Revisit and explore the ethylene-independent mechanism of sex expression in cucumber (Cucumis sativus).
Cucumber
Ethylene
Flower formation
Molecular mechanism
Sex determination
Journal
Plant reproduction
ISSN: 2194-7961
Titre abrégé: Plant Reprod
Pays: Germany
ID NLM: 101602701
Informations de publication
Date de publication:
10 Apr 2024
10 Apr 2024
Historique:
received:
29
08
2023
accepted:
22
03
2024
medline:
10
4
2024
pubmed:
10
4
2024
entrez:
10
4
2024
Statut:
aheadofprint
Résumé
This review provides a thorough and comprehensive perspective on the topic of cucumber sexual expression. Specifically, insights into sex expression mediated by pathways other than ethylene are highlighted. Cucumber (Cucumis sativus L.) is a common and important commercial crop that is cultivated and consumed worldwide. Additionally, this species is commonly used as a model for investigating plant sex expression. Cucumbers exhibit a variety of floral arrangements, comprising male, female, and hermaphroditic (bisexual) flowers. Generally, cucumber plants that produce female flowers are typically preferred due to their significant impact on the overall output. Various environmental conditions, such as temperature, light quality, and photoperiod, have been also shown to influence the sex expression in this species. Multiple lines of evidence indicate that ethylene and its biosynthesis genes are crucial in regulating cucumber sex expression. Gibberellins, another well-known phytohormone, can similarly influence cucumber sex expression via an ethylene-independent route. Further studies employing the next-generation sequencing technology also visualized a deeper slice of the molecular mechanism such as the role of the cell cycle program in the cucumber sex expression. This review aims to provide an overview of the sex expression of cucumber including its underlying molecular mechanism and regulatory aspects based on recent investigations.
Identifiants
pubmed: 38598160
doi: 10.1007/s00497-024-00501-1
pii: 10.1007/s00497-024-00501-1
doi:
Types de publication
Journal Article
Review
Langues
eng
Sous-ensembles de citation
IM
Informations de copyright
© 2024. The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer-Verlag GmbH Germany, part of Springer Nature.
Références
Adams DO, Yang SF (1979) Ethylene biosynthesis: Identification of 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylic acid as an intermediate in the conversion of methionine to ethylene. Proc Natl Acad Sci 76(1):170–174. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.76.1.170
doi: 10.1073/pnas.76.1.170
pubmed: 16592605
pmcid: 382898
Ando S, Sato Y, Kamachi S, Sakai S (2001) Isolation of a MADS-box gene (ERAF17) and correlation of its expression with the induction of formation of female flowers by ethylene in cucumber plants (Cucumis sativus L.). Planta 213(6):943–952. https://doi.org/10.1007/s004250100571
doi: 10.1007/s004250100571
pubmed: 11722131
Aparna S, A., Pląder, W., & Pawełkowicz M. (2023) Impact of climate change on regulation of genes involved in sex determination and fruit production in cucumber. Plants (basel) 12(14):2651. https://doi.org/10.3390/plants12142651
doi: 10.3390/plants12142651
pubmed: 37514264
Bai S-L, Peng Y-B, Cui J-X, Gu H-T, Xu L-Y, Li Y-Q, Xu Z-H, Bai S-N (2004) Developmental analyses reveal early arrests of the spore-bearing parts of reproductive organs in unisexual flowers of cucumber (Cucumis sativus L.). Planta 220(2):230–240. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00425-004-1342-2
doi: 10.1007/s00425-004-1342-2
pubmed: 15290297
Bie BB, Pan JS, He HL, Yang XQ, Zhao JL, Cai R (2013) Molecular cloning and expression analysis of the ETHYLENE INSENSITIVE3 (EIN3) gene in cucumber (Cucumis sativus). Genet Mol Res 12(4):4179–4191. https://doi.org/10.4238/2013.October.7.4
