A systematic review on antibiotic therapy of cutaneous bacillary angiomatosis not related to major immunocompromising conditions: from pathogenesis to treatment.
Bartonella
Antibiotic
Bacillary angiomatosis
Emerging disease
One health
PCR
Journal
BMC infectious diseases
ISSN: 1471-2334
Titre abrégé: BMC Infect Dis
Pays: England
ID NLM: 100968551
Informations de publication
Date de publication:
08 Apr 2024
08 Apr 2024
Historique:
received:
19
11
2023
accepted:
25
03
2024
medline:
9
4
2024
pubmed:
9
4
2024
entrez:
8
4
2024
Statut:
epublish
Résumé
Cutaneous bacillary angiomatosis (cBA) is a vascular proliferative disorder due to Bartonella spp. that mostly affects people living with HIV (PLWH), transplanted patients and those taking immunosuppressive drugs. Since cBA is mostly related to these major immunocompromising conditions (i.e., T-cell count impairment), it is considered rare in relatively immunocompetent patients and could be underdiagnosed in them. Moreover, antimicrobial treatment in this population has not been previously investigated. We searched the databases PubMed, Google Scholar, Scopus, OpenAIRE and ScienceDirect by screening articles whose title included the keywords "bacillary" AND "angiomatosis" and included case reports about patients not suffering from major immunocompromising conditions to provide insights about antibiotic treatments and their duration. Twenty-two cases of cBA not related to major immunocompromising conditions were retrieved. Antibiotic treatment duration was shorter in patients with single cBA lesion than in patients with multiple lesions, including in most cases macrolides and tetracyclines. cBA is an emerging manifestation of Bartonella spp. infection in people not suffering from major immunocompromising conditions. Until evidence-based guidelines are available, molecular tests together with severity and extension of the disease can be useful to personalize the type of treatment and its duration.
Sections du résumé
BACKGROUND
BACKGROUND
Cutaneous bacillary angiomatosis (cBA) is a vascular proliferative disorder due to Bartonella spp. that mostly affects people living with HIV (PLWH), transplanted patients and those taking immunosuppressive drugs. Since cBA is mostly related to these major immunocompromising conditions (i.e., T-cell count impairment), it is considered rare in relatively immunocompetent patients and could be underdiagnosed in them. Moreover, antimicrobial treatment in this population has not been previously investigated.
METHODS
METHODS
We searched the databases PubMed, Google Scholar, Scopus, OpenAIRE and ScienceDirect by screening articles whose title included the keywords "bacillary" AND "angiomatosis" and included case reports about patients not suffering from major immunocompromising conditions to provide insights about antibiotic treatments and their duration.
RESULTS
RESULTS
Twenty-two cases of cBA not related to major immunocompromising conditions were retrieved. Antibiotic treatment duration was shorter in patients with single cBA lesion than in patients with multiple lesions, including in most cases macrolides and tetracyclines.
CONCLUSIONS
CONCLUSIONS
cBA is an emerging manifestation of Bartonella spp. infection in people not suffering from major immunocompromising conditions. Until evidence-based guidelines are available, molecular tests together with severity and extension of the disease can be useful to personalize the type of treatment and its duration.
Identifiants
pubmed: 38589795
doi: 10.1186/s12879-024-09253-9
pii: 10.1186/s12879-024-09253-9
doi:
Types de publication
Systematic Review
Langues
eng
Sous-ensembles de citation
IM
Pagination
380Informations de copyright
© 2024. The Author(s).
Références
Adal KA, Cockerell CJ, Petri WAJNEJM Jr. Cat scratch disease, bacillary angiomatosis, and other infections due to Rochalimaea. 1994, 330(21):1509–15.
