English version of Japanese Clinical Practice Guidelines 2022 for gastrointestinal stromal tumor (GIST) issued by the Japan Society of Clinical Oncology.
Clinical practice guidelines
Expert consensus
Gastrointestinal stromal tumor (GIST)
Minds manual for guideline development
Journal
International journal of clinical oncology
ISSN: 1437-7772
Titre abrégé: Int J Clin Oncol
Pays: Japan
ID NLM: 9616295
Informations de publication
Date de publication:
13 Apr 2024
13 Apr 2024
Historique:
received:
27
12
2023
accepted:
12
02
2024
medline:
13
4
2024
pubmed:
13
4
2024
entrez:
12
4
2024
Statut:
aheadofprint
Résumé
The Japan Society of Clinical Oncology Clinical Practice Guidelines 2022 for gastrointestinal stromal tumor (GIST) have been published in accordance with the Minds Manual for Guideline Development 2014 and 2017. A specialized team independent of the working group for the revision performed a systematic review. Since GIST is a rare type of tumor, clinical evidence is not sufficient to answer several clinical and background questions. Thus, in these guidelines, we considered that consensus among the experts who manage GIST, the balance between benefits and harms, patients' wishes, medical economic perspective, etc. are important considerations in addition to the evidence. Although guidelines for the treatment of GIST have also been published by the National Comprehensive Cancer Network (NCCN) and the European Society for Medical Oncology (ESMO), there are some differences between the treatments proposed in those guidelines and the treatments in the present guidelines because of the differences in health insurance systems among countries.
Identifiants
pubmed: 38609732
doi: 10.1007/s10147-024-02488-1
pii: 10.1007/s10147-024-02488-1
doi:
Types de publication
Journal Article
Langues
eng
Sous-ensembles de citation
IM
Subventions
Organisme : Health and Labor Sciences Research Grant
ID : JPMH20EA1021
Informations de copyright
© 2024. The Author(s).
Références
Demetri GD, von Mehren M, Antonescu CR et al (2010) NCCN task force report: update on the management of patients with gastrointestinal stromal tumors. J Natl Compr Canc Netw 8(Suppl 2):S1–S41
pubmed: 20457867
pmcid: 4103754
Blay JY, Bonvalot S, Casali P et al (2005) GIST consensus meeting panelists. Consensus meeting for the management of gastrointestinal stromal tumors. Report of the GIST Consensus Conference of 20–21 March 2004, under the auspices of ESMO. Ann Oncol 16:566–578
pubmed: 15781488
Choi H, Charnsangavej C, Faria SC et al (2007) Correlation of computed tomography and positron emission tomography in patients with metastatic gastrointestinal stromal tumor treated at a single institution with imatinib mesylate: proposal of new computed tomography response criteria. J Clin Oncol 25:1753–1759
pubmed: 17470865
Sepe PS, Brugge WR (2009) A guide for the diagnosis and management of gastrointestinal stromal cell tumors. Nat Rev Gastroenterol Hepatol 6:363–371
pubmed: 19365407
Scarpa M, Bertin M, Ruffolo C et al (2008) A systematic review on the clinical diagnosis of gastrointestinal stromal tumors. J Surg Oncol 98:384–392
pubmed: 18668671
Hedenström P, Nilsson B, Demir A et al (2017) Characterizing gastrointestinal stromal tumors and evaluating neoadjuvant imatinib by sequencing of endoscopic ultrasound-biopsies. World J Gastroenterol 23:5925–5935
pubmed: 28932084
pmcid: 5583577
Hedenström P, Marschall HU, Nilsson B et al (2018) High clinical impact and diagnostic accuracy of EUS- guided biopsy sampling of subepithelial lesions: a prospective, comparative study. Surg Endosc 32:1304–1313
pubmed: 28812151
Philipper M, Hollerbach S, Gabbert HE et al (2010) Prospective comparison of endoscopic ultrasound-guided fine-needle aspiration and surgical histology in upper gastrointestinal submucosal tumors. Endoscopy 42:300–305
pubmed: 20306384
Akahoshi K, Sumida Y, Matsui N et al (2007) Preoperative diagnosis of gastrointestinal stromal tumor by endoscopic ultrasound-guided fine needle aspiration. World J Gastroenterol 13:2077–2082
pubmed: 17465451
pmcid: 4319128
Okasha HH, Naguib M, El Nady M et al (2017) Role of endoscopic ultrasound and endoscopic-ultrasound- guided fine-needle aspiration in endoscopic biopsy negative gastrointestinal lesions. Endosc Ultrasound 6:156–161
pubmed: 28621291
pmcid: 5488517
Bean SM, Baker A, Eloubeidi M et al (2011) Endoscopic ultrasound-guided fine-needle aspiration of intrathoracic and intra-abdominal spindle cell and mesenchymal lesions. Cancer Cytopathol 119:37–48
pubmed: 20967877
Sepe PS, Moparty B, Pitman MB et al (2009) EUS-guided FNA for the diagnosis of GI stromal cell tumors: sensitivity and cytologic yield. Gastrointest Endosc 70:254–261
pubmed: 19482280
Hoda KM, Rodriguez SA, Faigel DO (2009) EUS-guided sampling of suspected GI stromal tumors. Gastrointest Endosc 69:1218–1223