doi: 10.4238/2013.October.7.4
pubmed: 24114213
Bie B, Sun J, Pan J, He H, Cai R (2014) Ectopic expression of CsCTR1, a cucumber CTR-like gene, attenuates constitutive ethylene signaling in an Arabidopsis ctr1-1 mutant and expression pattern analysis of CsCTR1 in cucumber (Cucumis sativus). Int J Mol Sci 15(9):16331–16350. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms150916331
doi: 10.3390/ijms150916331
pubmed: 25226540
pmcid: 4200800
Bleecker AB, Kende H (2000) Ethylene: a gaseous signal molecule in plants. Annu Rev Cell Dev Biol 16(1):1–18. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.cellbio.16.1.1
doi: 10.1146/annurev.cellbio.16.1.1
pubmed: 11031228
Boualem A, Troadec C, Kovalski I, Sari M-A, Perl-Treves R, Bendahmane A (2009) A conserved ethylene biosynthesis enzyme leads to andromonoecy in two Cucumis species. PLoS ONE 4(7):e6144. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0006144
doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0006144
pubmed: 19578542
pmcid: 2701604
Boualem A, Fleurier S, Troadec C, Audigier P, Kumar APK, Chatterjee M, Alsadon AA, Sadder MT, Wahb-Allah MA, Al-Doss AA, Bendahmane A (2014) Development of a Cucumis sativus TILLinG platform for forward and reverse genetics. PLoS ONE 9(5):e97963. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0097963
doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0097963
pubmed: 24835852
pmcid: 4024006
Boualem A, Troadec C, Camps C, Lemhemdi A, Morin H, Sari M-A, Fraenkel-Zagouri R, Kovalski I, Dogimont C, Perl-Treves R, Bendahmane A (2015) A Cucurbit androecy gene reveals how unisexual flowers develop and dioecy emerges. Science 350(6261):688–691. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.aac8370
doi: 10.1126/science.aac8370
pubmed: 26542573
Chen Y-H (2012) CsACO4, an ACC oxidase gene regulating male differentiation in cucumber. Afr J Biotechnol. https://doi.org/10.5897/AJB09.1581
doi: 10.5897/AJB09.1581
Chen Y-F, Randlett MD, Findell JL, Schaller GE (2002) Localization of the Ethylene Receptor ETR1 to the endoplasmic reticulum of Arabidopsis. J Biol Chem 277(22):19861–19866. https://doi.org/10.1074/jbc.M201286200
doi: 10.1074/jbc.M201286200
pubmed: 11916973
Chen H, Sun J, Li S, Cui Q, Zhang H, Xin F, Wang H, Lin T, Gao D, Wang S, Li X, Wang D, Zhang Z, Xu Z, Huang S (2016) An ACC oxidase gene essential for cucumber carpel development. Mol Plant 9(9):1315–1327. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.molp.2016.06.018
doi: 10.1016/j.molp.2016.06.018
pubmed: 27403533
Duan Q-H, Wang D-H, Xu Z-H, Bai S-N (2008) Stamen development in Arabidopsis is arrested by organ-specific overexpression of a cucumber ethylene synthesis gene CsACO2. Planta 228(4):537–543. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00425-008-0756-7
doi: 10.1007/s00425-008-0756-7
pubmed: 18506477
Gao Z, Chen Y-F, Randlett MD, Zhao X-C, Findell JL, Kieber JJ, Schaller GE (2003) Localization of the Raf-like Kinase CTR1 to the endoplasmic reticulum of Arabidopsis through participation in ethylene receptor signaling complexes. J Biol Chem 278(36):34725–34732. https://doi.org/10.1074/jbc.M305548200
doi: 10.1074/jbc.M305548200
pubmed: 12821658
Gómez-Felipe A, Kierzkowski D, de Folter S (2021) The relationship between AGAMOUS and cytokinin signaling in the establishment of carpeloid features. Plants 10(5):827. https://doi.org/10.3390/plants10050827
doi: 10.3390/plants10050827
pubmed: 33919177
pmcid: 8143136
Gu H-T, Wang D-H, Li X, He C-X, Xu Z-H, Bai S-N (2011) Characterization of an ethylene-inducible, calcium-dependent nuclease that is differentially expressed in cucumber flower development. New Phytol 192(3):590–600. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1469-8137.2011.03825.x