Breitschwerdt EB. Bartonellosis, One Health and all creatures great and small. Vet Dermatol. 2017;28(1):96–e21.
pubmed: 28133871
doi: 10.1111/vde.12413
Mullins K, Canal E, Ouch P, Prasetyo D, Tagoe J, Attram N, Yeboah C, Kumordjie S, Fox A, Letizia AG, et al. Bartonella Species in Cambodia, Ghana, Laos, and Peru: results from Vector and Serosurveys. Vector Borne Zoonotic Dis. 2023;23(1):9–17.
pubmed: 36633562
doi: 10.1089/vbz.2021.0090
Koehler JE, Cederberg L. Intra-abdominal mass associated with gastrointestinal hemorrhage: a new manifestation of bacillary angiomatosis. Gastroenterology. 1995;109(6):2011–4.
pubmed: 7498668
doi: 10.1016/0016-5085(95)90770-X
Billeter SA, Levy MG, Chomel BB, Breitschwerdt EB. Vector transmission of Bartonella species with emphasis on the potential for tick transmission. Med Vet Entomol. 2008;22(1):1–15.
pubmed: 18380649
doi: 10.1111/j.1365-2915.2008.00713.x
Regnery R, Tappero J. Unraveling mysteries associated with cat-scratch disease, bacillary angiomatosis, and related syndromes. Emerg Infect Dis. 1995;1(1):16–21.
pubmed: 8903149
pmcid: 2626823
doi: 10.3201/eid0101.090103
Reis C, Cote M, Le Rhun D, Lecuelle B, Levin ML, Vayssier-Taussat M, Bonnet SI. Vector competence of the tick Ixodes ricinus for transmission of Bartonella birtlesii. PLoS Negl Trop Dis. 2011;5(5):e1186.
pubmed: 21655306
pmcid: 3104967
doi: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0001186
Bernabeu-Wittel J, Luque R, Corbi R, Mantrana-Bermejo M, Navarrete M, Vallejo A, Bernabeu-Wittel M. Bacillary angiomatosis with atypical clinical presentation in an immunocompetent patient. Indian J Dermatol Venereol Leprol. 2010;76(6):682–5.
pubmed: 21079313
doi: 10.4103/0378-6323.72469
Sanchez Clemente N, Ugarte-Gil CA, Solorzano N, Maguina C, Pachas P, Blazes D, Bailey R, Mabey D, Moore D. Bartonella bacilliformis: a systematic review of the literature to guide the research agenda for elimination. PLoS Negl Trop Dis. 2012;6(10):e1819.
pubmed: 23145188
pmcid: 3493376
doi: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0001819
Huarcaya E, Best I, Rodriguez-Tafur J, Maguina C, Solorzano N, Menacho J, Lopez De Guimaraes D, Chauca J, Ventosilla P. Cytokines and T-Lymphocute count in patients in the acute and chronic phases of Bartonella bacilliformis infection in an endemic area in Peru: a pilot study. Rev Inst Med Trop Sao Paulo. 2011;53(3):149–54.
pubmed: 21755237
doi: 10.1590/S0036-46652011000300006
Zarraga M, Rosen L, Herschthal D. Bacillary angiomatosis in an immunocompetent child: a case report and review of the literature. Am J Dermatopathol. 2011;33(5):513–5.
pubmed: 21285862
doi: 10.1097/DAD.0b013e3181ec846a
Mogollon-Pasapera E, Otvos L Jr., Giordano A, Cassone M. Bartonella: emerging pathogen or emerging awareness? Int J Infect Dis. 2009;13(1):3–8.
pubmed: 18621561
doi: 10.1016/j.ijid.2008.04.002
Koehler JE, Sanchez MA, Garrido CS, Whitfeld MJ, Chen FM, Berger TG, Rodriguez-Barradas MC, LeBoit PE, Tappero JW. Molecular epidemiology of bartonella infections in patients with bacillary angiomatosis-peliosis. N Engl J Med. 1997;337(26):1876–83.
pubmed: 9407154
doi: 10.1056/NEJM199712253372603
Agrawal S, Singal A, Arora VK. Bacillary Angiomatosis in an Immunocompetent patient: an unusual occurrence. Indian Dermatol Online J. 2022;13(4):527–9.