pubmed: 19394006
Chatzipantelis P, Salla C, Karoumpalis I et al (2008) Endoscopic ultrasound-guided fine needle aspiration biopsy in the diagnosis of gastrointestinal stromal tumors of the stomach. A study of 17 cases. J Gastrointestin Liver Dis 17:15–20
pubmed: 18392238
Okubo K, Yamao K, Nakamura T et al (2004) Endoscopic ultrasound-guided fine-needle aspiration biopsy for the diagnosis of gastrointestinal stromal tumors in the stomach. J Gastroenterol 39:747–753
pubmed: 15338368
Vander Noot MR III, Eloubeidi MA, Chen VK et al (2004) Diagnosis of gastrointestinal tract lesions by endoscopic ultrasound-guided fine-needle aspiration biopsy. Cancer 102:157–163
pubmed: 15211474
Ando N, Goto H, Niwa Y et al (2002) The diagnosis of GI stromal tumors with EUS-guided fine needle aspiration with immunohistochemical analysis. Gastrointest Endosc 55:37–43
pubmed: 11756912
Gu M, Ghafari S, Nguyen PT et al (2001) Cytologic diagnosis of gastrointestinal stromal tumors of the stomach by endoscopic ultrasound-guided fine-needle aspiration biopsy: cytomorphologic and immunohistochemical study of 12 cases. Diagn Cytopathol 25:343–250
pubmed: 11747229
Hedenstrom P, Nilsson B, Andersson C et al (2016) A personalized treatment of gastrointestinal stromal tumors is enabled by analyzing endoscopic ultrasound‒guided biopsies: a prospective, ten-year cohort study. United European Gastroenterology Journal. Conference: 24th United European Gastroenterology Week, UEG. Austria 4 (5 Supplement 1):A 599
Joensuu H, Reichardt P, Eriksson M et al (2014) Gastrointestinal stromal tumor: a method for optimizing the timing of CT scans in the follow-up of cancer patients. Radiology 271:96–103
pubmed: 24475826
Cai PQ, Lv XF, Tian L et al (2015) CT characterization of duodenal gastrointestinal stromal tumors. Am J Roentgenol 204:988–993
Plumb AA, Kochhar R, Leahy M et al (2013) Patterns of recurrence of gastrointestinal stromal tumour (GIST) following complete resection: implications for follow-up. Clin Radiol 68:770–775
pubmed: 23663875
Ghanem N, Altehoefer C, Furtwängler A et al (2003) Computed tomography in gastrointestinal stromal tumors. Eur Radiol 13:1669–1678
pubmed: 12835984
Samiian L, Weaver M, Velanovich V (2004) Evaluation of gastrointestinal stromal tumors for recurrence rates and patterns of long-term follow-up. Am Surg 70:187–191
pubmed: 15055839
Yu MH, Lee JM, Baek JH et al (2014) MRI features of gastrointestinal stromal tumors. Am J Roentgenol 203:980–991
Tateishi U, Hasegawa T, Satake M et al (2003) Gastrointestinal stromal tumor. Correlation of computed tomography findings with tumor grade and mortality. J Comput Assist Tomogr 27:792–798
pubmed: 14501372
Gayed I, Vu T, Iyer R et al (2004) The role of 18 F-FDG PET in staging and early prediction of response to therapy of recurrent gastrointestinal stromal tumors. J Nucl Med 45:17–21
pubmed: 14734662
Kaneta T, Takahashi S, Fukuda H et al (2009) Clinical significance of performing 18 F-FDG PET on patients with gastrointestinal stromal tumors: a summary of a Japanese multicenter study. Ann Nucl Med 23:459–464
pubmed: 19430859
Kim SJ, Lee SW (2018) Performance of F-18 FDG PET/CT for predicting malignant potential of gastrointestinal stromal tumors: a systematic review and meta-analysis. J Gastroenterol Hepatol 33:576–582
pubmed: 28994187
Goerres GW, Stupp R, Barghouth G et al (2005) The value of PET, CT and in-line PET/CT in patients with gastrointestinal stromal tumours: long-term outcome of treatment with imatinib mesylate. Eur J Nucl Med Mol Imaging 32:153–162
pubmed: 15690223
Winant AJ, Gollub MJ, Shia J et al (2014) Imaging and clinicopathologic features of esophageal gastrointestinal stromal tumors. AJR Am J Roentgenol 203:306–314
pubmed: 25055264
pmcid: 5018833
Schmidt S, Dunet V, Koehli M et al (2013) Diffusion-weighted magnetic resonance imaging in metastatic gastrointestinal stromal tumor (GIST): a pilot study on the assessment of treatment response in comparison with 18 F-FDG PET/CT. Acta Radiol 54:837–842
pubmed: 23761549
Koch MR, Jagannathan JP, Shinagare AB et al (2013) Imaging features of primary anorectal gastrointestinal stromal tumors with clinical and pathologic correlation. Cancer Imaging 12:557–565
pubmed: 23400107
pmcid: 3569670
Young H, Baum R, Cremerius U et al (1999) Measurement of clinical and subclinical tumor response using [18 F]-fluorodeoxyglucose and positron emission tomography: review and 1999 EORTC recommendations. European Organization for Research and Treatment of Cancer (EORTC) PET Study Group. Eur J Cancer 35:1173–1182
Wahl RL, Jacene H, Kasamon Y et al (2009) From RECIST to PERCIST: evolving considerations for PET response criteria in solid tumors. J Nucl Med 50(Suppl 1):122S-150S
pubmed: 19403881