doi: 10.1111/j.1469-8137.2011.03825.x
pubmed: 21801181
Guo H, Ecker JR (2004) The ethylene signaling pathway: new insights. Curr Opin Plant Biol 7(1):40–49. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pbi.2003.11.011
doi: 10.1016/j.pbi.2003.11.011
pubmed: 14732440
Guo B, Wei Y, Xu R, Lin S, Luan H, Lv C, Zhang X, Song X, Xu R (2016) Genome-wide analysis of APETALA2/Ethylene-Responsive Factor (AP2/ERF) gene family in barley (Hordeum vulgare L.). PLoS ONE 11(9):e0161322. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0161322
doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0161322
pubmed: 27598245
pmcid: 5012588
Hao Y-J, Wang D-H, Peng Y-B, Bai S-L, Xu L-Y, Li Y-Q, Xu Z-H, Bai S-N (2003) DNA damage in the early primordial anther is closely correlated with stamen arrest in the female flower of cucumber (Cucumis sativus L.). Planta 217(6):888–895. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00425-003-1064-x
doi: 10.1007/s00425-003-1064-x
pubmed: 12898252
Hikosaka S, Boonkorkaew P, Sugiyama N (2008) Effects of air temperature at the seedling stage and pollination on the development of pistillate flowers and fruit set in cucumbers. Environ Control Biol 46(4):249–256. https://doi.org/10.2525/ecb.46.249
doi: 10.2525/ecb.46.249
Hu L, Liu S (2011) Genome-wide identification and phylogenetic analysis of the ERF gene family in cucumbers. Genet Mol Biol 34(4):624–634. https://doi.org/10.1590/S1415-47572011005000054
doi: 10.1590/S1415-47572011005000054
pubmed: 22215967
pmcid: 3229118
Hua J, Meyerowitz EM (1998) Ethylene responses are negatively regulated by a receptor gene family in Arabidopsis thaliana. Cell 94(2):261–271. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0092-8674(00)81425-7
doi: 10.1016/S0092-8674(00)81425-7
pubmed: 9695954
Huang S, Li R, Zhang Z, Li L, Gu X, Fan W, Lucas WJ, Wang X, Xie B, Ni P, Ren Y et al (2009) The genome of the cucumber, Cucumis sativus L. Nat Genet 41(12):1275–1281. https://doi.org/10.1038/ng.475
doi: 10.1038/ng.475
pubmed: 19881527
Ikram MMM, Esyanti RR, Dwivany FM (2017) Gene expression analysis related to ethylene induced female flowers of cucumber (Cucumis sativus L.) at different photoperiod. J Plant Biotechnol 44(3):229–234. https://doi.org/10.5010/JPB.2017.44.3.229
doi: 10.5010/JPB.2017.44.3.229
Johnson PR, Ecker JR (1998) The ethylene gas signal transduction pathway: a molecular perspective. Annu Rev Genet 32(1):227–254. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.genet.32.1.227
doi: 10.1146/annurev.genet.32.1.227
pubmed: 9928480
Kater MM, Colombo L, Franken J, Busscher M, Masiero S, Van Lookeren Campagne MM, Angenent GC (1998) Multiple AGAMOUS homologs from cucumber and petunia differ in their ability to induce reproductive organ fate. Plant Cell 10(2):171–182. https://doi.org/10.1105/tpc.10.2.171
doi: 10.1105/tpc.10.2.171
pubmed: 9490741
pmcid: 143982
Klee HJ (2004) Ethylene signal transduction. Moving beyond arabidopsis. Plant Physiol 135(2):660–667. https://doi.org/10.1104/pp.104.040998
doi: 10.1104/pp.104.040998
pubmed: 15208412
pmcid: 514102
Knopf RR, Trebitsh T (2006) The female-specific Cs-ACS1G gene of cucumber. a case of gene duplication and recombination between the non-sex-specific 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylate synthase gene and a branched-chain amino acid transaminase gene. Plant Cell Physiol 47(9):1217–1228. https://doi.org/10.1093/pcp/pcj092
doi: 10.1093/pcp/pcj092
pubmed: 16887844
Lai Y-S, Zhang X, Zhang W, Shen D, Wang H, Xia Y, Qiu Y, Song J, Wang C, Li X (2017) The association of changes in DNA methylation with temperature-dependent sex determination in cucumber. J Exp Bot 68(11):2899–2912. https://doi.org/10.1093/jxb/erx144
