Resistance training presents beneficial effects on bone development of adolescents engaged in swimming but not in impact sports: ABCD Growth Study.
Adolescence
Bone mineral density
Bone tissue
Physical activity
Sport participation
Journal
BMC pediatrics
ISSN: 1471-2431
Titre abrégé: BMC Pediatr
Pays: England
ID NLM: 100967804
Informations de publication
Date de publication:
09 Apr 2024
09 Apr 2024
Historique:
received:
17
04
2023
accepted:
09
02
2024
medline:
10
4
2024
pubmed:
10
4
2024
entrez:
9
4
2024
Statut:
epublish
Résumé
Sports practice during adolescence is important to enhance bone development, although it may provide different effects depending on the mechanical impact present in the sport. Besides, resistance training (RT) may also induce bone changes directly (via muscle contractions) and indirectly (via myokines). However, there have been no studies analyzing the longitudinal influence of engaging in sport with and without added mechanical load. Thus, this study aims to analyze the combined effects of sports participation and resistance training on areal bone mineral density (aBMD) accrual in adolescent athletes participating in swimming and impact sports for 12-months. This was a 12-month longitudinal study. The sample comprised 91 adolescents (21 females) aged 10 to 18 years, engaged in impact sports (basketball, tennis, track & field, baseball and gymnastics, n = 66) and non-impact sport (swimming, n = 25). The sample was divided according to resistance training participation: impact sports only (n = 45), impact sports + resistance training (n = 21), swimming-only (n = 17) and swimming + resistance training (n = 8). aBMD and soft tissues were measured using dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry. Generalized linear models analysis was used for the resistance training (RT) x type of sport interaction in predicting aBMD changes overtime, adjusting for maturation, sex and baseline aBMD. After 12-months, all groups showed a significant increase in aBMD, except for the swimming groups (regardless of resistant training), which showed a significant loss in spine aBMD (-0.045 [-0.085 to -0.004] g/cm Despite the significant gain in aBMD in all groups and body sites after 12-months, except for the spine site of swimmers, the results indicate that participation in RT seems to improve aBMD accrual in swimmers at the upper limbs and WBLH.
Sections du résumé
BACKGROUND
BACKGROUND
Sports practice during adolescence is important to enhance bone development, although it may provide different effects depending on the mechanical impact present in the sport. Besides, resistance training (RT) may also induce bone changes directly (via muscle contractions) and indirectly (via myokines). However, there have been no studies analyzing the longitudinal influence of engaging in sport with and without added mechanical load. Thus, this study aims to analyze the combined effects of sports participation and resistance training on areal bone mineral density (aBMD) accrual in adolescent athletes participating in swimming and impact sports for 12-months.
METHODS
METHODS
This was a 12-month longitudinal study. The sample comprised 91 adolescents (21 females) aged 10 to 18 years, engaged in impact sports (basketball, tennis, track & field, baseball and gymnastics, n = 66) and non-impact sport (swimming, n = 25). The sample was divided according to resistance training participation: impact sports only (n = 45), impact sports + resistance training (n = 21), swimming-only (n = 17) and swimming + resistance training (n = 8). aBMD and soft tissues were measured using dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry. Generalized linear models analysis was used for the resistance training (RT) x type of sport interaction in predicting aBMD changes overtime, adjusting for maturation, sex and baseline aBMD.
RESULTS
RESULTS
After 12-months, all groups showed a significant increase in aBMD, except for the swimming groups (regardless of resistant training), which showed a significant loss in spine aBMD (-0.045 [-0.085 to -0.004] g/cm
CONCLUSION
CONCLUSIONS
Despite the significant gain in aBMD in all groups and body sites after 12-months, except for the spine site of swimmers, the results indicate that participation in RT seems to improve aBMD accrual in swimmers at the upper limbs and WBLH.
Identifiants
pubmed: 38594697
doi: 10.1186/s12887-024-04634-0
pii: 10.1186/s12887-024-04634-0
doi:
Types de publication
Journal Article
Langues
eng
Sous-ensembles de citation
IM
Pagination
247Subventions
Organisme : Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo
ID : 2017/09182-5
Organisme : Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo
ID : 2019/24124-7
Organisme : Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo
ID : 2018/21935-1
Informations de copyright
© 2024. The Author(s).
Références
Hallal PC, Victora CG, Azevedo MR, Wells JCK. Adolescent physical activity and health: a systematic review. Sports Med. 2006;36:1019–30.
doi: 10.2165/00007256-200636120-00003
pubmed: 17123326
Malina RM. Organized youth sports: background, trends, benefits and risks. Youth sports: participation, trainability and readiness. Imprensa da Universidade Coimbra; 2009. pp. 2–27.
Hulteen RM, Smith JJ, Morgan PJ, Barnett LM, Hallal PC, Colyvas K, et al. Global participation in sport and leisure-time physical activities: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Prev Med (Baltim). 2017;95:14–25.
doi: 10.1016/j.ypmed.2016.11.027
Tenforde AS, Fredericson M. Influence of sports participation on bone health in the young athlete: a review of the literature. PM R. 2011;3:861–7.
doi: 10.1016/j.pmrj.2011.05.019
pubmed: 21944303
Robling AG, Castillo AB, Turner CH. Biomechanical and molecular regulation of bone remodeling. Annu Rev Biomed Eng. 2006;8:455–98.
doi: 10.1146/annurev.bioeng.8.061505.095721
pubmed: 16834564
Delaisse J-M, Andersen TL, Kristensen HB, Jensen PR, Andreasen CM, Søe K. Re-thinking the bone remodeling cycle mechanism and the origin of bone loss. Bone. 2020;141:115628.
doi: 10.1016/j.bone.2020.115628
pubmed: 32919109
Weaver CM, Gordon CM, Janz KF, Kalkwarf HJ, Lappe JM, Lewis R, et al. The National Osteoporosis Foundation’s position statement on peak bone mass development and lifestyle factors: a systematic review and implementation recommendations. Osteoporos Int. 2016;27:1281–386.
doi: 10.1007/s00198-015-3440-3
pubmed: 26856587
pmcid: 4791473
Gomez-Bruton A, Montero-Marín J, González-Agüero A, García-Campayo J, Moreno LA, Casajús JA, et al. The Effect of Swimming during Childhood and Adolescence on Bone Mineral density: a systematic review and Meta-analysis. Sports Med. 2016;46:365–79.
doi: 10.1007/s40279-015-0427-3
pubmed: 26607734
Vlachopoulos D, Barker AR, Ubago-Guisado E, Ortega FB, Krustrup P, Metcalf B, et al. The effect of 12-month participation in osteogenic and non-osteogenic sports on bone development in adolescent male athletes. The PRO-BONE study. J Sci Med Sport. 2018;21:404–9.
doi: 10.1016/j.jsams.2017.08.018
pubmed: 28886923
Vlachopoulos D, Barker AR, Ubago-Guisado E, Fatouros IG, Knapp KM, Williams CA, et al. Longitudinal adaptations of bone Mass, geometry, and metabolism in adolescent male athletes: the PRO-BONE study. J Bone Min Res. 2017;32:2269–77.
doi: 10.1002/jbmr.3206
Behringer M, Vom Heede A, Yue Z, Mester J. Effects of resistance training in children and adolescents: a meta-analysis. Pediatrics. 2010;126:e1199–210.
doi: 10.1542/peds.2010-0445
pubmed: 20974785
Myers AM, Beam NW, Fakhoury JD. Resistance training for children and adolescents. Transl Pediatr. 2017;6:137–43.
doi: 10.21037/tp.2017.04.01
pubmed: 28795003
pmcid: 5532191
Behringer M, Vom Heede A, Matthews M, Mester J. Effects of strength training on motor performance skills in children and adolescents: a meta-analysis. Pediatr Exerc Sci. 2011;23:186–206.
doi: 10.1123/pes.23.2.186
pubmed: 21633132
Myer GD, Faigenbaum AD, Chu DA, Falkel J, Ford KR, Best TM, et al. Integrative training for children and adolescents: techniques and practices for reducing sports-related injuries and enhancing athletic performance. Phys Sportsmed. 2011;39:74–84.
doi: 10.3810/psm.2011.02.1864
pubmed: 21378489
Charlton PC, Drew MK, Mentiplay BF, Grimaldi A, Clark RA. Exercise interventions for the Prevention and Treatment of Groin Pain and Injury in athletes: a critical and systematic review. Sports Med. 2017;47:2011–26.
doi: 10.1007/s40279-017-0742-y
pubmed: 28497284
Myer GD, Wall EJ. Resistance training in the Young Athlete. Oper Tech Sports Med. 2006;14:218–30.
doi: 10.1053/j.otsm.2006.04.004
Schoenau E, Frost HM. The muscle-bone unit in children and adolescents. Calcif Tissue Int. 2002;70:405–7.
doi: 10.1007/s00223-001-0048-8
pubmed: 11960207
Kirk B, Feehan J, Lombardi G, Duque G. Muscle, bone, and Fat Crosstalk: the Biological role of Myokines, Osteokines, and Adipokines. Curr Osteoporos Rep. 2020;18:388–400.
doi: 10.1007/s11914-020-00599-y
pubmed: 32529456
Nichols DL, Sanborn CF, Love AM. Resistance training and bone mineral density in adolescent females. J Pediatr. 2001;139:494–500.
doi: 10.1067/mpd.2001.116698
pubmed: 11598594
Bernardoni B, Thein-Nissenbaum J, Fast J, Day M, Li Q, Wang S, et al. A school-based resistance intervention improves skeletal growth in adolescent females. Osteoporos Int. 2014;25:1025–32.
doi: 10.1007/s00198-013-2535-y
pubmed: 24114402
Gomez-Bruton A, Gonzalez-Aguero A, Matute-Llorente A, Gomez-Cabello A, Casajus JA, Vicente-Rodríguez G. Longitudinal effects of swimming on bone in adolescents: a pQCT and DXA study. Biol Sport. 2017;34:361–70.
doi: 10.5114/biolsport.2017.69824
pubmed: 29472739
pmcid: 5819466
Vlachopoulos D, Barker AR, Ubago-Guisado E, Williams CA, Gracia-Marco L. A 9-Month jumping intervention to improve bone geometry in adolescent male athletes. Med Sci Sports Exerc. 2018;50:2544–54.
doi: 10.1249/MSS.0000000000001719
pubmed: 30067592
Gómez-Bruton A, González-Agüero A, Matute-Llorente A, Julián C, Lozano-Berges G, Gómez-Cabello A, et al. Do 6 months of whole-body vibration training improve lean mass and bone mass acquisition of adolescent swimmers? Arch Osteoporos. 2017;12:69.
doi: 10.1007/s11657-017-0362-z
pubmed: 28733931
Gómez-Bruton A, González-Agüero A, Gómez-Cabello A, Matute-Llorente A, Casajús JA, Vicente-Rodríguez G. The effects of swimming training on bone tissue in adolescence. Scand J Med Sci Sports. 2015;25:e589–602.
doi: 10.1111/sms.12378
pubmed: 25640142
Mirwald RL, Baxter-Jones AD, Bailey DA, Beunen GP. An assessment of maturity from anthropometric measurements. Med Sci Sports Exerc. 2002;34:689–694.
pubmed: 11932580
Agostinete RR, Vlachopoulos D, Werneck AO, Maillane-Vanegas S, Lynch KR, Naughton G, et al. Bone accrual over 18 months of participation in different loading sports during adolescence. Arch Osteoporos. 2020;15:64.
doi: 10.1007/s11657-020-00727-2
pubmed: 32335776
Cohen J. Statistical power analysis. 2nd ed. Mahwah: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates; 1988.
Hopkins WG, Marshall SW, Batterham AM, Hanin J. Progressive statistics for studies in sports medicine and exercise science. Med Sci Sports Exerc. 2009;41:3–13.
doi: 10.1249/MSS.0b013e31818cb278
pubmed: 19092709
Higgins J, Thomas J. Chapter 7: selecting studies and collecting data. Cochrane Handbook for Systematic Reviews of interventions Version 5.1.0 [updated March 2011]. Chichester (UK): The Cochrane Collaboration; 2011.
Cohen J. Quantitative methods in psychology: a power primer. Psychol Bull. 1992;112:155–9.
doi: 10.1037/0033-2909.112.1.155
pubmed: 19565683
Gomez-Bruton A, Gonzalez-Aguero A, Matute-Llorente A, Lozano-Berges G, Gomez-Cabello A, Moreno LA, et al. The muscle-bone unit in adolescent swimmers. Osteoporos Int. 2019;30:1079–88.
doi: 10.1007/s00198-019-04857-3
pubmed: 30729250
Schoenau E. From mechanostat theory to development of the functional muscle-bone-unit. J Musculoskelet Neuronal Interact. 2005;5:232–8.
pubmed: 16172514
Skerry TM. One mechanostat or many? Modifications of the site-specific response of bone to mechanical loading by nature and nurture. J Musculoskelet Neuronal Interact. 2006;6:122–7.
pubmed: 16849820
Vlachopoulos D, Barker AR, Ubago-Guisado E, Williams CA, Gracia-Marco L. The effect of a high-impact jumping intervention on bone mass, bone stiffness and fitness parameters in adolescent athletes. Arch Osteoporos. 2018;13:128.
doi: 10.1007/s11657-018-0543-4
pubmed: 30446875
pmcid: 6244891