Chacón M, Eleta M, Espindola AR et al (2015) Assessment of early response to imatinib 800 mg after 400 mg progression by 18F-fluorodeoxyglucose PET in patients with metastatic gastrointestinal stromal tumors. Future Oncol 11:953–964
pubmed: 25760976
Goldstein D, Tan BS, Rossleigh M et al (2005) Gastrointestinal stromal tumours: correlation of F-FDG gamma camera-based coincidence positron emission tomography with CT for the assessment of treatment response - an AGITG study. Oncology 69:326–332
pubmed: 16293972
Stroobants S, Goeminne J, Seegers M et al (2003) 18FDG-Positron emission tomography for the early prediction of response in advanced soft tissue sarcoma treated with imatinib mesylate (Glivec). Eur J Cancer 39:2012–2020
pubmed: 12957455
Yokoyama K, Tsuchiya J, Nakamoto Y et al (2021) Additional value of [18F] FDG PET or PET/CT for response assessment of patients with gastrointestinal stromal tumor undergoing molecular targeted therapy: a meta-analysis. Diagnostics (Basel) 11:475
pubmed: 33800310
Hirota S (2018) Differential diagnosis of gastrointestinal stromal tumor by histopathology and immunohistochemistry. Transl Gastroenterol Hepatol 3:27
pubmed: 29971258
pmcid: 6002266
Fletcher CD, Berman JJ, Corless C et al (2002) Diagnosis of gastrointestinal stromal tumors: a consensus approach. Hum Pathol 33:459–465
pubmed: 12094370
Miettinen M, Lasota J (2006) Gastrointestinal stromal tumors: pathology and prognosis at different sites. Semin Diagn Pathol 23:70–83
pubmed: 17193820
Joensuu H (2008) Risk stratification of patients diagnosed with gastrointestinal stromal tumor. Hum Pathol 39:1411–1419
pubmed: 18774375
Rutkowski P, Bylina E, Wozniak A et al (2011) Validation of the Joensuu risk criteria for primary resectable gastrointestinal stromal tumour- the impact of tumour rupture on patient outcomes. Eur J Surg Oncol 37:890–896
pubmed: 21737227
Joensuu H, Vehtari A, Riihimäki J et al (2012) Risk of recurrence of gastrointestinal stromal tumour after surgery: an analysis of pooled population-based cohorts. Lancet Oncol 13:265–274
pubmed: 22153892
Casali PG, Abecassis N, Aro HT et al (2018) ESMO Guidelines Committee and EURACAN. Gastrointestinal stromal tumours: ESMO-EURACAN Clinical Practice Guidelines for diagnosis, treatment and follow- up. Ann Oncol 29(Suppl 4):iv68-78
pubmed: 29846513
Yamamoto H, Oda Y (2015) Gastrointestinal stromal tumor: recent advances in pathology and genetics. Pathol Int 65:9–18
pubmed: 25414046
Hirota S, Isozaki K, Moriyama Y et al (1998) Gain-of-function mutations of c-kit in human gastrointestinal stromal tumors. Science 279:577–580
pubmed: 9438854
Martín J, Poveda A, Llombart-Bosch A et al (2005) Spanish Group for Sarcoma Research. Deletions affecting codons 557–558 of the c-KIT gene indicate a poor prognosis in patients with completely resected gastrointestinal stromal tumors: a study by the Spanish Group for Sarcoma Research (GEIS). J Clin Oncol 23:6190–6198
pubmed: 16135486
Heinrich MC, Corless CL, Duensing A et al (2003) PDGFRA activating mutations in gastrointestinal stromal tumors. Science 299:708–710
pubmed: 12522257
Yamaguchi U, Hasegawa T, Masuda T et al (2004) Differential diagnosis of gastrointestinal stromal tumor and other spindle cell tumors in the gastrointestinal tract based on immunohistochemical analysis. Virchows Arch 445:142–150
pubmed: 15232741
Miettinen M, Sobin LH, Sarlomo-Rikala M (2000) Immunohistochemical spectrum of GISTs at different sites and their differential diagnosis with a reference to CD117 (KIT). Mod Pathol 13:1134–1142
pubmed: 11048809
Hasegawa T, Matsuno Y, Shimoda T et al (2002) Gastrointestinal stromal tumor: consistent CD117 immunostaining for diagnosis, and prognostic classification based on tumor size and MIB-1 grade. Hum Pathol 33:669–676
pubmed: 12152168
Lucas DR, Al-Abbadi M, Tabaczka P et al (2003) c-Kit expression in desmoid fibromatosis. Comparative immunohistochemical evaluation of two commercial antibodies. Am J Clin Pathol 119:339–345
pubmed: 12645334
Saito M, Sakurai S, Motegi A et al (2007) Comparative study using rabbit-derived polyclonal, mouse-derived monoclonal, and rabbit-derived monnoclonal antibodies for KIT immunostaining in GIST and other tumors. Pathol Int 57:200–204
pubmed: 17316415
Miettinen M, Wang ZF, Lasota J (2009) DOG1 antibody in the differential diagnosis of gastrointestinal stromal tumors: a study of 1840 cases. Am J Surg Pathol 33:1401–1408
pubmed: 19606013
Miettinen M, Wang ZF, Sarlomo-Rikala M et al (2011) Succinate dehydrogenase-deficient GISTs: a clinicopathologic, immunohistochemical, and molecular genetic study of 66 gastric GISTs with predilection to young age. Am J Surg Pathol 35:1712–1721
pubmed: 21997692
pmcid: 3193596
Medeiros F, Corless CL, Duensing A et al (2004) KIT-negative gastrointestinal stromal tumors: proof of concept and therapeutic implications. Am J Surg Pathol 28:889–894
pubmed: 15223958