doi: 10.1093/jxb/erx144
pubmed: 28498935
Lee JH, Kim Y-C, Choi D, Han JH, Jung Y, Lee S (2018) RNA expression, protein activity, and interactions in the ACC synthase gene family in cucumber (Cucumis sativus L.). Hortic Environ Biotechnol 59(1):81–91. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13580-018-0009-z
doi: 10.1007/s13580-018-0009-z
Li Z, Huang S, Liu S, Pan J, Zhang Z, Tao Q, Shi Q, Jia Z, Zhang W, Chen H, Si L, Zhu L, Cai R (2009) Molecular isolation of the M gene suggests that a conserved-residue conversion induces the formation of bisexual flowers in cucumber plants. Genetics 182(4):1381–1385. https://doi.org/10.1534/genetics.109.104737
doi: 10.1534/genetics.109.104737
pubmed: 19474195
pmcid: 2728875
Li Z, Wang S, Tao Q, Pan J, Si L, Gong Z, Cai R (2012) A putative positive feedback regulation mechanism in CsACS2 expression suggests a modified model for sex determination in cucumber (Cucumis sativus L.). J Exp Botany 63(12):4475–4484. https://doi.org/10.1093/jxb/ers123
doi: 10.1093/jxb/ers123
Li D, Sheng Y, Niu H, Li Z (2019) Gene interactions regulating sex determination in Cucurbits. Front Plant Sci. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpls.2019.01231
doi: 10.3389/fpls.2019.01231
pubmed: 32153598
pmcid: 6941427
Lin Z, Zhong S, Grierson D (2009) Recent advances in ethylene research. J Exp Bot 60(12):3311–3336. https://doi.org/10.1093/jxb/erp204
doi: 10.1093/jxb/erp204
pubmed: 19567479
Liu W, Qin Z, Xin M, Zhou X, Yang J, Wang C (2018) Analysis of CsPAP-fib regulation of cucumber female differentiation in response to low night temperature conditions. Sci Hortic 240:81–88. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scienta.2018.05.011
doi: 10.1016/j.scienta.2018.05.011
Luo H, Zhang H, Wang H (2023) Advance in sex differentiation in cucumber. Front Plant Sci 14:1186904. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpls.2023.1186904
doi: 10.3389/fpls.2023.1186904
pubmed: 37265638
pmcid: 10231686
Martínez C, Jamilena M (2021) To be a male or a female flower, a question of ethylene in cucurbits. Curr Opin Plant Biol 59:101981. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pbi.2020.101981
doi: 10.1016/j.pbi.2020.101981
pubmed: 33517096
Miao M, Yang X, Han X, Wang K (2011) Sugar signalling is involved in the sex expression response of monoecious cucumber to low temperature. J Exp Bot 62(2):797–804. https://doi.org/10.1093/jxb/erq315
doi: 10.1093/jxb/erq315
pubmed: 20937729
Mibus H, Tatlioglu T (2004) Molecular characterization and isolation of the F/f gene for femaleness in cucumber (Cucumis sativus L.). Theor Appl Genet 109(8):1669–1676. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00122-004-1793-7
doi: 10.1007/s00122-004-1793-7
pubmed: 15490106
Nguyen PTD, Luong NH, Ho PTB, Le KT, Le LTT (2020) BCAT-based marker for marker-assisted selection in Vietnam cucumber breeding. J Appl Hortic 22(2):87–91. https://doi.org/10.37855/jah.2020.v22i02.17
doi: 10.37855/jah.2020.v22i02.17
Oda A, Nomura-Ando K, Ahn DH, Higashide T (2022) Temporary reduction and control of female flower expression in cucumber (Cucumis sativus L.) by application of 1-methylcyclopropene. Hortic J 91(1):42–48. https://doi.org/10.2503/hortj.UTD-307
doi: 10.2503/hortj.UTD-307
Paik I, Huq E (2019) Plant photoreceptors: Multi-functional sensory proteins and their signaling networks. Semin Cell Dev Biol 92:114–121. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.semcdb.2019.03.007
doi: 10.1016/j.semcdb.2019.03.007
pubmed: 30946988
pmcid: 8630751