pubmed: 36262580
pmcid: 9574148
doi: 10.4103/idoj.idoj_524_21
Nikam BP, Vijayendran N, Jamale V, Kale M. Bacillary Angiomatosis in an Immunocompetent Individual. Indian Dermatol Online J. 2018;9(3):205–6.
pubmed: 29854648
pmcid: 5956875
doi: 10.4103/idoj.IDOJ_139_17
Karakas M, Baba M, Aksungur VL, Homan S, Memisoglu HR, Uguz A. Bacillary angiomatosis on a region of burned skin in a immunocompetent patient. Br J Dermatol. 2000;143(3):609–11.
pubmed: 10971338
doi: 10.1111/j.1365-2133.2000.03719.x
Karakas M, Baba M, Homan S, Akman A, Acar MA, Memisoglu HR, Gumurdulu D. A case of bacillary angiomatosis presenting as leg ulcers. J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol. 2003;17(1):65–7.
pubmed: 12602974
doi: 10.1046/j.1468-3083.2003.00513.x
Asharaf M, Letha S. Cutaneous bacillary angiomatosis. Indian J Pediatr. 2002;69(11):1003–5.
pubmed: 12503674
doi: 10.1007/BF02726028
Turgut M, Alabaz D, Karakas M, Kavak M, Aksaray N, Alhan E, Cevlik F, Tuncer I. Bacillary angiomatosis in an immunocompetent child with a grafted traumatic wound. J Dermatol. 2004;31(10):844–7.
pubmed: 15672717
doi: 10.1111/j.1346-8138.2004.tb00613.x
Albayrak A, Albayrak Y, Unal D, Atasoy M, Uyanik MH. A case of bacillary angiomatosis developed at a burn site. Indian J Dermatol Venereol Leprol. 2012;78(1):121.
pubmed: 22199082
doi: 10.4103/0378-6323.90970
Balaban M, Ioana Nedelcu R, Balmes G, Adela Todorovic T, Brinzea A, Nichita L, Gabriela Popp C, Theodor Andrei R, Andrada Zurac S, Adriana Ion D, et al. Bacillary angiomatosis triggered by severe trauma in a healthy caucasian patient: a case report. Exp Ther Med. 2020;20(1):56–60.
pubmed: 32508994
Tappero JW, Koehler JE, Berger TG, Cockerell CJ, Lee TH, Busch MP, Stites DP, Mohle-Boetani J, Reingold AL, LeBoit PE. Bacillary angiomatosis and bacillary splenitis in immunocompetent adults. Ann Intern Med. 1993;118(5):363–5.
pubmed: 8430982
doi: 10.7326/0003-4819-118-5-199303010-00007
Jimenez-Lucho V. Images in clinical medicine. Verruga peruana. N Engl J Med. 1998;339(7):450.
pubmed: 9700179
doi: 10.1056/NEJM199808133390706
Panel on Opportunistic Infections in Adults and Adolescents with HIV. Guidelines for the prevention and treatment of opportunistic infections in adults and adolescents with HIV: recommendations from the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, the National Institutes of Health, and the HIV Medicine Association of the Infectious Diseases Society of America. http://aidsinfo.nih.gov/contentfiles/lvguidelines/adult_oi.pdf . Accessed October 9, 2023.
Moher D, Shamseer L, Clarke M, Ghersi D, Liberati A, Petticrew M, Shekelle P, Stewart LA. Group P-P: Preferred reporting items for systematic review and meta-analysis protocols (PRISMA-P) 2015 statement. Syst Rev. 2015;4(1):1.
pubmed: 25554246
pmcid: 4320440
doi: 10.1186/2046-4053-4-1
Gangopadhyay AK, Sharma PK. Bacillary angiomatosis in an immune-competent patient. Indian J Dermatol Venereol Leprol. 2001;67(1):37–8.
pubmed: 17664700
Cockerell CJ, Bergstresser PR, Myrie-Williams C, Tierno PM. Bacillary epithelioid angiomatosis occurring in an immunocompetent individual. Arch Dermatol. 1990;126(6):787–90.