Sakurai S, Hasegawa T, Sakuma Y et al (2004) Myxoid epithelioid gastrointestinal stromal tumor (GIST) with mast cell infiltrations: a subtype of GIST with mutations of platelet-derived growth factor receptor alpha gene. Hum Pathol 35:1223–1230
pubmed: 15492989
Antonescu CR, Romeo S, Zhang L et al (2013) Dedifferentiation in gastrointestinal stromal tumor to an anaplastic KIT-negative phenotype: a diagnostic pitfall: morphologic and molecular characterization of 8 cases occurring either de novo or after imatinib therapy. Am J Surg Pathol 37:385–392
pubmed: 23348204
pmcid: 3728887
Miettinen M, El-Rifai W, Sobin HL et al (2002) Evaluation of malignancy and prognosis of gastrointestinal stromal tumors: a review. Hum Pathol 33:478–483
pubmed: 12094372
Yanagimoto Y, Takahashi T, Muguruma K et al (2015) Re-appraisal of risk classifications for primary gastrointestinal stromal tumors (GISTs) after complete resection: indications for adjuvant therapy. Gastric Cancer 18:426–433
pubmed: 24853473
Liu X, Qiu H, Zhang P et al (2018) China Gastrointestinal Stromal Tumor Study Group (CN-GIST). Prognostic factors of primary gastrointestinal stromal tumors: a cohort study based on high-volume centers. Chin J Cancer Res 30:60–71
Mason EF, Hornick J (2016) Conventional risk stratification fails to predict progression of succinate dehydrogenase-deficient gastrointestinal stromal tumors: a clinicopathologic study of 76 cases. Am J Surg Pathol 40:1616–1621
pubmed: 27340750
Akahoshi K, Oya M, Koga T et al (2014) Clinical usefulness of endoscopic ultrasound-guided fine needle aspiration for gastric subepithelial lesions smaller than 2 cm. J Gastrointestin Liver Dis 23:405–412
pubmed: 25531999
Kobara H, Mori H, Rafiq K et al (2015) Analysis of the amount of tissue sample necessary for mitotic count and Ki-67 index in gastrointestinal stromal tumor sampling. Oncol Rep 33:215–222
pubmed: 25405369
Rubin BP, Heinrich MC (2015) Genotyping and immunohistochemistry of gastrointestinal stromal tumors: an update. Semin Diagn Pathol 32:392–399
pubmed: 25766843
Doyle LA, Nelson D, Heinrich MC et al (2012) Loss of succinate dehydrogenase subunit B (SDHB) expression is limited to a distinctive subset of gastric wild-type gastrointestinal stromal tumours: a comprehensive genotype-phenotype correlation study. Histopathology 61:801–809
pubmed: 22804613
Celestino R, Lima J, Faustino A et al (2013) Molecular alterations and expression of succinate dehydrogenase complex in wild-type KIT/PDGFRA/BRAF gastrointestinal stromal tumors. Eur J Hum Genet 21:503–510
pubmed: 22948025
Yantiss RK, Rosenberg AE, Sarran L et al (2005) Multiple gastrointestinal stromal tumors in type I neurofibromatosis: a pathologic and molecular study. Mod Pathol 18:475–484
pubmed: 15540118
Miselli FC, Casieri P, Negri T et al (2007) c-Kit/PDGFRA gene status alterations possibly related to primary imatinib resistance in gastrointestinal stromal tumors. Clin Cancer Res 13:2369–2377
pubmed: 17438095
Kinoshita K, Hirota S, Isozaki K et al (2004) Absence of c-kit gene mutations in gastrointestinal stromal tumours from neurofibromatosis type 1 patients. J Pathol 202:80–85
pubmed: 14694524
Pasini B, McWhinney SR, Bei T et al (2008) Clinical and molecular genetics of patients with the Carney–Stratakis syndrome and germline mutations of the genes coding for the succinate dehydrogenase subunits SDHB, SDHC, and SDHD. Eur J Hum Genet 16:79–88
pubmed: 17667967
Agaram NP, Wong GC, Guo T et al (2008) Novel V600E BRAF mutations in imatinib-naive and imatinib-resistant gastrointestinal stromal tumors. Genes Chromosomes Cancer 47:853–859
pubmed: 18615679
pmcid: 2902874
Atiq MA, Davis JL, Hornick JL et al (2021) Mesenchymal tumors of the gastrointestinal tract with NTRK rearrangements: a clinicopathological, immunophenotypic, and molecular study of eight cases, emphasizing their distinction from gastrointestinal stromal tumor (GIST). Mod Pathol 34:95–110
pubmed: 32669612
Burgoyne AM, Somaiah N, Sicklick JK (2014) Gastrointestinal stromal tumors in the setting of multiple tumor syndromes. Curr Opin Oncol 26:408–414
pubmed: 24840526
Gopie P, Mei L, Faber AC et al (2018) Classification of gastrointestinal stromal tumor syndromes. Endocr Relat Cancer 25:R49-58
pubmed: 29170162
Ricci R (2016) Syndromic gastrointestinal stromal tumors. Hered Cancer Clin Pract 14:15
pubmed: 27437068
pmcid: 4950812
Nishida T, Goto O, Raut CP et al (2016) Diagnostic and treatment strategy for small gastrointestinal stromal tumors. Cancer 122:3110–3118
pubmed: 27478963
Ye L, Wu X, Wu T et al (2017) Meta-analysis of laparoscopic vs. open resection of gastric gastrointestinal stromal tumors. PLoS ONE 12:e0177193
pubmed: 28486486
pmcid: 5423634
Lian X, Feng F, Guo M et al (2017) Meta-analysis comparing laparoscopic versus open resection for gastric gastrointestinal stromal tumors larger than 5 cm. BMC Cancer 17:760