Papadopoulou E, Grumet R (2005) Brassinosteriod-induced femaleness in cucumber and relationship to ethylene production. HortScience 40(6):1763–1767. https://doi.org/10.21273/HORTSCI.40.6.1763
doi: 10.21273/HORTSCI.40.6.1763
Pawełkowicz M, Pryszcz L, Skarzyńska A, Wóycicki RK, Posyniak K, Rymuszka J, Przybecki Z, Pląder W (2019) Comparative transcriptome analysis reveals new molecular pathways for cucumber genes related to sex determination. Plant Reprod 32(2):193–216. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00497-019-00362-z
doi: 10.1007/s00497-019-00362-z
pubmed: 30719568
pmcid: 6500512
Pawełkowicz ME, Skarzyńska A, Pląder W, Przybecki Z (2019b) Genetic and molecular bases of cucumber (Cucumis sativus L.) sex determination. Mol Breed 39:50. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11032-019-0959-6
doi: 10.1007/s11032-019-0959-6
Pike LM, Peterson CE (1969) Gibberellin A4/A7, for induction of staminate flowers on the gynoecious cucumber (Cucumis sativus L.). Euphytica 18(1):106–109. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00021988
doi: 10.1007/BF00021988
Rudich J, Halevy AH, Kedar N (1969) Increase in femaleness of three cucurbits by treatment with Ethrel, an ethylene releasing compound. Planta 86(1):69–76. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00385305
doi: 10.1007/BF00385305
pubmed: 24515743
Saito S, Fujii N, Miyazawa Y, Yamasaki S, Matsuura S, Mizusawa H, Fujita Y, Takahashi H (2007) Correlation between development of female flower buds and expression of the CS-ACS2 gene in cucumber plants. J Exp Bot 58(11):2897–2907. https://doi.org/10.1093/jxb/erm141
doi: 10.1093/jxb/erm141
pubmed: 17630291
Song J, Zhang Y, Song S, Su W, Chen R, Sun G, Hao Y, Liu H (2018) Comparative RNA-Seq analysis on the regulation of cucumber sex differentiation under different ratios of blue and red light. Bot Stud 59(1):21. https://doi.org/10.1186/s40529-018-0237-7
doi: 10.1186/s40529-018-0237-7
pubmed: 30203294
pmcid: 6131680
Sun J-J, Li F, Wang D-H, Liu X-F, Li X, Liu N, Gu H-T, Zou C, Luo J-C, He C-X, Huang S-W, Zhang X-L, Xu Z-H, Bai S-N (2016) CsAP3: a cucumber homolog to Arabidopsis APETALA3 with novel characteristics. Front Plant Sci. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpls.2016.01181
doi: 10.3389/fpls.2016.01181
pubmed: 28138331
pmcid: 5167734
Tao Q, Niu H, Wang Z, Zhang W, Wang H, Wang S, Zhang X, Li Z (2018) Ethylene responsive factor ERF110 mediates ethylene-regulated transcription of a sex determination-related orthologous gene in two Cucumis species. J Exp Bot 69(12):2953–2965. https://doi.org/10.1093/jxb/ery128
doi: 10.1093/jxb/ery128
pubmed: 29659946
Trebitsh T, Staub JE, O’Neill SD (1997) Identification of a 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylic acid synthase gene linked to the Female (F) locus that enhances female sex expression in cucumber. Plant Physiol 113(3):987–995. https://doi.org/10.1104/pp.113.3.987
doi: 10.1104/pp.113.3.987
pubmed: 9085580
pmcid: 158220
Turek S, Aparna AS, Pląder W, Pawełkowicz M (2023) Understanding transcription factors and how they affect processes in cucumber sex determination. Metabolites 13(6):740. https://doi.org/10.3390/metabo13060740
doi: 10.3390/metabo13060740
pubmed: 37367898
pmcid: 10305380
Wang D-H, Li F, Duan Q-H, Han T, Xu Z-H, Bai S-N (2010) Ethylene perception is involved in female cucumber flower development. Plant J 61(5):862–872. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-313X.2009.04114.x
doi: 10.1111/j.1365-313X.2009.04114.x
pubmed: 20030751
Wang C, Xin M, Zhou X, Liu W, Liu D, Qin Z (2018) Transcriptome profiling reveals candidate genes associated with sex differentiation induced by night temperature in cucumber. Sci Hortic 232:162–169. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scienta.2017.12.018
doi: 10.1016/j.scienta.2017.12.018
Wang R, Lin Y, Jin Q, Yao C, Zhong Y, Wu T (2019) RNA-Seq analysis of gynoecious and weak female cucumber revealing the cell cycle pathway may regulate sex determination in cucumber. Gene 687:289–297. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gene.2018.11.071
doi: 10.1016/j.gene.2018.11.071
pubmed: 30471333
Wen X, Zhang C, Ji Y, Zhao Q, He W, An F, Jiang L, Guo H (2012) Activation of ethylene signaling is mediated by nuclear translocation of the cleaved EIN2 carboxyl terminus. Cell Res 22(11):1613–1616. https://doi.org/10.1038/cr.2012.145
doi: 10.1038/cr.2012.145
pubmed: 23070300
pmcid: 3494400
Yamasaki S, Manabe K (2011) Application of silver nitrate induces functional bisexual flowers in gynoecious cucumber plants (Cucumis sativus L.). J Japan Soc Hortic Sci 80(1):66–75. https://doi.org/10.2503/jjshs1.80.66
doi: 10.2503/jjshs1.80.66
Yamasaki S, Fujii N, Takahashi H (2000) The ethylene-regulated expression of CS-ETR2 and CS-ERS genes in cucumber plants and their possible involvement with sex expression in flowers. Plant Cell Physiol 41(5):608–616. https://doi.org/10.1093/pcp/41.5.608
doi: 10.1093/pcp/41.5.608
pubmed: 10929944
Yamasaki S, Fujii N, Matsuura S, Mizusawa H, Takahashi H (2001) The M locus and ethylene-controlled sex determination in andromonoecious cucumber plants. Plant Cell Physiol 42(6):608–619. https://doi.org/10.1093/pcp/pce076
doi: 10.1093/pcp/pce076
pubmed: 11427680
Yamasaki K, Kigawa T, Inoue M, Yamasaki T, Yabuki T, Aoki M, Seki E, Matsuda T, Tomo Y, Terada T, Shirouzu M, Tanaka A, Seki M, Shinozaki K, Yokoyama S (2005) Solution structure of the major dna-binding domain of Arabidopsis thaliana ETHYLENE-INSENSITIVE3-LIKE3. J Mol Biol 348(2):253–264. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jmb.2005.02.065
doi: 10.1016/j.jmb.2005.02.065
pubmed: 15811366
Yang SF, Hoffman NE (1984) Ethylene biosynthesis and its regulation in higher plants. Annu Rev Plant Physiol 35(1):155–189. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.pp.35.060184.001103
doi: 10.1146/annurev.pp.35.060184.001103
Yin T, Quinn JA (1995) Tests of a mechanistic model of one hormone regulating both sexes in Cucumis sativus (Cucurbitaceae). Am J Bot 82(12):1537–1546. https://doi.org/10.1002/j.1537-2197.1995.tb13856.x
doi: 10.1002/j.1537-2197.1995.tb13856.x
Zhang Y, Zhang X, Liu B, Wang W, Liu X, Chen C, Liu X, Yang S, Ren H (2014) A GAMYB homologue CsGAMYB1 regulates sex expression of cucumber via an ethylene-independent pathway. J Exp Bot 65(12):3201–3213. https://doi.org/10.1093/jxb/eru176
doi: 10.1093/jxb/eru176
pubmed: 24790111
pmcid: 4071842
Zhang Z, Mao L, Chen H, Bu F, Li G, Sun J, Li S, Sun H, Jiao C, Blakely R, Pan J, Cai R, Luo R, Van de Peer Y, Jacobsen E, Fei Z, Huang S (2015) Genome-wide mapping of structural variations reveals a copy number variant that determines reproductive morphology in cucumber. Plant Cell 27(6):1595–1604. https://doi.org/10.1105/tpc.114.135848
doi: 10.1105/tpc.114.135848
pubmed: 26002866
pmcid: 4498199
Zhang Y, Zhao G, Li Y, Mo N, Zhang J, Liang Y (2017) Transcriptomic analysis implies that GA regulates sex expression via ethylene-dependent and ethylene-independent pathways in cucumber (Cucumis sativus L.). Front Plant Sci. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpls.2017.00010
doi: 10.3389/fpls.2017.00010
pubmed: 29422907
pmcid: 5744481
Zhou Y, Ahammed GJ, Wang Q, Wu C, Wan C, Yang Y (2018) Transcriptomic insights into the blue light-induced female floral sex expression in cucumber (Cucumis sativus L.). Sci Rep 8(1):14261. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-018-32632-7
doi: 10.1038/s41598-018-32632-7
pubmed: 30250053
pmcid: 6155147