pubmed: 2346322
doi: 10.1001/archderm.1990.01670300087013
Iraji F, Pourazizi M, Abtahi-Naeini B, Meidani M, Rajabi P. Bacillary Angiomatosis in Immunocompetent patient with atypical manifestations. Indian J Dermatol. 2015;60(5):523.
pubmed: 26538736
pmcid: 4601457
doi: 10.4103/0019-5154.164444
Paul MA, Fleischer AB Jr., Wieselthier JS, White WL. Bacillary angiomatosis in an immunocompetent child: the first reported case. Pediatr Dermatol. 1994;11(4):338–41.
pubmed: 7899186
doi: 10.1111/j.1525-1470.1994.tb00101.x
Kayaselcuk F, Ceken I, Bircan S, Tuncer I. Bacillary angiomatosis of the scalp in a human immunodeficiency virus-negative patient. J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol. 2002;16(6):612–4.
pubmed: 12482046
doi: 10.1046/j.1468-3083.2002.00662.x
Smith KJ, Skelton HG, Tuur S, Larson PL, Angritt P. Bacillary angiomatosis in an immunocompetent child. Am J Dermatopathol. 1996;18(6):597–600.
pubmed: 8989932
doi: 10.1097/00000372-199612000-00008
Kacar N, Tasli L, Demirkan N, Ergin C, Ergin S. HIV-negative case of bacillary angiomatosis with chronic hepatitis B. J Dermatol. 2010;37(8):722–5.
pubmed: 20649715
doi: 10.1111/j.1346-8138.2010.00836.x
Blattner C, Jacobson-Dunlop E, Miller JH, Elston DM. A case of bacillary angiomatosis in a patient with pancreatic adenocarcinoma. J Cutan Pathol. 2014;41(3):277–80.
pubmed: 24588271
doi: 10.1111/cup.12303
Bellissimo-Rodrigues F, da Fonseca BA, Martinez R. Bacillary angiomatosis in a pregnant woman. Int J Gynaecol Obstet. 2010;111(1):85–6.
pubmed: 20650456
doi: 10.1016/j.ijgo.2010.05.015
Omidian M, Ranjbari N, Omidian EJIJD. Bacillary angiomatosis in an immune competent patient: a case report from Iran. 2014, 17(1):39–41.
Rotundo S, Bono F, Mazzitelli M, Scaglione V, Lamberti AG, Giancotti A, Tucci L, Costa C, Tassone MT, Morrone HL et al. An autochthonous case of cutaneous bacillary angiomatosis not related to major immunosuppression: an emerging or overlooked disease? Int J Infect Dis 2023.
Harms A, Dehio C. Intruders below the radar: molecular pathogenesis of Bartonella Spp. Clin Microbiol Rev. 2012;25(1):42–78.
pubmed: 22232371
pmcid: 3255967
doi: 10.1128/CMR.05009-11
Valerio CR, Murray P, Arlian LG, Slater JE. Bacterial 16S ribosomal DNA in house dust mite cultures. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2005;116(6):1296–300.
pubmed: 16337462
doi: 10.1016/j.jaci.2005.09.046
Murillo N, Mediannikov O, Aubert J, Raoult D. Bartonella quintana detection in Demodex from erythematotelangiectatic rosacea patients. Int J Infect Dis. 2014;29:176–7.
pubmed: 25449254
doi: 10.1016/j.ijid.2014.07.021
Jin X, Gou Y, Xin Y, Li J, Sun J, Li T, Feng J. Advancements in understanding the molecular and immune mechanisms of Bartonella pathogenicity. Front Microbiol. 2023;14:1196700.
pubmed: 37362930
pmcid: 10288214
doi: 10.3389/fmicb.2023.1196700
Lionello FCP, Rotundo S, Bruno G, Marino G, Morrone HL, Fusco P, Costa C, Russo A, Trecarichi EM, Beltrame A et al. Touching Base with Some Mediterranean Diseases of Interest from Paradigmatic Cases at the Magna Graecia University Unit of Infectious Diseases: A Didascalic Review. Diagnostics (Basel) 2023, 13(17).
Malgorzata-Miller G, Heinbockel L, Brandenburg K, van der Meer JW, Netea MG, Joosten LA. Bartonella quintana lipopolysaccharide (LPS): structure and characteristics of a potent TLR4 antagonist for in-vitro and in-vivo applications. Sci Rep. 2016;6:34221.
pubmed: 27670746
pmcid: 5037446
doi: 10.1038/srep34221
Scutera S, Mitola S, Sparti R, Salvi V, Grillo E, Piersigilli G, Bugatti M, Alotto D, Schioppa T, Sozzani S, et al. Bartonella henselae persistence within mesenchymal stromal cells enhances endothelial cell activation and infectibility that amplifies the angiogenic process. Infect Immun. 2021;89(8):e0014121.
pubmed: 34031126
doi: 10.1128/IAI.00141-21
Kempf VA, Volkmann B, Schaller M, Sander CA, Alitalo K, Riess T, Autenrieth IB. Evidence of a leading role for VEGF in Bartonella henselae-induced endothelial cell proliferations. Cell Microbiol. 2001;3(9):623–32.
pubmed: 11553014
doi: 10.1046/j.1462-5822.2001.00144.x
Angelakis E, Raoult D. Pathogenicity and treatment of Bartonella infections. Int J Antimicrob Agents. 2014;44(1):16–25.
pubmed: 24933445
doi: 10.1016/j.ijantimicag.2014.04.006
Brenner EC, Chomel BB, Singhasivanon OU, Namekata DY, Kasten RW, Kass PH, Cortes-Vecino JA, Gennari SM, Rajapakse RP, Huong LT, et al. Bartonella infection in urban and rural dogs from the tropics: Brazil, Colombia, Sri Lanka and Vietnam. Epidemiol Infect. 2013;141(1):54–61.
pubmed: 22459880
doi: 10.1017/S0950268812000519
Resto-Ruiz S, Burgess A, Anderson BE. The role of the host immune response in pathogenesis of Bartonella henselae. DNA Cell Biol. 2003;22(6):431–40.
pubmed: 12906736
doi: 10.1089/104454903767650694
Waldo E, Sidhu GS, Stahl R, Zolla-Pazner S. Histiocytoid hemangioma with features of angiolymphoid hyperplasia and Kaposi’s sarcoma. A study by light microscopy, electron microscopy, and immunologic techniques. Am J Dermatopathol. 1983;5(6):525–38.
pubmed: 6230021
doi: 10.1097/00000372-198312000-00003
Baron AL, Steinbach LS, LeBoit PE, Mills CM, Gee JH, Berger TG. Osteolytic lesions and bacillary angiomatosis in HIV infection: radiologic differentiation from AIDS-related Kaposi sarcoma. Radiology. 1990;177(1):77–81.
pubmed: 2399342
doi: 10.1148/radiology.177.1.2399342
Fagan WA, DeCamp NC, Kraus EW, Pulitzer DR. Widespread cutaneous bacillary angiomatosis and a large fungating mass in an HIV-positive man. J Am Acad Dermatol. 1996;35(2 II):285–7.
pubmed: 8698906
doi: 10.1016/S0190-9622(96)90649-0
Fagan WA, Skinner SM, Ondo A, Williams JT, Anthony K, DeVillez RL, Pulitzer DR. Bacillary angiomatosis of the skin and bone marrow in a patient with HIV infection. J Am Acad Dermatol. 1995;32(3):510–2.
pubmed: 7868724
doi: 10.1016/0190-9622(95)90089-6
Hettmannsperger U, Soehnchen R, Gollnick H, Detmar M, Orfanos CE. Bacillary epithelioid angiomatosis in advanced HIV infection. Hautarzt. 1993;44(12):803–7.
pubmed: 8113047
Husain S, Singh N. Pyomyositis associated with bacillary angiomatosis in a patient with HIV infection. Infection. 2002;30(1):50–3.
pubmed: 11876519
doi: 10.1007/s15010-001-2041-6
Mateen FJ, Newstead JC, McClean KL. Bacillary angiomatosis in an HIV-positive man with multiple risk factors: a clinical and epidemiological puzzle. Can J Infect Dis Med Microbiol. 2005;16(4):249–52.
pubmed: 18159553
pmcid: 2095030
doi: 10.1155/2005/230396
Monteil RA, Michiels JF, Hofman P, Saint-Paul MC, Hitzig C, Perrin C, Santini J. Histological and ultrastructural study of one case of oral bacillary angiomatosis in HIV disease and review of the literature. Eur J Cancer Part B: Oral Oncol. 1994;30(1):65–71.
doi: 10.1016/0964-1955(94)90054-X
Murillo O, Mimbrera D, Petit A, Gil H, Anda P, Carrera M, Podzamczer D. Fatal bacillary angiomatosis mimicking an infiltrative vascular tumour in the immune restoration phase of an HIV-infected patient. Antivir Ther. 2012;17(2):405–7.
pubmed: 22293094
doi: 10.3851/IMP1927
Plettenberg A, Lorenzen T, Burtsche BT, Rasokat H, Kaliebe T, Albrecht H, Mertenskotter T, Bogner JR, Stoehr A, Schofer H. Bacillary angiomatosis in HIV-infected patients–an epidemiological and clinical study. Dermatology. 2000;201(4):326–31.
pubmed: 11146343
doi: 10.1159/000051547
Rodriguez O, Campbell LR, Bacha JM, Kovarik CL. Successful treatment of bacillary angiomatosis with oral doxycycline in an HIV-infected child with skin lesions mimicking Kaposi sarcoma. JAAD Case Rep. 2016;2(1):77–9.
pubmed: 27051835
pmcid: 4809473
doi: 10.1016/j.jdcr.2015.12.002
Brzewski P, Kwiecińska M, Sułowicz J, Podolec K, Obtułowicz A, Dyduch G, Wojas-Pelc A. Bacillary Angiomatosis in Renal Transplant recipient: a Case Report. Transpl Proc. 2020;52(8):2524–6.
doi: 10.1016/j.transproceed.2020.02.092
Cline MS, Cummings OW, Goldman M, Filo RS, Pescovitz MD. Bacillary angiomatosis in a renal transplant recipient. Transplantation. 1999;67(2):296–8.
pubmed: 10075597
doi: 10.1097/00007890-199901270-00019
Dardenne S, Coche E, Weynand B, Poncelet A, Zech F, De Meyer M. High suspicion of Bacillary Angiomatosis in a kidney transplant recipient: a difficult way to diagnose-Case Report. Transpl Proc. 2007;39(1):311–3.
doi: 10.1016/j.transproceed.2006.10.202
Eid R, Assayag M, Lefevre E, Escaut L, Laifi M, Brodin-Sartorius A, Zaidan M, Snanoudj R. Invasive bacillary angiomatosis in a kidney transplant recipient: a challenging case on belatacept immunosuppression. Int J Infect Dis. 2023;133:43–5.
pubmed: 37086865
doi: 10.1016/j.ijid.2023.04.404
Grabas M, Darrieux L, Potier J, Safa G. Hemophagocytic syndrome as the presenting manifestation of bacillary angiomatosis in a renal transplant recipient. J Am Acad Dermatol. 2012;67(5):e236–237.
pubmed: 23062935
doi: 10.1016/j.jaad.2012.04.044
Helleberg M. Bacillary angiomatosis in a solid organ transplant recipient. IDCases. 2019;18:e00649.
pubmed: 31828013
pmcid: 6889470
doi: 10.1016/j.idcr.2019.e00649
Juskevicius R, Vnencak-Jones C. Pathologic quiz case: a 17-year-old renal transplant patient with persistent fever, pancytopenia, and axillary lymphadenopathy. Bacillary angiomatosis of the lymph node in the renal transplant recipient. Arch Pathol Lab Med. 2004;128(1):e12–14.
pubmed: 14692837
doi: 10.5858/2004-128-e12-PQC
Mehrmal S, Mhlaba JM, Zhou XA. Cutaneous bacillary angiomatosis in a renal transplant patient. Skinmed. 2021;19(2):150–4.
pubmed: 33938441
pmcid: 8579760
Morillas JA, Hassanein M, Syed B, Liaqat A, Bergfeld W, Sardiña LA, Fatica R, Lum J. Early post-transplant cutaneous bacillary angiomatosis in a kidney recipient: case report and review of the literature. Transpl Infect Disease 2021, 23(4).
Orsag J, Flodr P, Melter O, Tkadlec J, Sternbersky J, Hruby M, Klicova A, Zamboch K, Krejci K, Zadrazil J. Cutaneous bacillary angiomatosis due to Bartonella quintana in a renal transplant recipient. Transpl Int. 2015;28(5):626–31.
pubmed: 25652715
doi: 10.1111/tri.12539
Vetos D, Rickstrew J, Siscos S, Wang T. A case of bacillary angiomatosis following solid organ transplant. Int J Dermatol. 2022;61(7):e257–9.
pubmed: 34245463
doi: 10.1111/ijd.15776
Aydoǧan I, Parlak AH, Alper M, Aksoy KA. Bacillary angiomatosis in an HIV seronegative patient. Turkderm Deri Hastaliklari Ve Frengi Arsivi. 2004;38(1):71–4.
Schwartz RA, Gallardo MA, Kapila R, Gascon P, Herscu J, Siegel I, Lambert WC. Bacillary angiomatosis in an HIV seronegative patient on systemic steroid therapy. Br J Dermatol. 1996;135(6):982–7.
pubmed: 8977724
doi: 10.1046/j.1365-2133.1996.d01-1107.x
Kreitzer T, Saoud A. Bacillary angiomatosis following the use of long-term methotrexate therapy: a case report. West Va Med J. 2006;102(1):317–8.
Ye B, Liu X, Li X, Kong H, Tian L, Chen Y. T-cell exhaustion in chronic hepatitis B infection: current knowledge and clinical significance. Cell Death Dis. 2015;6(3):e1694.
pubmed: 25789969
pmcid: 4385920
doi: 10.1038/cddis.2015.42
Rodriguez IJ, Lalinde Ruiz N, Llano Leon M, Martinez Enriquez L, Montilla Velasquez MDP, Ortiz Aguirre JP, Rodriguez Bohorquez OM, Velandia Vargas EA, Hernandez ED. Parra Lopez CA: Immunosenescence Study of T cells: a systematic review. Front Immunol. 2020;11:604591.
pubmed: 33519813
doi: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.604591
McCormick DW, Rassoulian-Barrett SL, Hoogestraat DR, Salipante SJ, SenGupta D, Dietrich EA, Cookson BT, Marx GE, Lieberman JA. Bartonella Spp. Infections identified by molecular methods, United States. Emerg Infect Dis. 2023;29(3):467–76.
pubmed: 36823096
pmcid: 9973681
doi: 10.3201/eid2903.221223
Meghari S, Rolain JM, Grau GE, Platt E, Barrassi L, Mege JL, Raoult D. Antiangiogenic effect of erythromycin: an in vitro model of Bartonella quintana infection. J Infect Dis. 2006;193(3):380–6.
pubmed: 16388485
doi: 10.1086/499276
Aronson N, Herwaldt BL, Libman M, Pearson R, Lopez-Velez R, Weina P, Carvalho EM, Ephros M, Jeronimo S, Magill A. Diagnosis and treatment of Leishmaniasis: clinical practice guidelines by the Infectious Diseases Society of America (IDSA) and the American Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene (ASTMH). Clin Infect Dis. 2016;63(12):e202–64.
pubmed: 27941151
doi: 10.1093/cid/ciw670
van Daalen KR, Romanello M, Rocklov J, Semenza JC, Tonne C, Markandya A, Dasandi N, Jankin S, Achebak H, Ballester J, et al. The 2022 Europe report of the Lancet countdown on health and climate change: towards a climate resilient future. Lancet Public Health. 2022;7(11):e942–65.
pubmed: 36306805
pmcid: 9597587
doi: 10.1016/S2468-2667(22)00197-9
Chinga-Alayo E, Huarcaya E, Nasarre C, del Aguila R, Llanos-Cuentas A. The influence of climate on the epidemiology of bartonellosis in Ancash, Peru. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg. 2004;98(2):116–24.
pubmed: 14964812
doi: 10.1016/S0035-9203(03)00017-8
Silverman J, Rust MK, Reierson DA. Influence of temperature and humidity on survival and development of the cat flea, Ctenocephalides felis (Siphonaptera: Pulicidae). J Med Entomol. 1981;18(1):78–83.
pubmed: 7288833
doi: 10.1093/jmedent/18.1.78
Kokkinaki KCG, Saridomichelakis MN, Skampardonis V, Mataragka A, Ikonomopoulos J, Leontides L, Mylonakis ME, Steiner JM, Suchodolski JS, Xenoulis PG. Prevalence and risk factors for Bartonella spp. and Haemoplasma Infections in cats from Greece. Vet Sci 2022, 9(7).
Sepulveda-Garcia P, Alabi A, Alvarez K, Rojas L, Mella A, Goncalves LR, Andre MR, Machado RZ, Muller A, Monti G. Bartonella spp. in households with cats: risk factors for infection in cats and human exposure. One Health. 2023;16:100545.
pubmed: 37363214
pmcid: 10288095
doi: 10.1016/j.onehlt.2023.100545
Mitchell BM, Font RL. Molecular detection of bartonella henselae for the diagnosis of cat scratch disease and bacillary angiomatosis of the conjunctiva. Cornea. 2011;30(7):807–14.
pubmed: 21282991
doi: 10.1097/ICO.0b013e318201440c
Halos L, Mavris M, Vourc’h G, Maillard R, Barnouin J, Boulouis HJ, Vayssier-Taussat M. Broad-range PCR-TTGE for the first-line detection of bacterial pathogen DNA in ticks. Vet Res. 2006;37(2):245–53.
pubmed: 16472523
doi: 10.1051/vetres:2005055
La Scola B, Liang Z, Zeaiter Z, Houpikian P, Grimont PA, Raoult D. Genotypic characteristics of two serotypes of Bartonella henselae. J Clin Microbiol. 2002;40(6):2002–8.
pubmed: 12037055
pmcid: 130690
doi: 10.1128/JCM.40.6.2002-2008.2002
Sala M, Font B, Sanfeliu I, Quesada M, Ponts I, Segura F. Bacillary angiomatosis caused by Bartonella quintana. Ann N Y Acad Sci. 2005;1063:302–7.
pubmed: 16481531
doi: 10.1196/annals.1355.048
Mazzitelli M, Lamberti AG, Quirino A, Marascio N, Barreca GS, Costa C, Pisani V, Strazzulla A, Greco G, Liberto MC, et al. Utility of molecular identification and Quantitation of Bartonella Species with species-specific real-time PCR for monitoring treatment response: a Case Series. Open Microbiol J. 2018;12:148–53.
pubmed: 29997699
pmcid: 5997851
doi: 10.2174/1874285801812010148
Liberto MC, Lamberti AG, Marascio N, Matera G, Quirino A, Barreca GS, Baudi F, Foca A. Molecular identification of Bartonella quintana infection using species-specific real-time PCR targeting transcriptional regulatory protein (bqtR) gene. Mol Cell Probes. 2011;25(5–6):238–42.
pubmed: 21816218
doi: 10.1016/j.mcp.2011.07.001