pubmed: 29132401
pmcid: 5683318
Cui JX, Gao YH, Xi HQ et al (2018) Comparison between laparoscopic and open surgery for large gastrointestinal stromal tumors: a meta-analysis. World J Gastrointest Oncol 10:48–55
pubmed: 29375748
pmcid: 5767793
Kurokawa Y, Yang HK, Cho H et al (2017) Phase II study of neoadjuvant imatinib in large gastrointestinal stromal tumours of the stomach. Br J Cancer 117:25–32
pubmed: 28535156
pmcid: 5520207
Van Glabbeke M, Verweij J, Casali PG et al (2005) Initial and late resistance to imatinib in advanced gastrointestinal stromal tumors are predicted by different prognostic factors: a European Organisation for Research and Treatment of Cancer-Italian Sarcoma Group-Australasian Gastrointestinal Trials Group study. J Clin Oncol 23:5795–5804
pubmed: 16110036
Kanda T, Masuzawa T, Hirai T et al (2017) Surgery and imatinib therapy for liver oligometastasis of GIST: a study of Japanese Study Group on GIST. Jpn J Clin Oncol 47:369–372
pubmed: 28073945
An HJ, Ryu MH, Ryoo BY et al (2013) The effects of surgical cytoreduction prior to imatinib therapy on the prognosis of patients with advanced GIST. Ann Surg Oncol 20:4212–4218
pubmed: 24052319
Bischof DA, Kim Y, Blazer DG 3rd et al (2014) Surgical management of advanced gastrointestinal stromal tumors: an international multi-institutional analysis of 158 patients. J Am Coll Surg 219:439–449
pubmed: 25065359
Chang SC, Liao CH, Wang SY et al (2015) Feasibility and timing of cytoreduction surgery in advanced (metastatic or recurrent) gastrointestinal stromal tumors during the era of Imatinib. Medicine (Baltimore) 94:e1014
pubmed: 26091448
Tan GH, Wong JS, Quek R et al (2016) Role of upfront surgery for recurrent gastrointestinal stromal tumours. ANZ J Surg 86:910–915
pubmed: 26177567
Sato S, Tsujinaka T, Yamamoto K et al (2016) Primary surgery as a frontline treatment for synchronous metastatic gastrointestinal stromal tumors: an analysis of the Kinki GIST registry. Surg Today 46:1068–1075
pubmed: 26611538
Shi YN, Li Y, Wang LP et al (2017) Gastrointestinal stromal tumor (GIST) with liver metastases: an 18-year experience from the GIST cooperation group in North China. Medicine (Baltimore) 96:e8240
pubmed: 29145240
Du CY, Zhou Y, Song C et al (2014) Is there a role of surgery in patients with recurrent or metastatic gastrointestinal stromal tumours responding to imatinib: a prospective randomised trial in China. Eur J Cancer 50:1772–1778
pubmed: 24768330
Fairweather M, Balachandran VP, Li GZ et al (2018) Cytoreductive surgery for metastatic gastrointestinal stromal tumors treated with tyrosine kinase inhibitors: a 2-institutional analysis. Ann Surg 268:296–302
pubmed: 28448384
Kikuchi H, Hiramatsu Y, Kamiya K et al (2018) Surgery for metastatic gastrointestinal stromal tumor: To whom and how to? Transl Gastroenterol Hepatol 3:14
pubmed: 29682621
pmcid: 5897690
Nishida T, Hirota S, Yanagisawa A et al (2008) GIST Guideline Subcommittee. Clinical practice guidelines for gastrointestinal stromal tumor (GIST) in Japan: English version. Int J Clin Oncol 13:416–430
pubmed: 18946752
von Mehren M, Randall RL, Benjamin R et al (2014) Gastrointestinal stromal tumors, version 2.2014. J Natl Compr Canc Netw 12:853–862
Koo DH, Ryu MH, Kim KM et al (2016) Asian consensus guidelines for the diagnosis and management of gastrointestinal stromal tumor. Cancer Res Treat 48:1155–1166
pubmed: 27384163
pmcid: 5080813
Coe TM, Fero KE, Fanta PT et al (2016) Population-based epidemiology and mortality of small malignant gastrointestinal stromal tumors in the USA. J Gastrointest Surg 20:1132–1140
pubmed: 27025710
pmcid: 4880518
Rossi S, Gasparotto D, Toffolatti L et al (2010) Molecular and clinicopathologic characterization of gastrointestinal stromal tumors (GISTs) of small size. Am J Surg Pathol 34:1480–1491
pubmed: 20861712
Yegin EG, Kani T, Banzragch M et al (2015) Survival in patients with hypoechoic muscularis propria lesions suggestive of gastrointestinal stromal tumors in gastric wall. Acta Gastroenterol Belg 78:12–17
pubmed: 26118573
Kim IH, Kwak SG, Chae HD (2015) Prognostic factors of patients with gastric gastrointestinal stromal tumor after curative resection: a retrospective analysis of 406 consecutive cases in a multicenter study. Eur Surg Res 55:12–23
pubmed: 25766570
Chen P, Song T, Wang X et al (2017) Surgery for duodenal gastrointestinal stromal tumors: a single-center experience. Dig Dis Sci 62:3167–3176
pubmed: 28914399
Duffaud F, Meeus P, Bachet JB et al (2014) Conservative surgery vs. duodeneopancreatectomy in primary duodenal gastrointestinal stromal tumors (GIST): a retrospective review of 114 patients from the French sarcoma group (FSG). Eur J Surg Oncol 40:1369–1375
pubmed: 24994075
Liang X, Yu H, Zhu LH et al (2013) Gastrointestinal stromal tumors of the duodenum: surgical management and survival results. World J Gastroenterol 19:6000–6010
pubmed: 24106400
pmcid: 3785621
Bourgouin S, Hornez E, Guiramand J et al (2013) Duodenal gastrointestinal stromal tumors (GISTs): arguments for conservative surgery. J Gastrointest Surg 17:482–487
pubmed: 23229887
Colombo C, Ronellenfitsch U, Yuxin Z et al (2012) Clinical, pathological and surgical characteristics of duodenal gastrointestinal stromal tumor and their influence on survival: a multi-center study. Ann Surg Oncol 19:3361–3367
pubmed: 22843188
Beham A, Schaefer IM, Cameron S et al (2013) Duodenal GIST: a single center experience. Int J Colorectal Dis 28:581–590
pubmed: 22350270
Tien YW, Lee CY, Huang CC et al (2010) Surgery for gastrointestinal stromal tumors of the duodenum. Ann Surg Oncol 17:109–114
pubmed: 19841981
Tirumani SH, Shinagare AB, Jagannathan JP et al (2014) Radiologic assessment of earliest, best, and plateau response of gastrointestinal stromal tumors to neoadjuvant imatinib prior to successful surgical resection. Eur J Surg Oncol 40:420–427
pubmed: 24238762
Wilkinson MJ, Fitzgerald JE, Strauss DC et al (2015) Surgical treatment of gastrointestinal stromal tumour of the rectum in the era of imatinib. Br J Surg 102:965–971
pubmed: 25970743
Kaneko M, Nozawa H, Emoto S et al (2017) Neoadjuvant imatinib therapy followed by intersphincteric resection for low rectal gastrointestinal stromal tumors. Anticancer Res 37:5155–3160
pubmed: 28870948
Crocetti D, Sapienza P, Cisano C et al (2016) Pancreas preserving surgery for duodenal gastrointestinal stromal tumor removal. Minerva Chir 71:281–285
pubmed: 27356148
Takahashi T, Nakajima K, Nishitani A et al (2007) An enhanced risk-group stratification system for more practical prognostication of clinically malignant gastrointestinal stromal tumors. Int J Clin Oncol 12:369–374
pubmed: 17929119
Hølmebakk T, Hompland I, Bjerkehagen B et al (2018) Recurrence-free survival after resection of gastric gastrointestinal stromal tumors classified according to a strict definition of tumor rupture: a population-based study. Ann Surg Oncol 25:1133–1139
pubmed: 29435684
Joensuu H, Eriksson M, Sundby Hall K et al (2012) One vs. three years of adjuvant imatinib for operable gastrointestinal stromal tumor: a randomized trial. JAMA 307:1265–1272
pubmed: 22453568
Casali PG, Le Cesne A, Poveda Velasco A et al (2015) Time to definitive failure to the first tyrosine kinase inhibitor in localized GI stromal tumors treated with imatinib as an adjuvant: a European Organisation for Research and Treatment of Cancer Soft Tissue and Bone Sarcoma Group Intergroup Randomized Trial in Collaboration With the Australasian Gastro-Intestinal Trials Group, UNICANCER, French Sarcoma Group, Italian Sarcoma Group, and Spanish Group for Research on Sarcomas. J Clin Oncol 33:4276–4283
pubmed: 26573069
McCarter MD, Antonescu CR, Ballman KV et al (2012) American College of Surgeons Oncology Group (ACOSOG) Intergroup Adjuvant Gist Study Team. Microscopically positive margins for primary gastrointestinal stromal tumors: analysis of risk factors and tumor recurrence. J Am Coll Surg 215:53–59
pubmed: 22726733
pmcid: 3383609
Nishida T, Blay JY, Hirota S et al (2016) The standard diagnosis, treatment, and follow-up of gastrointestinal stromal tumors based on guidelines. Gastric Cancer 19:3–14
pubmed: 26276366
Joensuu H, Martin-Broto J, Nishida T et al (2015) Follow-up strategies for patients with gastrointestinal stromal tumour treated with or without adjuvant imatinib after surgery. Eur J Cancer 51:1611–1617
pubmed: 26022432
D’Ambrosio L, Palesandro E, Boccone P et al (2017) Impact of a risk-based follow-up in patients affected by gastrointestinal stromal tumour. Eur J Cancer 78:122–132
pubmed: 28448856
Demetri GD, von Mehren M, Blanke CD et al (2002) Efficacy and safety of imatinib mesylate in advanced gastrointestinal stromal tumors. N Engl J Med 347:472–480
pubmed: 12181401
Bauer S, Hartmann JT, de Wit M et al (2005) Resection of residual disease in patients with metastatic gastrointestinal stromal tumors responding to treatment with imatinib. Int J Cancer 117:316–325
pubmed: 15900603
Park SJ, Ryu MH, Ryoo BY et al (2014) The role of surgical resection following imatinib treatment in patients with recurrent or metastatic gastrointestinal stromal tumors: results of propensity score analyses. Ann Surg Oncol 21:4211–4217
pubmed: 24980089
Rubió-Casadevall J, Martinez-Trufero J, Garcia-Albeniz X et al (2015) Spanish Group for Research on Sarcoma (GEIS). Role of surgery in patients with recurrent, metastatic, or unresectable locally advanced gastrointestinal stromal tumors sensitive to imatinib: a retrospective analysis of the Spanish Group for Research on Sarcoma (GEIS). Ann Surg Oncol 22:2948–2957
pubmed: 25608769
Gao X, Xue A, Fang Y et al (2016) Role of surgery in patients with focally progressive gastrointestinal stromal tumors resistant to imatinib. Sci Rep 6:22840
pubmed: 26946961
pmcid: 4780000
Hasegawa J, Kanda T, Hirota S et al (2007) Surgical interventions for focal progression of advanced gastrointestinal stromal tumors during imatinib therapy. Int J Clin Oncol 12:212–217
pubmed: 17566845
Mussi C, Ronellenfitsch U, Jakob J et al (2010) Post-imatinib surgery in advanced/metastatic GIST: Is it worthwhile in all patients? Ann Oncol 21:403–408
pubmed: 19628568
Kanda T, Ishikawa T, Kosugi SI et al (2016) Prognostic factors after imatinib secondary resistance: survival analysis in patients with unresectable and metastatic gastrointestinal stromal tumors. Int J Clin Oncol 21:295–301
pubmed: 26386705
Yeh CN, Wang SY, Tsai CY et al (2017) Surgical management of patients with progressing metastatic gastrointestinal stromal tumors receiving sunitinib treatment: a prospective cohort study. Int J Surg 39:30–36
pubmed: 28110026
Raut CP, Wang Q, Manola J et al (2010) Cytoreductive surgery in patients with metastatic gastrointestinal stromal tumor treated with sunitinib malate. Ann Surg Oncol 17:407–415
pubmed: 19898902
Demetri GD, van Oosterom AT, Garrett CR et al (2006) Efficacy and safety of sunitinib in patients with advanced gastrointestinal stromal tumour after failure of imatinib: a randomised controlled trial. Lancet 368:1329–1338
pubmed: 17046465
Blay JY, Le Cesne A, Ray-Coquard I et al (2007) Prospective multicentric randomized phase III study of imatinib in patients with advanced gastrointestinal stromal tumors comparing interruption versus continuation of treatment beyond 1 year: the French Sarcoma Group. J Clin Oncol 25:1107–1113
pubmed: 17369574
Le Cesne A, Ray-Coquard I, Bui BN et al (2010) French Sarcoma Group. Discontinuation of imatinib in patients with advanced gastrointestinal stromal tumours after 3 years of treatment: an open-label multicentre randomised phase 3 trial. Lancet Oncol 11:942–949
pubmed: 20864406
Hislop J, Mowatt G, Sharma P et al (2012) Systematic review of escalated imatinib doses compared with sunitinib or best supportive care, for the treatment of people with unresectable/metastatic gastrointestinal stromal tumours whose disease has progressed on the standard imatinib dose. J Gastrointest Cancer 43:168–176
pubmed: 21971958
Hislop J, Quayyum Z, Elders A et al (2011) Clinical effectiveness and cost-effectiveness of imatinib dose escalation for the treatment of unresectable and/or metastatic gastrointestinal stromal tumours that have progressed on treatment at a dose of 400 mg/day: a systematic review and economic evaluation. Health Technol Assess 15:1–178
pubmed: 21689502
pmcid: 4781615
Vincenzi B, Nannini M, Fumagalli E et al (2016) Imatinib dose escalation versus sunitinib as a second line treatment in KIT exon 11 mutated GIST: a retrospective analysis. Oncotarget 7:69412–69419
pubmed: 26416414
Dong Z, Gao J, Gong J et al (2017) Clinical benefit of sunitinib in gastrointestinal stromal tumors with different exon 11 mutation genotypes. Future Oncol 13:2035–2043
pubmed: 28685593
Gastrointestinal Stromal Tumor Meta-Analysis Group (MetaGIST) (2023) Comparison of two doses of imatinib for the treatment of unresectable or metastatic gastrointestinal stromal tumors: a meta-analysis of 1640 patients. J Clin Oncol 28:1247–1253
Joensuu H, Eriksson M, Sundby Hall K et al (2016) Adjuvant imatinib for high-risk GI stromal tumor: analysis of a randomized trial. J Clin Oncol 34:244–250
pubmed: 26527782
Lin JX, Chen QF, Zheng CH et al (2017) Is 3-years duration of adjuvant imatinib mesylate treatment sufficient for patients with high-risk gastrointestinal stromal tumor? A study based on long-term follow-up. J Cancer Res Clin Oncol 143:727–734
pubmed: 28083710
Demetri GD, Garrett CR, Schöffski P et al (2012) Complete longitudinal analyses of the randomized, placebo- controlled, phase III trial of sunitinib in patients with gastrointestinal stromal tumor following imatinib failure. Clin Cancer Res 18:3170–3179
pubmed: 22661587
pmcid: 4030710
Mir O, Cropet C, Toulmonde M et al (2016) PAZOGIST study group of the French Sarcoma Groupe-Groupe d’Etude des Tumeurs Osseuses (GSF-GETO). Pazopanib plus best supportive care versus best supportive care alone in advanced gastrointestinal stromal tumours resistant to imatinib and sunitinib (PAZOGIST): a randomised, multicentre, open-label phase 2 trial. Lancet Oncol 17:632–641
pubmed: 27068858
Naito Y, Doi T, Takahashi T et al (2019) Regorafenib as second line therapy for imatinib-resistant gastrointestinal stromal tumor (GIST): a phase II study. Ann Oncol 30(Suppl 6):vi88
Heinrich MC, Jones RL, von Mehren M et al (2020) Avapritinib in advanced PDGFRA D842V-mutant gastrointestinal stromal tumour (NAVIGATOR): a multicentre, open-label, phase 1 trial. Lancet Oncol 21:935–946 (Erratum in Lancet Oncol. 2020:21:e418)
pubmed: 32615108
Doebele RC, Drilon A, Paz-Ares L et al (2020) Entrectinib in patients with advanced or metastatic NTRK fusion-positive solid tumours: integrated analysis of three phase 1–2 trials. Lancet Oncol 21:271–282 (Erratum in Lancet Oncol. 2020:21:e70. Erratum in Lancet Oncol. 2020:21:e341. Erratum in Lancet Oncol. 2020:21:e372)
pubmed: 31838007
Hong DS, DuBois SG, Kummar S et al (2020) Larotrectinib in patients with TRK fusion-positive solid tumours: a pooled analysis of three phase 1/2 clinical trials. Lancet Oncol 21:531–540
pubmed: 32105622
pmcid: 7497841
Demetri GD, Reichardt P, Kang YK et al (2013) Efficacy and safety of regorafenib for advanced gastrointestinal stromal tumours after failure of imatinib and sunitinib (GRID): an international, multicentre, randomised, placebo-controlled, phase 3 trial. Lancet 381:295–302
pubmed: 23177515
Ben-Ami E, Barysauskas CM, von Mehren M et al (2016) Long-term follow-up results of the multicenter phase II trial of regorafenib in patients with metastatic and/or unresectable GI stromal tumor after failure of standard tyrosine kinase inhibitor therapy. Ann Oncol 27:1794–1799
pubmed: 27371698
pmcid: 6279099
Zhang Z, Jiang T, Wang W et al (2017) Efficacy and safety of regorafenib for advanced gastrointestinal stromal tumor after failure with imatinib and sunitinib treatment: a meta-analysis. Medicine (Baltimore) 96:e8698
pubmed: 29310342
Kang YK, Ryu MH, Yoo C et al (2013) Resumption of imatinib to control metastatic or unresectable gastrointestinal stromal tumours after failure of imatinib and sunitinib (RIGHT): a randomised, placebo-controlled, phase 3 trial. Lancet Oncol 14:1175–1182
pubmed: 24140183
pmcid: 4347867
Italiano A, Cioffi A, Coco P et al (2012) Patterns of care, prognosis, and survival in patients with metastatic gastrointestinal stromal tumors (GIST) refractory to first-line imatinib and second-line sunitinib. Ann Surg Oncol 19:1551–1559
pubmed: 22065192
Sawaki A, Kanda T, Komatsu Y et al (2014) Impact of rechallenge with imatinib in patients with advanced gastrointestinal stromal tumor after failure of imatinib and sunitinib. Gastroenterol Res Pract 2014:342986
pubmed: 24587795
pmcid: 3920623
Vincenzi B, Nannini M, Badalamenti G et al (2018) Imatinib rechallenge in patients with advanced gastrointestinal stromal tumors following progression with imatinib, sunitinib and regorafenib. Ther Adv Med Oncol 10:1758835918794623
pubmed: 30181783
pmcid: 6116078
Joensuu H, Eriksson M, Collan J et al (2015) Radiotherapy for GIST progressing during or after tyrosine kinase inhibitor therapy: a prospective study. Radiother Oncol 116:233–238
pubmed: 26228971
Cuaron JJ, Goodman KA, Lee N et al (2013) External beam radiation therapy for locally advanced and metastatic gastrointestinal stromal tumors. Radiat Oncol 8:274
pubmed: 24267287
pmcid: 4222030
Cao G, Li J, Shen L et al (2012) Transcatheter arterial chemoembolization for gastrointestinal stromal tumors with liver metastases. World J Gastroenterol 18:6134–6140
pubmed: 23155343
pmcid: 3496891
Jung JH, Won HJ, Shin YM et al (2015) Safety and efficacy of radiofrequency ablation for hepatic metastases from gastrointestinal stromal tumor. J Vasc Interv Radiol 26:1797–1802
pubmed: 26603498
Takaki H, Litchman T, Covey A et al (2014) Hepatic artery embolization for liver metastasis of gastrointestinal stromal tumor following imatinib and sunitinib therapy. J Gastrointest Cancer 4:494–499
Hakimé A, Le Cesne A, Deschamps F et al (2014) A role for adjuvant RFA in managing hepatic metastases from gastrointestinal stromal tumors (GIST) after treatment with targeted systemic therapy using kinase inhibitors. Cardiovasc Intervent Radiol 37:132–139
pubmed: 23589213
Jones RL, McCall J, Adam A et al (2010) Radiofrequency ablation is a feasible therapeutic option in the multi modality management of sarcoma. Eur J Surg Oncol 36:477–482
pubmed: 20060679
Kobayashi K, Szklaruk J, Trent JC et al (2009) Hepatic arterial embolization and chemoembolization for imatinib-resistant gastrointestinal stromal tumors. Am J Clin Oncol 32:574–581
pubmed: 19636238
Kobayashi K, Gupta S, Trent JC et al (2006) Hepatic artery chemoembolization for 110 gastrointestinal stromal tumors: response, survival, and prognostic factors. Cancer 107:2833–2841
pubmed: 17096432
Maluccio MA, Covey AM, Schubert J et al (2006) Treatment of metastatic sarcoma to the liver with bland embolization. Cancer 107:1617–1623
pubmed: 16955508
George S, Blay JY, Casali PG et al (2009) Clinical evaluation of continuous daily dosing of sunitinib malate in patients with advanced gastrointestinal stromal tumour after imatinib failure. Eur J Cancer 45:1959–1968
pubmed: 19282169
Demetri GD, Heinrich MC, