can have practical implications for optimizing counselling and treatment choices in women of childbearing age with IGE and may help clinicians in making informed treatment decisions in this special population of patients.
CLASSIFICATION OF EVIDENCE METHODS
This study provides Class III evidence that for women with IGE switching from VPA, LEV was associated with a reduced risk of GTCS worsening or recurrence compared with LTG.

Identifiants

DOI: 10.1212/WNL.0000000000209222 PMID: 38569127
pubmed: 38569127
doi: 10.1212/WNL.0000000000209222
doi:

Types de publication

Journal Article

Langues

eng

Sous-ensembles de citation

IM

Pagination

e209222

Auteurs

Emanuele Cerulli Irelli (E)

From the Department of Human Neurosciences (E.C.I., A.M., C.C., P. Pulitano, C. Panzini, A.T.G., C.D.B.), Sapienza University, Rome, Italy; Department of Precision Medicine and Genomics (E.C.), Department of Medicine, Columbia University, New York, NY; Department of Neurology (J.G., C.P.B.), Odense University Hospital; Department of Clinical Research (J.G., C.P.B.), University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark; Department of Neurology (R.H.C.), Hospital de Pediatría "Prof. Dr. Juan P Garrahan," Buenos Aires, Argentina; Neurological Clinic (S.L.), Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, Marche Polytechnic University, Ancona; Neurology Unit (G.S.), Department of Translational Medicine, University of Piemonte Orientale, and Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria "Maggiore della Carità," Novara; Neuromuscular and Sense Organs Department (E.R.), Careggi University Hospital, Florence; Regional Epilepsy Centre (E.F.), "Bianchi-Melacrino-Morelli" Great Metropolitan Hospital, Reggio Calabria; Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, Magna Graecia University of Catanzaro; IRCCS NEUROMED (S.C., G.D.G.), Pozzilli, Isernia; Neurology Unit (C. Pizzanelli), Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Pisa; Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences and Advanced Technologies "G.F. Ingrassia (L.G.)," Section of Neurosciences, University of Catania; IRCCS Istituto delle Scienze Neurologiche di Bologna (V.V., B.M.); Full member of the ERN EpiCARE; DIBINEM (V.V.), University of Bologna; Humanitas Gradenigo Hospital (P. Pignatta), Turin; Institute of Neurology (F.F., A.G.), University Magna Graecia, Catanzaro, Italy; Istanbul University Istanbul Faculty of Medicine (A.Ç.A., B.B.B.), Department of Neurology, Turkey; Neurophysiopatology and Movement Disorders Clinic (A.L.), University of Messina; Department of Science of Health School of Medicine (F.F.O.), University of Catanzaro, Italy; and EMAR Medical Center (B.B.B.), Istanbul, Turkey.
ORCID: 0000-0003-3906-555X

Enrico Cocchi (E)

From the Department of Human Neurosciences (E.C.I., A.M., C.C., P. Pulitano, C. Panzini, A.T.G., C.D.B.), Sapienza University, Rome, Italy; Department of Precision Medicine and Genomics (E.C.), Department of Medicine, Columbia University, New York, NY; Department of Neurology (J.G., C.P.B.), Odense University Hospital; Department of Clinical Research (J.G., C.P.B.), University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark; Department of Neurology (R.H.C.), Hospital de Pediatría "Prof. Dr. Juan P Garrahan," Buenos Aires, Argentina; Neurological Clinic (S.L.), Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, Marche Polytechnic University, Ancona; Neurology Unit (G.S.), Department of Translational Medicine, University of Piemonte Orientale, and Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria "Maggiore della Carità," Novara; Neuromuscular and Sense Organs Department (E.R.), Careggi University Hospital, Florence; Regional Epilepsy Centre (E.F.), "Bianchi-Melacrino-Morelli" Great Metropolitan Hospital, Reggio Calabria; Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, Magna Graecia University of Catanzaro; IRCCS NEUROMED (S.C., G.D.G.), Pozzilli, Isernia; Neurology Unit (C. Pizzanelli), Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Pisa; Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences and Advanced Technologies "G.F. Ingrassia (L.G.)," Section of Neurosciences, University of Catania; IRCCS Istituto delle Scienze Neurologiche di Bologna (V.V., B.M.); Full member of the ERN EpiCARE; DIBINEM (V.V.), University of Bologna; Humanitas Gradenigo Hospital (P. Pignatta), Turin; Institute of Neurology (F.F., A.G.), University Magna Graecia, Catanzaro, Italy; Istanbul University Istanbul Faculty of Medicine (A.Ç.A., B.B.B.), Department of Neurology, Turkey; Neurophysiopatology and Movement Disorders Clinic (A.L.), University of Messina; Department of Science of Health School of Medicine (F.F.O.), University of Catanzaro, Italy; and EMAR Medical Center (B.B.B.), Istanbul, Turkey.
ORCID: 0000-0002-7532-956X

Alessandra Morano (A)

From the Department of Human Neurosciences (E.C.I., A.M., C.C., P. Pulitano, C. Panzini, A.T.G., C.D.B.), Sapienza University, Rome, Italy; Department of Precision Medicine and Genomics (E.C.), Department of Medicine, Columbia University, New York, NY; Department of Neurology (J.G., C.P.B.), Odense University Hospital; Department of Clinical Research (J.G., C.P.B.), University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark; Department of Neurology (R.H.C.), Hospital de Pediatría "Prof. Dr. Juan P Garrahan," Buenos Aires, Argentina; Neurological Clinic (S.L.), Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, Marche Polytechnic University, Ancona; Neurology Unit (G.S.), Department of Translational Medicine, University of Piemonte Orientale, and Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria "Maggiore della Carità," Novara; Neuromuscular and Sense Organs Department (E.R.), Careggi University Hospital, Florence; Regional Epilepsy Centre (E.F.), "Bianchi-Melacrino-Morelli" Great Metropolitan Hospital, Reggio Calabria; Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, Magna Graecia University of Catanzaro; IRCCS NEUROMED (S.C., G.D.G.), Pozzilli, Isernia; Neurology Unit (C. Pizzanelli), Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Pisa; Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences and Advanced Technologies "G.F. Ingrassia (L.G.)," Section of Neurosciences, University of Catania; IRCCS Istituto delle Scienze Neurologiche di Bologna (V.V., B.M.); Full member of the ERN EpiCARE; DIBINEM (V.V.), University of Bologna; Humanitas Gradenigo Hospital (P. Pignatta), Turin; Institute of Neurology (F.F., A.G.), University Magna Graecia, Catanzaro, Italy; Istanbul University Istanbul Faculty of Medicine (A.Ç.A., B.B.B.), Department of Neurology, Turkey; Neurophysiopatology and Movement Disorders Clinic (A.L.), University of Messina; Department of Science of Health School of Medicine (F.F.O.), University of Catanzaro, Italy; and EMAR Medical Center (B.B.B.), Istanbul, Turkey.
ORCID: 0000-0003-3649-8990

Joanna Gesche (J)

From the Department of Human Neurosciences (E.C.I., A.M., C.C., P. Pulitano, C. Panzini, A.T.G., C.D.B.), Sapienza University, Rome, Italy; Department of Precision Medicine and Genomics (E.C.), Department of Medicine, Columbia University, New York, NY; Department of Neurology (J.G., C.P.B.), Odense University Hospital; Department of Clinical Research (J.G., C.P.B.), University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark; Department of Neurology (R.H.C.), Hospital de Pediatría "Prof. Dr. Juan P Garrahan," Buenos Aires, Argentina; Neurological Clinic (S.L.), Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, Marche Polytechnic University, Ancona; Neurology Unit (G.S.), Department of Translational Medicine, University of Piemonte Orientale, and Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria "Maggiore della Carità," Novara; Neuromuscular and Sense Organs Department (E.R.), Careggi University Hospital, Florence; Regional Epilepsy Centre (E.F.), "Bianchi-Melacrino-Morelli" Great Metropolitan Hospital, Reggio Calabria; Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, Magna Graecia University of Catanzaro; IRCCS NEUROMED (S.C., G.D.G.), Pozzilli, Isernia; Neurology Unit (C. Pizzanelli), Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Pisa; Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences and Advanced Technologies "G.F. Ingrassia (L.G.)," Section of Neurosciences, University of Catania; IRCCS Istituto delle Scienze Neurologiche di Bologna (V.V., B.M.); Full member of the ERN EpiCARE; DIBINEM (V.V.), University of Bologna; Humanitas Gradenigo Hospital (P. Pignatta), Turin; Institute of Neurology (F.F., A.G.), University Magna Graecia, Catanzaro, Italy; Istanbul University Istanbul Faculty of Medicine (A.Ç.A., B.B.B.), Department of Neurology, Turkey; Neurophysiopatology and Movement Disorders Clinic (A.L.), University of Messina; Department of Science of Health School of Medicine (F.F.O.), University of Catanzaro, Italy; and EMAR Medical Center (B.B.B.), Istanbul, Turkey.

Roberto H Caraballo (RH)

From the Department of Human Neurosciences (E.C.I., A.M., C.C., P. Pulitano, C. Panzini, A.T.G., C.D.B.), Sapienza University, Rome, Italy; Department of Precision Medicine and Genomics (E.C.), Department of Medicine, Columbia University, New York, NY; Department of Neurology (J.G., C.P.B.), Odense University Hospital; Department of Clinical Research (J.G., C.P.B.), University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark; Department of Neurology (R.H.C.), Hospital de Pediatría "Prof. Dr. Juan P Garrahan," Buenos Aires, Argentina; Neurological Clinic (S.L.), Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, Marche Polytechnic University, Ancona; Neurology Unit (G.S.), Department of Translational Medicine, University of Piemonte Orientale, and Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria "Maggiore della Carità," Novara; Neuromuscular and Sense Organs Department (E.R.), Careggi University Hospital, Florence; Regional Epilepsy Centre (E.F.), "Bianchi-Melacrino-Morelli" Great Metropolitan Hospital, Reggio Calabria; Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, Magna Graecia University of Catanzaro; IRCCS NEUROMED (S.C., G.D.G.), Pozzilli, Isernia; Neurology Unit (C. Pizzanelli), Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Pisa; Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences and Advanced Technologies "G.F. Ingrassia (L.G.)," Section of Neurosciences, University of Catania; IRCCS Istituto delle Scienze Neurologiche di Bologna (V.V., B.M.); Full member of the ERN EpiCARE; DIBINEM (V.V.), University of Bologna; Humanitas Gradenigo Hospital (P. Pignatta), Turin; Institute of Neurology (F.F., A.G.), University Magna Graecia, Catanzaro, Italy; Istanbul University Istanbul Faculty of Medicine (A.Ç.A., B.B.B.), Department of Neurology, Turkey; Neurophysiopatology and Movement Disorders Clinic (A.L.), University of Messina; Department of Science of Health School of Medicine (F.F.O.), University of Catanzaro, Italy; and EMAR Medical Center (B.B.B.), Istanbul, Turkey.

Simona Lattanzi (S)

From the Department of Human Neurosciences (E.C.I., A.M., C.C., P. Pulitano, C. Panzini, A.T.G., C.D.B.), Sapienza University, Rome, Italy; Department of Precision Medicine and Genomics (E.C.), Department of Medicine, Columbia University, New York, NY; Department of Neurology (J.G., C.P.B.), Odense University Hospital; Department of Clinical Research (J.G., C.P.B.), University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark; Department of Neurology (R.H.C.), Hospital de Pediatría "Prof. Dr. Juan P Garrahan," Buenos Aires, Argentina; Neurological Clinic (S.L.), Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, Marche Polytechnic University, Ancona; Neurology Unit (G.S.), Department of Translational Medicine, University of Piemonte Orientale, and Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria "Maggiore della Carità," Novara; Neuromuscular and Sense Organs Department (E.R.), Careggi University Hospital, Florence; Regional Epilepsy Centre (E.F.), "Bianchi-Melacrino-Morelli" Great Metropolitan Hospital, Reggio Calabria; Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, Magna Graecia University of Catanzaro; IRCCS NEUROMED (S.C., G.D.G.), Pozzilli, Isernia; Neurology Unit (C. Pizzanelli), Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Pisa; Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences and Advanced Technologies "G.F. Ingrassia (L.G.)," Section of Neurosciences, University of Catania; IRCCS Istituto delle Scienze Neurologiche di Bologna (V.V., B.M.); Full member of the ERN EpiCARE; DIBINEM (V.V.), University of Bologna; Humanitas Gradenigo Hospital (P. Pignatta), Turin; Institute of Neurology (F.F., A.G.), University Magna Graecia, Catanzaro, Italy; Istanbul University Istanbul Faculty of Medicine (A.Ç.A., B.B.B.), Department of Neurology, Turkey; Neurophysiopatology and Movement Disorders Clinic (A.L.), University of Messina; Department of Science of Health School of Medicine (F.F.O.), University of Catanzaro, Italy; and EMAR Medical Center (B.B.B.), Istanbul, Turkey.
ORCID: 0000-0001-8748-0083

Gionata Strigaro (G)

From the Department of Human Neurosciences (E.C.I., A.M., C.C., P. Pulitano, C. Panzini, A.T.G., C.D.B.), Sapienza University, Rome, Italy; Department of Precision Medicine and Genomics (E.C.), Department of Medicine, Columbia University, New York, NY; Department of Neurology (J.G., C.P.B.), Odense University Hospital; Department of Clinical Research (J.G., C.P.B.), University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark; Department of Neurology (R.H.C.), Hospital de Pediatría "Prof. Dr. Juan P Garrahan," Buenos Aires, Argentina; Neurological Clinic (S.L.), Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, Marche Polytechnic University, Ancona; Neurology Unit (G.S.), Department of Translational Medicine, University of Piemonte Orientale, and Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria "Maggiore della Carità," Novara; Neuromuscular and Sense Organs Department (E.R.), Careggi University Hospital, Florence; Regional Epilepsy Centre (E.F.), "Bianchi-Melacrino-Morelli" Great Metropolitan Hospital, Reggio Calabria; Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, Magna Graecia University of Catanzaro; IRCCS NEUROMED (S.C., G.D.G.), Pozzilli, Isernia; Neurology Unit (C. Pizzanelli), Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Pisa; Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences and Advanced Technologies "G.F. Ingrassia (L.G.)," Section of Neurosciences, University of Catania; IRCCS Istituto delle Scienze Neurologiche di Bologna (V.V., B.M.); Full member of the ERN EpiCARE; DIBINEM (V.V.), University of Bologna; Humanitas Gradenigo Hospital (P. Pignatta), Turin; Institute of Neurology (F.F., A.G.), University Magna Graecia, Catanzaro, Italy; Istanbul University Istanbul Faculty of Medicine (A.Ç.A., B.B.B.), Department of Neurology, Turkey; Neurophysiopatology and Movement Disorders Clinic (A.L.), University of Messina; Department of Science of Health School of Medicine (F.F.O.), University of Catanzaro, Italy; and EMAR Medical Center (B.B.B.), Istanbul, Turkey.

Eleonora Rosati (E)

From the Department of Human Neurosciences (E.C.I., A.M., C.C., P. Pulitano, C. Panzini, A.T.G., C.D.B.), Sapienza University, Rome, Italy; Department of Precision Medicine and Genomics (E.C.), Department of Medicine, Columbia University, New York, NY; Department of Neurology (J.G., C.P.B.), Odense University Hospital; Department of Clinical Research (J.G., C.P.B.), University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark; Department of Neurology (R.H.C.), Hospital de Pediatría "Prof. Dr. Juan P Garrahan," Buenos Aires, Argentina; Neurological Clinic (S.L.), Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, Marche Polytechnic University, Ancona; Neurology Unit (G.S.), Department of Translational Medicine, University of Piemonte Orientale, and Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria "Maggiore della Carità," Novara; Neuromuscular and Sense Organs Department (E.R.), Careggi University Hospital, Florence; Regional Epilepsy Centre (E.F.), "Bianchi-Melacrino-Morelli" Great Metropolitan Hospital, Reggio Calabria; Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, Magna Graecia University of Catanzaro; IRCCS NEUROMED (S.C., G.D.G.), Pozzilli, Isernia; Neurology Unit (C. Pizzanelli), Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Pisa; Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences and Advanced Technologies "G.F. Ingrassia (L.G.)," Section of Neurosciences, University of Catania; IRCCS Istituto delle Scienze Neurologiche di Bologna (V.V., B.M.); Full member of the ERN EpiCARE; DIBINEM (V.V.), University of Bologna; Humanitas Gradenigo Hospital (P. Pignatta), Turin; Institute of Neurology (F.F., A.G.), University Magna Graecia, Catanzaro, Italy; Istanbul University Istanbul Faculty of Medicine (A.Ç.A., B.B.B.), Department of Neurology, Turkey; Neurophysiopatology and Movement Disorders Clinic (A.L.), University of Messina; Department of Science of Health School of Medicine (F.F.O.), University of Catanzaro, Italy; and EMAR Medical Center (B.B.B.), Istanbul, Turkey.

Cecilia Catania (C)

From the Department of Human Neurosciences (E.C.I., A.M., C.C., P. Pulitano, C. Panzini, A.T.G., C.D.B.), Sapienza University, Rome, Italy; Department of Precision Medicine and Genomics (E.C.), Department of Medicine, Columbia University, New York, NY; Department of Neurology (J.G., C.P.B.), Odense University Hospital; Department of Clinical Research (J.G., C.P.B.), University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark; Department of Neurology (R.H.C.), Hospital de Pediatría "Prof. Dr. Juan P Garrahan," Buenos Aires, Argentina; Neurological Clinic (S.L.), Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, Marche Polytechnic University, Ancona; Neurology Unit (G.S.), Department of Translational Medicine, University of Piemonte Orientale, and Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria "Maggiore della Carità," Novara; Neuromuscular and Sense Organs Department (E.R.), Careggi University Hospital, Florence; Regional Epilepsy Centre (E.F.), "Bianchi-Melacrino-Morelli" Great Metropolitan Hospital, Reggio Calabria; Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, Magna Graecia University of Catanzaro; IRCCS NEUROMED (S.C., G.D.G.), Pozzilli, Isernia; Neurology Unit (C. Pizzanelli), Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Pisa; Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences and Advanced Technologies "G.F. Ingrassia (L.G.)," Section of Neurosciences, University of Catania; IRCCS Istituto delle Scienze Neurologiche di Bologna (V.V., B.M.); Full member of the ERN EpiCARE; DIBINEM (V.V.), University of Bologna; Humanitas Gradenigo Hospital (P. Pignatta), Turin; Institute of Neurology (F.F., A.G.), University Magna Graecia, Catanzaro, Italy; Istanbul University Istanbul Faculty of Medicine (A.Ç.A., B.B.B.), Department of Neurology, Turkey; Neurophysiopatology and Movement Disorders Clinic (A.L.), University of Messina; Department of Science of Health School of Medicine (F.F.O.), University of Catanzaro, Italy; and EMAR Medical Center (B.B.B.), Istanbul, Turkey.

Edoardo Ferlazzo (E)

From the Department of Human Neurosciences (E.C.I., A.M., C.C., P. Pulitano, C. Panzini, A.T.G., C.D.B.), Sapienza University, Rome, Italy; Department of Precision Medicine and Genomics (E.C.), Department of Medicine, Columbia University, New York, NY; Department of Neurology (J.G., C.P.B.), Odense University Hospital; Department of Clinical Research (J.G., C.P.B.), University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark; Department of Neurology (R.H.C.), Hospital de Pediatría "Prof. Dr. Juan P Garrahan," Buenos Aires, Argentina; Neurological Clinic (S.L.), Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, Marche Polytechnic University, Ancona; Neurology Unit (G.S.), Department of Translational Medicine, University of Piemonte Orientale, and Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria "Maggiore della Carità," Novara; Neuromuscular and Sense Organs Department (E.R.), Careggi University Hospital, Florence; Regional Epilepsy Centre (E.F.), "Bianchi-Melacrino-Morelli" Great Metropolitan Hospital, Reggio Calabria; Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, Magna Graecia University of Catanzaro; IRCCS NEUROMED (S.C., G.D.G.), Pozzilli, Isernia; Neurology Unit (C. Pizzanelli), Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Pisa; Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences and Advanced Technologies "G.F. Ingrassia (L.G.)," Section of Neurosciences, University of Catania; IRCCS Istituto delle Scienze Neurologiche di Bologna (V.V., B.M.); Full member of the ERN EpiCARE; DIBINEM (V.V.), University of Bologna; Humanitas Gradenigo Hospital (P. Pignatta), Turin; Institute of Neurology (F.F., A.G.), University Magna Graecia, Catanzaro, Italy; Istanbul University Istanbul Faculty of Medicine (A.Ç.A., B.B.B.), Department of Neurology, Turkey; Neurophysiopatology and Movement Disorders Clinic (A.L.), University of Messina; Department of Science of Health School of Medicine (F.F.O.), University of Catanzaro, Italy; and EMAR Medical Center (B.B.B.), Istanbul, Turkey.

Sara Casciato (S)

From the Department of Human Neurosciences (E.C.I., A.M., C.C., P. Pulitano, C. Panzini, A.T.G., C.D.B.), Sapienza University, Rome, Italy; Department of Precision Medicine and Genomics (E.C.), Department of Medicine, Columbia University, New York, NY; Department of Neurology (J.G., C.P.B.), Odense University Hospital; Department of Clinical Research (J.G., C.P.B.), University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark; Department of Neurology (R.H.C.), Hospital de Pediatría "Prof. Dr. Juan P Garrahan," Buenos Aires, Argentina; Neurological Clinic (S.L.), Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, Marche Polytechnic University, Ancona; Neurology Unit (G.S.), Department of Translational Medicine, University of Piemonte Orientale, and Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria "Maggiore della Carità," Novara; Neuromuscular and Sense Organs Department (E.R.), Careggi University Hospital, Florence; Regional Epilepsy Centre (E.F.), "Bianchi-Melacrino-Morelli" Great Metropolitan Hospital, Reggio Calabria; Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, Magna Graecia University of Catanzaro; IRCCS NEUROMED (S.C., G.D.G.), Pozzilli, Isernia; Neurology Unit (C. Pizzanelli), Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Pisa; Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences and Advanced Technologies "G.F. Ingrassia (L.G.)," Section of Neurosciences, University of Catania; IRCCS Istituto delle Scienze Neurologiche di Bologna (V.V., B.M.); Full member of the ERN EpiCARE; DIBINEM (V.V.), University of Bologna; Humanitas Gradenigo Hospital (P. Pignatta), Turin; Institute of Neurology (F.F., A.G.), University Magna Graecia, Catanzaro, Italy; Istanbul University Istanbul Faculty of Medicine (A.Ç.A., B.B.B.), Department of Neurology, Turkey; Neurophysiopatology and Movement Disorders Clinic (A.L.), University of Messina; Department of Science of Health School of Medicine (F.F.O.), University of Catanzaro, Italy; and EMAR Medical Center (B.B.B.), Istanbul, Turkey.

Giancarlo Di Gennaro (G)

From the Department of Human Neurosciences (E.C.I., A.M., C.C., P. Pulitano, C. Panzini, A.T.G., C.D.B.), Sapienza University, Rome, Italy; Department of Precision Medicine and Genomics (E.C.), Department of Medicine, Columbia University, New York, NY; Department of Neurology (J.G., C.P.B.), Odense University Hospital; Department of Clinical Research (J.G., C.P.B.), University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark; Department of Neurology (R.H.C.), Hospital de Pediatría "Prof. Dr. Juan P Garrahan," Buenos Aires, Argentina; Neurological Clinic (S.L.), Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, Marche Polytechnic University, Ancona; Neurology Unit (G.S.), Department of Translational Medicine, University of Piemonte Orientale, and Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria "Maggiore della Carità," Novara; Neuromuscular and Sense Organs Department (E.R.), Careggi University Hospital, Florence; Regional Epilepsy Centre (E.F.), "Bianchi-Melacrino-Morelli" Great Metropolitan Hospital, Reggio Calabria; Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, Magna Graecia University of Catanzaro; IRCCS NEUROMED (S.C., G.D.G.), Pozzilli, Isernia; Neurology Unit (C. Pizzanelli), Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Pisa; Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences and Advanced Technologies "G.F. Ingrassia (L.G.)," Section of Neurosciences, University of Catania; IRCCS Istituto delle Scienze Neurologiche di Bologna (V.V., B.M.); Full member of the ERN EpiCARE; DIBINEM (V.V.), University of Bologna; Humanitas Gradenigo Hospital (P. Pignatta), Turin; Institute of Neurology (F.F., A.G.), University Magna Graecia, Catanzaro, Italy; Istanbul University Istanbul Faculty of Medicine (A.Ç.A., B.B.B.), Department of Neurology, Turkey; Neurophysiopatology and Movement Disorders Clinic (A.L.), University of Messina; Department of Science of Health School of Medicine (F.F.O.), University of Catanzaro, Italy; and EMAR Medical Center (B.B.B.), Istanbul, Turkey.
ORCID: 0000-0003-3446-0788

Chiara Pizzanelli (C)

From the Department of Human Neurosciences (E.C.I., A.M., C.C., P. Pulitano, C. Panzini, A.T.G., C.D.B.), Sapienza University, Rome, Italy; Department of Precision Medicine and Genomics (E.C.), Department of Medicine, Columbia University, New York, NY; Department of Neurology (J.G., C.P.B.), Odense University Hospital; Department of Clinical Research (J.G., C.P.B.), University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark; Department of Neurology (R.H.C.), Hospital de Pediatría "Prof. Dr. Juan P Garrahan," Buenos Aires, Argentina; Neurological Clinic (S.L.), Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, Marche Polytechnic University, Ancona; Neurology Unit (G.S.), Department of Translational Medicine, University of Piemonte Orientale, and Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria "Maggiore della Carità," Novara; Neuromuscular and Sense Organs Department (E.R.), Careggi University Hospital, Florence; Regional Epilepsy Centre (E.F.), "Bianchi-Melacrino-Morelli" Great Metropolitan Hospital, Reggio Calabria; Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, Magna Graecia University of Catanzaro; IRCCS NEUROMED (S.C., G.D.G.), Pozzilli, Isernia; Neurology Unit (C. Pizzanelli), Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Pisa; Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences and Advanced Technologies "G.F. Ingrassia (L.G.)," Section of Neurosciences, University of Catania; IRCCS Istituto delle Scienze Neurologiche di Bologna (V.V., B.M.); Full member of the ERN EpiCARE; DIBINEM (V.V.), University of Bologna; Humanitas Gradenigo Hospital (P. Pignatta), Turin; Institute of Neurology (F.F., A.G.), University Magna Graecia, Catanzaro, Italy; Istanbul University Istanbul Faculty of Medicine (A.Ç.A., B.B.B.), Department of Neurology, Turkey; Neurophysiopatology and Movement Disorders Clinic (A.L.), University of Messina; Department of Science of Health School of Medicine (F.F.O.), University of Catanzaro, Italy; and EMAR Medical Center (B.B.B.), Istanbul, Turkey.
ORCID: 0000-0001-5044-8944

Loretta Giuliano (L)

From the Department of Human Neurosciences (E.C.I., A.M., C.C., P. Pulitano, C. Panzini, A.T.G., C.D.B.), Sapienza University, Rome, Italy; Department of Precision Medicine and Genomics (E.C.), Department of Medicine, Columbia University, New York, NY; Department of Neurology (J.G., C.P.B.), Odense University Hospital; Department of Clinical Research (J.G., C.P.B.), University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark; Department of Neurology (R.H.C.), Hospital de Pediatría "Prof. Dr. Juan P Garrahan," Buenos Aires, Argentina; Neurological Clinic (S.L.), Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, Marche Polytechnic University, Ancona; Neurology Unit (G.S.), Department of Translational Medicine, University of Piemonte Orientale, and Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria "Maggiore della Carità," Novara; Neuromuscular and Sense Organs Department (E.R.), Careggi University Hospital, Florence; Regional Epilepsy Centre (E.F.), "Bianchi-Melacrino-Morelli" Great Metropolitan Hospital, Reggio Calabria; Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, Magna Graecia University of Catanzaro; IRCCS NEUROMED (S.C., G.D.G.), Pozzilli, Isernia; Neurology Unit (C. Pizzanelli), Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Pisa; Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences and Advanced Technologies "G.F. Ingrassia (L.G.)," Section of Neurosciences, University of Catania; IRCCS Istituto delle Scienze Neurologiche di Bologna (V.V., B.M.); Full member of the ERN EpiCARE; DIBINEM (V.V.), University of Bologna; Humanitas Gradenigo Hospital (P. Pignatta), Turin; Institute of Neurology (F.F., A.G.), University Magna Graecia, Catanzaro, Italy; Istanbul University Istanbul Faculty of Medicine (A.Ç.A., B.B.B.), Department of Neurology, Turkey; Neurophysiopatology and Movement Disorders Clinic (A.L.), University of Messina; Department of Science of Health School of Medicine (F.F.O.), University of Catanzaro, Italy; and EMAR Medical Center (B.B.B.), Istanbul, Turkey.
ORCID: 0000-0003-2512-6972

Veronica Viola (V)

From the Department of Human Neurosciences (E.C.I., A.M., C.C., P. Pulitano, C. Panzini, A.T.G., C.D.B.), Sapienza University, Rome, Italy; Department of Precision Medicine and Genomics (E.C.), Department of Medicine, Columbia University, New York, NY; Department of Neurology (J.G., C.P.B.), Odense University Hospital; Department of Clinical Research (J.G., C.P.B.), University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark; Department of Neurology (R.H.C.), Hospital de Pediatría "Prof. Dr. Juan P Garrahan," Buenos Aires, Argentina; Neurological Clinic (S.L.), Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, Marche Polytechnic University, Ancona; Neurology Unit (G.S.), Department of Translational Medicine, University of Piemonte Orientale, and Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria "Maggiore della Carità," Novara; Neuromuscular and Sense Organs Department (E.R.), Careggi University Hospital, Florence; Regional Epilepsy Centre (E.F.), "Bianchi-Melacrino-Morelli" Great Metropolitan Hospital, Reggio Calabria; Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, Magna Graecia University of Catanzaro; IRCCS NEUROMED (S.C., G.D.G.), Pozzilli, Isernia; Neurology Unit (C. Pizzanelli), Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Pisa; Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences and Advanced Technologies "G.F. Ingrassia (L.G.)," Section of Neurosciences, University of Catania; IRCCS Istituto delle Scienze Neurologiche di Bologna (V.V., B.M.); Full member of the ERN EpiCARE; DIBINEM (V.V.), University of Bologna; Humanitas Gradenigo Hospital (P. Pignatta), Turin; Institute of Neurology (F.F., A.G.), University Magna Graecia, Catanzaro, Italy; Istanbul University Istanbul Faculty of Medicine (A.Ç.A., B.B.B.), Department of Neurology, Turkey; Neurophysiopatology and Movement Disorders Clinic (A.L.), University of Messina; Department of Science of Health School of Medicine (F.F.O.), University of Catanzaro, Italy; and EMAR Medical Center (B.B.B.), Istanbul, Turkey.

Barbara Mostacci (B)

From the Department of Human Neurosciences (E.C.I., A.M., C.C., P. Pulitano, C. Panzini, A.T.G., C.D.B.), Sapienza University, Rome, Italy; Department of Precision Medicine and Genomics (E.C.), Department of Medicine, Columbia University, New York, NY; Department of Neurology (J.G., C.P.B.), Odense University Hospital; Department of Clinical Research (J.G., C.P.B.), University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark; Department of Neurology (R.H.C.), Hospital de Pediatría "Prof. Dr. Juan P Garrahan," Buenos Aires, Argentina; Neurological Clinic (S.L.), Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, Marche Polytechnic University, Ancona; Neurology Unit (G.S.), Department of Translational Medicine, University of Piemonte Orientale, and Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria "Maggiore della Carità," Novara; Neuromuscular and Sense Organs Department (E.R.), Careggi University Hospital, Florence; Regional Epilepsy Centre (E.F.), "Bianchi-Melacrino-Morelli" Great Metropolitan Hospital, Reggio Calabria; Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, Magna Graecia University of Catanzaro; IRCCS NEUROMED (S.C., G.D.G.), Pozzilli, Isernia; Neurology Unit (C. Pizzanelli), Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Pisa; Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences and Advanced Technologies "G.F. Ingrassia (L.G.)," Section of Neurosciences, University of Catania; IRCCS Istituto delle Scienze Neurologiche di Bologna (V.V., B.M.); Full member of the ERN EpiCARE; DIBINEM (V.V.), University of Bologna; Humanitas Gradenigo Hospital (P. Pignatta), Turin; Institute of Neurology (F.F., A.G.), University Magna Graecia, Catanzaro, Italy; Istanbul University Istanbul Faculty of Medicine (A.Ç.A., B.B.B.), Department of Neurology, Turkey; Neurophysiopatology and Movement Disorders Clinic (A.L.), University of Messina; Department of Science of Health School of Medicine (F.F.O.), University of Catanzaro, Italy; and EMAR Medical Center (B.B.B.), Istanbul, Turkey.

Pietro Pignatta (P)

From the Department of Human Neurosciences (E.C.I., A.M., C.C., P. Pulitano, C. Panzini, A.T.G., C.D.B.), Sapienza University, Rome, Italy; Department of Precision Medicine and Genomics (E.C.), Department of Medicine, Columbia University, New York, NY; Department of Neurology (J.G., C.P.B.), Odense University Hospital; Department of Clinical Research (J.G., C.P.B.), University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark; Department of Neurology (R.H.C.), Hospital de Pediatría "Prof. Dr. Juan P Garrahan," Buenos Aires, Argentina; Neurological Clinic (S.L.), Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, Marche Polytechnic University, Ancona; Neurology Unit (G.S.), Department of Translational Medicine, University of Piemonte Orientale, and Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria "Maggiore della Carità," Novara; Neuromuscular and Sense Organs Department (E.R.), Careggi University Hospital, Florence; Regional Epilepsy Centre (E.F.), "Bianchi-Melacrino-Morelli" Great Metropolitan Hospital, Reggio Calabria; Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, Magna Graecia University of Catanzaro; IRCCS NEUROMED (S.C., G.D.G.), Pozzilli, Isernia; Neurology Unit (C. Pizzanelli), Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Pisa; Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences and Advanced Technologies "G.F. Ingrassia (L.G.)," Section of Neurosciences, University of Catania; IRCCS Istituto delle Scienze Neurologiche di Bologna (V.V., B.M.); Full member of the ERN EpiCARE; DIBINEM (V.V.), University of Bologna; Humanitas Gradenigo Hospital (P. Pignatta), Turin; Institute of Neurology (F.F., A.G.), University Magna Graecia, Catanzaro, Italy; Istanbul University Istanbul Faculty of Medicine (A.Ç.A., B.B.B.), Department of Neurology, Turkey; Neurophysiopatology and Movement Disorders Clinic (A.L.), University of Messina; Department of Science of Health School of Medicine (F.F.O.), University of Catanzaro, Italy; and EMAR Medical Center (B.B.B.), Istanbul, Turkey.

Francesco Fortunato (F)

From the Department of Human Neurosciences (E.C.I., A.M., C.C., P. Pulitano, C. Panzini, A.T.G., C.D.B.), Sapienza University, Rome, Italy; Department of Precision Medicine and Genomics (E.C.), Department of Medicine, Columbia University, New York, NY; Department of Neurology (J.G., C.P.B.), Odense University Hospital; Department of Clinical Research (J.G., C.P.B.), University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark; Department of Neurology (R.H.C.), Hospital de Pediatría "Prof. Dr. Juan P Garrahan," Buenos Aires, Argentina; Neurological Clinic (S.L.), Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, Marche Polytechnic University, Ancona; Neurology Unit (G.S.), Department of Translational Medicine, University of Piemonte Orientale, and Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria "Maggiore della Carità," Novara; Neuromuscular and Sense Organs Department (E.R.), Careggi University Hospital, Florence; Regional Epilepsy Centre (E.F.), "Bianchi-Melacrino-Morelli" Great Metropolitan Hospital, Reggio Calabria; Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, Magna Graecia University of Catanzaro; IRCCS NEUROMED (S.C., G.D.G.), Pozzilli, Isernia; Neurology Unit (C. Pizzanelli), Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Pisa; Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences and Advanced Technologies "G.F. Ingrassia (L.G.)," Section of Neurosciences, University of Catania; IRCCS Istituto delle Scienze Neurologiche di Bologna (V.V., B.M.); Full member of the ERN EpiCARE; DIBINEM (V.V.), University of Bologna; Humanitas Gradenigo Hospital (P. Pignatta), Turin; Institute of Neurology (F.F., A.G.), University Magna Graecia, Catanzaro, Italy; Istanbul University Istanbul Faculty of Medicine (A.Ç.A., B.B.B.), Department of Neurology, Turkey; Neurophysiopatology and Movement Disorders Clinic (A.L.), University of Messina; Department of Science of Health School of Medicine (F.F.O.), University of Catanzaro, Italy; and EMAR Medical Center (B.B.B.), Istanbul, Turkey.
ORCID: 0000-0001-8395-7809

Patrizia Pulitano (P)

From the Department of Human Neurosciences (E.C.I., A.M., C.C., P. Pulitano, C. Panzini, A.T.G., C.D.B.), Sapienza University, Rome, Italy; Department of Precision Medicine and Genomics (E.C.), Department of Medicine, Columbia University, New York, NY; Department of Neurology (J.G., C.P.B.), Odense University Hospital; Department of Clinical Research (J.G., C.P.B.), University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark; Department of Neurology (R.H.C.), Hospital de Pediatría "Prof. Dr. Juan P Garrahan," Buenos Aires, Argentina; Neurological Clinic (S.L.), Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, Marche Polytechnic University, Ancona; Neurology Unit (G.S.), Department of Translational Medicine, University of Piemonte Orientale, and Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria "Maggiore della Carità," Novara; Neuromuscular and Sense Organs Department (E.R.), Careggi University Hospital, Florence; Regional Epilepsy Centre (E.F.), "Bianchi-Melacrino-Morelli" Great Metropolitan Hospital, Reggio Calabria; Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, Magna Graecia University of Catanzaro; IRCCS NEUROMED (S.C., G.D.G.), Pozzilli, Isernia; Neurology Unit (C. Pizzanelli), Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Pisa; Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences and Advanced Technologies "G.F. Ingrassia (L.G.)," Section of Neurosciences, University of Catania; IRCCS Istituto delle Scienze Neurologiche di Bologna (V.V., B.M.); Full member of the ERN EpiCARE; DIBINEM (V.V.), University of Bologna; Humanitas Gradenigo Hospital (P. Pignatta), Turin; Institute of Neurology (F.F., A.G.), University Magna Graecia, Catanzaro, Italy; Istanbul University Istanbul Faculty of Medicine (A.Ç.A., B.B.B.), Department of Neurology, Turkey; Neurophysiopatology and Movement Disorders Clinic (A.L.), University of Messina; Department of Science of Health School of Medicine (F.F.O.), University of Catanzaro, Italy; and EMAR Medical Center (B.B.B.), Istanbul, Turkey.

Chiara Panzini (C)

From the Department of Human Neurosciences (E.C.I., A.M., C.C., P. Pulitano, C. Panzini, A.T.G., C.D.B.), Sapienza University, Rome, Italy; Department of Precision Medicine and Genomics (E.C.), Department of Medicine, Columbia University, New York, NY; Department of Neurology (J.G., C.P.B.), Odense University Hospital; Department of Clinical Research (J.G., C.P.B.), University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark; Department of Neurology (R.H.C.), Hospital de Pediatría "Prof. Dr. Juan P Garrahan," Buenos Aires, Argentina; Neurological Clinic (S.L.), Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, Marche Polytechnic University, Ancona; Neurology Unit (G.S.), Department of Translational Medicine, University of Piemonte Orientale, and Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria "Maggiore della Carità," Novara; Neuromuscular and Sense Organs Department (E.R.), Careggi University Hospital, Florence; Regional Epilepsy Centre (E.F.), "Bianchi-Melacrino-Morelli" Great Metropolitan Hospital, Reggio Calabria; Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, Magna Graecia University of Catanzaro; IRCCS NEUROMED (S.C., G.D.G.), Pozzilli, Isernia; Neurology Unit (C. Pizzanelli), Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Pisa; Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences and Advanced Technologies "G.F. Ingrassia (L.G.)," Section of Neurosciences, University of Catania; IRCCS Istituto delle Scienze Neurologiche di Bologna (V.V., B.M.); Full member of the ERN EpiCARE; DIBINEM (V.V.), University of Bologna; Humanitas Gradenigo Hospital (P. Pignatta), Turin; Institute of Neurology (F.F., A.G.), University Magna Graecia, Catanzaro, Italy; Istanbul University Istanbul Faculty of Medicine (A.Ç.A., B.B.B.), Department of Neurology, Turkey; Neurophysiopatology and Movement Disorders Clinic (A.L.), University of Messina; Department of Science of Health School of Medicine (F.F.O.), University of Catanzaro, Italy; and EMAR Medical Center (B.B.B.), Istanbul, Turkey.

Antonio Gambardella (A)

From the Department of Human Neurosciences (E.C.I., A.M., C.C., P. Pulitano, C. Panzini, A.T.G., C.D.B.), Sapienza University, Rome, Italy; Department of Precision Medicine and Genomics (E.C.), Department of Medicine, Columbia University, New York, NY; Department of Neurology (J.G., C.P.B.), Odense University Hospital; Department of Clinical Research (J.G., C.P.B.), University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark; Department of Neurology (R.H.C.), Hospital de Pediatría "Prof. Dr. Juan P Garrahan," Buenos Aires, Argentina; Neurological Clinic (S.L.), Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, Marche Polytechnic University, Ancona; Neurology Unit (G.S.), Department of Translational Medicine, University of Piemonte Orientale, and Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria "Maggiore della Carità," Novara; Neuromuscular and Sense Organs Department (E.R.), Careggi University Hospital, Florence; Regional Epilepsy Centre (E.F.), "Bianchi-Melacrino-Morelli" Great Metropolitan Hospital, Reggio Calabria; Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, Magna Graecia University of Catanzaro; IRCCS NEUROMED (S.C., G.D.G.), Pozzilli, Isernia; Neurology Unit (C. Pizzanelli), Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Pisa; Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences and Advanced Technologies "G.F. Ingrassia (L.G.)," Section of Neurosciences, University of Catania; IRCCS Istituto delle Scienze Neurologiche di Bologna (V.V., B.M.); Full member of the ERN EpiCARE; DIBINEM (V.V.), University of Bologna; Humanitas Gradenigo Hospital (P. Pignatta), Turin; Institute of Neurology (F.F., A.G.), University Magna Graecia, Catanzaro, Italy; Istanbul University Istanbul Faculty of Medicine (A.Ç.A., B.B.B.), Department of Neurology, Turkey; Neurophysiopatology and Movement Disorders Clinic (A.L.), University of Messina; Department of Science of Health School of Medicine (F.F.O.), University of Catanzaro, Italy; and EMAR Medical Center (B.B.B.), Istanbul, Turkey.
ORCID: 0000-0001-7384-3074

Arife Çimen Atalar (AÇ)

From the Department of Human Neurosciences (E.C.I., A.M., C.C., P. Pulitano, C. Panzini, A.T.G., C.D.B.), Sapienza University, Rome, Italy; Department of Precision Medicine and Genomics (E.C.), Department of Medicine, Columbia University, New York, NY; Department of Neurology (J.G., C.P.B.), Odense University Hospital; Department of Clinical Research (J.G., C.P.B.), University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark; Department of Neurology (R.H.C.), Hospital de Pediatría "Prof. Dr. Juan P Garrahan," Buenos Aires, Argentina; Neurological Clinic (S.L.), Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, Marche Polytechnic University, Ancona; Neurology Unit (G.S.), Department of Translational Medicine, University of Piemonte Orientale, and Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria "Maggiore della Carità," Novara; Neuromuscular and Sense Organs Department (E.R.), Careggi University Hospital, Florence; Regional Epilepsy Centre (E.F.), "Bianchi-Melacrino-Morelli" Great Metropolitan Hospital, Reggio Calabria; Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, Magna Graecia University of Catanzaro; IRCCS NEUROMED (S.C., G.D.G.), Pozzilli, Isernia; Neurology Unit (C. Pizzanelli), Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Pisa; Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences and Advanced Technologies "G.F. Ingrassia (L.G.)," Section of Neurosciences, University of Catania; IRCCS Istituto delle Scienze Neurologiche di Bologna (V.V., B.M.); Full member of the ERN EpiCARE; DIBINEM (V.V.), University of Bologna; Humanitas Gradenigo Hospital (P. Pignatta), Turin; Institute of Neurology (F.F., A.G.), University Magna Graecia, Catanzaro, Italy; Istanbul University Istanbul Faculty of Medicine (A.Ç.A., B.B.B.), Department of Neurology, Turkey; Neurophysiopatology and Movement Disorders Clinic (A.L.), University of Messina; Department of Science of Health School of Medicine (F.F.O.), University of Catanzaro, Italy; and EMAR Medical Center (B.B.B.), Istanbul, Turkey.
ORCID: 0000-0003-0328-9607

Angelo Labate (A)

From the Department of Human Neurosciences (E.C.I., A.M., C.C., P. Pulitano, C. Panzini, A.T.G., C.D.B.), Sapienza University, Rome, Italy; Department of Precision Medicine and Genomics (E.C.), Department of Medicine, Columbia University, New York, NY; Department of Neurology (J.G., C.P.B.), Odense University Hospital; Department of Clinical Research (J.G., C.P.B.), University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark; Department of Neurology (R.H.C.), Hospital de Pediatría "Prof. Dr. Juan P Garrahan," Buenos Aires, Argentina; Neurological Clinic (S.L.), Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, Marche Polytechnic University, Ancona; Neurology Unit (G.S.), Department of Translational Medicine, University of Piemonte Orientale, and Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria "Maggiore della Carità," Novara; Neuromuscular and Sense Organs Department (E.R.), Careggi University Hospital, Florence; Regional Epilepsy Centre (E.F.), "Bianchi-Melacrino-Morelli" Great Metropolitan Hospital, Reggio Calabria; Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, Magna Graecia University of Catanzaro; IRCCS NEUROMED (S.C., G.D.G.), Pozzilli, Isernia; Neurology Unit (C. Pizzanelli), Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Pisa; Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences and Advanced Technologies "G.F. Ingrassia (L.G.)," Section of Neurosciences, University of Catania; IRCCS Istituto delle Scienze Neurologiche di Bologna (V.V., B.M.); Full member of the ERN EpiCARE; DIBINEM (V.V.), University of Bologna; Humanitas Gradenigo Hospital (P. Pignatta), Turin; Institute of Neurology (F.F., A.G.), University Magna Graecia, Catanzaro, Italy; Istanbul University Istanbul Faculty of Medicine (A.Ç.A., B.B.B.), Department of Neurology, Turkey; Neurophysiopatology and Movement Disorders Clinic (A.L.), University of Messina; Department of Science of Health School of Medicine (F.F.O.), University of Catanzaro, Italy; and EMAR Medical Center (B.B.B.), Istanbul, Turkey.
ORCID: 0000-0002-8827-7324

Francesca Felicia Operto (FF)

From the Department of Human Neurosciences (E.C.I., A.M., C.C., P. Pulitano, C. Panzini, A.T.G., C.D.B.), Sapienza University, Rome, Italy; Department of Precision Medicine and Genomics (E.C.), Department of Medicine, Columbia University, New York, NY; Department of Neurology (J.G., C.P.B.), Odense University Hospital; Department of Clinical Research (J.G., C.P.B.), University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark; Department of Neurology (R.H.C.), Hospital de Pediatría "Prof. Dr. Juan P Garrahan," Buenos Aires, Argentina; Neurological Clinic (S.L.), Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, Marche Polytechnic University, Ancona; Neurology Unit (G.S.), Department of Translational Medicine, University of Piemonte Orientale, and Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria "Maggiore della Carità," Novara; Neuromuscular and Sense Organs Department (E.R.), Careggi University Hospital, Florence; Regional Epilepsy Centre (E.F.), "Bianchi-Melacrino-Morelli" Great Metropolitan Hospital, Reggio Calabria; Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, Magna Graecia University of Catanzaro; IRCCS NEUROMED (S.C., G.D.G.), Pozzilli, Isernia; Neurology Unit (C. Pizzanelli), Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Pisa; Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences and Advanced Technologies "G.F. Ingrassia (L.G.)," Section of Neurosciences, University of Catania; IRCCS Istituto delle Scienze Neurologiche di Bologna (V.V., B.M.); Full member of the ERN EpiCARE; DIBINEM (V.V.), University of Bologna; Humanitas Gradenigo Hospital (P. Pignatta), Turin; Institute of Neurology (F.F., A.G.), University Magna Graecia, Catanzaro, Italy; Istanbul University Istanbul Faculty of Medicine (A.Ç.A., B.B.B.), Department of Neurology, Turkey; Neurophysiopatology and Movement Disorders Clinic (A.L.), University of Messina; Department of Science of Health School of Medicine (F.F.O.), University of Catanzaro, Italy; and EMAR Medical Center (B.B.B.), Istanbul, Turkey.

Anna T Giallonardo (AT)

From the Department of Human Neurosciences (E.C.I., A.M., C.C., P. Pulitano, C. Panzini, A.T.G., C.D.B.), Sapienza University, Rome, Italy; Department of Precision Medicine and Genomics (E.C.), Department of Medicine, Columbia University, New York, NY; Department of Neurology (J.G., C.P.B.), Odense University Hospital; Department of Clinical Research (J.G., C.P.B.), University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark; Department of Neurology (R.H.C.), Hospital de Pediatría "Prof. Dr. Juan P Garrahan," Buenos Aires, Argentina; Neurological Clinic (S.L.), Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, Marche Polytechnic University, Ancona; Neurology Unit (G.S.), Department of Translational Medicine, University of Piemonte Orientale, and Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria "Maggiore della Carità," Novara; Neuromuscular and Sense Organs Department (E.R.), Careggi University Hospital, Florence; Regional Epilepsy Centre (E.F.), "Bianchi-Melacrino-Morelli" Great Metropolitan Hospital, Reggio Calabria; Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, Magna Graecia University of Catanzaro; IRCCS NEUROMED (S.C., G.D.G.), Pozzilli, Isernia; Neurology Unit (C. Pizzanelli), Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Pisa; Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences and Advanced Technologies "G.F. Ingrassia (L.G.)," Section of Neurosciences, University of Catania; IRCCS Istituto delle Scienze Neurologiche di Bologna (V.V., B.M.); Full member of the ERN EpiCARE; DIBINEM (V.V.), University of Bologna; Humanitas Gradenigo Hospital (P. Pignatta), Turin; Institute of Neurology (F.F., A.G.), University Magna Graecia, Catanzaro, Italy; Istanbul University Istanbul Faculty of Medicine (A.Ç.A., B.B.B.), Department of Neurology, Turkey; Neurophysiopatology and Movement Disorders Clinic (A.L.), University of Messina; Department of Science of Health School of Medicine (F.F.O.), University of Catanzaro, Italy; and EMAR Medical Center (B.B.B.), Istanbul, Turkey.
ORCID: 0000-0003-3315-6071

Betül B Baykan (BB)

From the Department of Human Neurosciences (E.C.I., A.M., C.C., P. Pulitano, C. Panzini, A.T.G., C.D.B.), Sapienza University, Rome, Italy; Department of Precision Medicine and Genomics (E.C.), Department of Medicine, Columbia University, New York, NY; Department of Neurology (J.G., C.P.B.), Odense University Hospital; Department of Clinical Research (J.G., C.P.B.), University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark; Department of Neurology (R.H.C.), Hospital de Pediatría "Prof. Dr. Juan P Garrahan," Buenos Aires, Argentina; Neurological Clinic (S.L.), Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, Marche Polytechnic University, Ancona; Neurology Unit (G.S.), Department of Translational Medicine, University of Piemonte Orientale, and Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria "Maggiore della Carità," Novara; Neuromuscular and Sense Organs Department (E.R.), Careggi University Hospital, Florence; Regional Epilepsy Centre (E.F.), "Bianchi-Melacrino-Morelli" Great Metropolitan Hospital, Reggio Calabria; Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, Magna Graecia University of Catanzaro; IRCCS NEUROMED (S.C., G.D.G.), Pozzilli, Isernia; Neurology Unit (C. Pizzanelli), Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Pisa; Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences and Advanced Technologies "G.F. Ingrassia (L.G.)," Section of Neurosciences, University of Catania; IRCCS Istituto delle Scienze Neurologiche di Bologna (V.V., B.M.); Full member of the ERN EpiCARE; DIBINEM (V.V.), University of Bologna; Humanitas Gradenigo Hospital (P. Pignatta), Turin; Institute of Neurology (F.F., A.G.), University Magna Graecia, Catanzaro, Italy; Istanbul University Istanbul Faculty of Medicine (A.Ç.A., B.B.B.), Department of Neurology, Turkey; Neurophysiopatology and Movement Disorders Clinic (A.L.), University of Messina; Department of Science of Health School of Medicine (F.F.O.), University of Catanzaro, Italy; and EMAR Medical Center (B.B.B.), Istanbul, Turkey.
ORCID: 0000-0002-3360-659X

Christoph P Beier (CP)

From the Department of Human Neurosciences (E.C.I., A.M., C.C., P. Pulitano, C. Panzini, A.T.G., C.D.B.), Sapienza University, Rome, Italy; Department of Precision Medicine and Genomics (E.C.), Department of Medicine, Columbia University, New York, NY; Department of Neurology (J.G., C.P.B.), Odense University Hospital; Department of Clinical Research (J.G., C.P.B.), University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark; Department of Neurology (R.H.C.), Hospital de Pediatría "Prof. Dr. Juan P Garrahan," Buenos Aires, Argentina; Neurological Clinic (S.L.), Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, Marche Polytechnic University, Ancona; Neurology Unit (G.S.), Department of Translational Medicine, University of Piemonte Orientale, and Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria "Maggiore della Carità," Novara; Neuromuscular and Sense Organs Department (E.R.), Careggi University Hospital, Florence; Regional Epilepsy Centre (E.F.), "Bianchi-Melacrino-Morelli" Great Metropolitan Hospital, Reggio Calabria; Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, Magna Graecia University of Catanzaro; IRCCS NEUROMED (S.C., G.D.G.), Pozzilli, Isernia; Neurology Unit (C. Pizzanelli), Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Pisa; Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences and Advanced Technologies "G.F. Ingrassia (L.G.)," Section of Neurosciences, University of Catania; IRCCS Istituto delle Scienze Neurologiche di Bologna (V.V., B.M.); Full member of the ERN EpiCARE; DIBINEM (V.V.), University of Bologna; Humanitas Gradenigo Hospital (P. Pignatta), Turin; Institute of Neurology (F.F., A.G.), University Magna Graecia, Catanzaro, Italy; Istanbul University Istanbul Faculty of Medicine (A.Ç.A., B.B.B.), Department of Neurology, Turkey; Neurophysiopatology and Movement Disorders Clinic (A.L.), University of Messina; Department of Science of Health School of Medicine (F.F.O.), University of Catanzaro, Italy; and EMAR Medical Center (B.B.B.), Istanbul, Turkey.
ORCID: 0000-0001-8268-1492

Carlo Di Bonaventura (C)

From the Department of Human Neurosciences (E.C.I., A.M., C.C., P. Pulitano, C. Panzini, A.T.G., C.D.B.), Sapienza University, Rome, Italy; Department of Precision Medicine and Genomics (E.C.), Department of Medicine, Columbia University, New York, NY; Department of Neurology (J.G., C.P.B.), Odense University Hospital; Department of Clinical Research (J.G., C.P.B.), University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark; Department of Neurology (R.H.C.), Hospital de Pediatría "Prof. Dr. Juan P Garrahan," Buenos Aires, Argentina; Neurological Clinic (S.L.), Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, Marche Polytechnic University, Ancona; Neurology Unit (G.S.), Department of Translational Medicine, University of Piemonte Orientale, and Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria "Maggiore della Carità," Novara; Neuromuscular and Sense Organs Department (E.R.), Careggi University Hospital, Florence; Regional Epilepsy Centre (E.F.), "Bianchi-Melacrino-Morelli" Great Metropolitan Hospital, Reggio Calabria; Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, Magna Graecia University of Catanzaro; IRCCS NEUROMED (S.C., G.D.G.), Pozzilli, Isernia; Neurology Unit (C. Pizzanelli), Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Pisa; Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences and Advanced Technologies "G.F. Ingrassia (L.G.)," Section of Neurosciences, University of Catania; IRCCS Istituto delle Scienze Neurologiche di Bologna (V.V., B.M.); Full member of the ERN EpiCARE; DIBINEM (V.V.), University of Bologna; Humanitas Gradenigo Hospital (P. Pignatta), Turin; Institute of Neurology (F.F., A.G.), University Magna Graecia, Catanzaro, Italy; Istanbul University Istanbul Faculty of Medicine (A.Ç.A., B.B.B.), Department of Neurology, Turkey; Neurophysiopatology and Movement Disorders Clinic (A.L.), University of Messina; Department of Science of Health School of Medicine (F.F.O.), University of Catanzaro, Italy; and EMAR Medical Center (B.B.B.), Istanbul, Turkey.
ORCID: 0000-0003-1890-5409
From the Department of Human Neurosciences (E.C.I., A.M., C.C., P. Pulitano, C. Panzini, A.T.G., C.D.B.), Sapienza University, Rome, Italy; Department of Precision Medicine and Genomics (E.C.), Department of Medicine, Columbia University, New York, NY; Department of Neurology (J.G., C.P.B.), Odense University Hospital; Department of Clinical Research (J.G., C.P.B.), University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark; Department of Neurology (R.H.C.), Hospital de Pediatría "Prof. Dr. Juan P Garrahan," Buenos Aires, Argentina; Neurological Clinic (S.L.), Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, Marche Polytechnic University, Ancona; Neurology Unit (G.S.), Department of Translational Medicine, University of Piemonte Orientale, and Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria "Maggiore della Carità," Novara; Neuromuscular and Sense Organs Department (E.R.), Careggi University Hospital, Florence; Regional Epilepsy Centre (E.F.), "Bianchi-Melacrino-Morelli" Great Metropolitan Hospital, Reggio Calabria; Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, Magna Graecia University of Catanzaro; IRCCS NEUROMED (S.C., G.D.G.), Pozzilli, Isernia; Neurology Unit (C. Pizzanelli), Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Pisa; Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences and Advanced Technologies "G.F. Ingrassia (L.G.)," Section of Neurosciences, University of Catania; IRCCS Istituto delle Scienze Neurologiche di Bologna (V.V., B.M.); Full member of the ERN EpiCARE; DIBINEM (V.V.), University of Bologna; Humanitas Gradenigo Hospital (P. Pignatta), Turin; Institute of Neurology (F.F., A.G.), University Magna Graecia, Catanzaro, Italy; Istanbul University Istanbul Faculty of Medicine (A.Ç.A., B.B.B.), Department of Neurology, Turkey; Neurophysiopatology and Movement Disorders Clinic (A.L.), University of Messina; Department of Science of Health School of Medicine (F.F.O.), University of Catanzaro, Italy; and EMAR Medical Center (B.B.B.), Istanbul, Turkey.

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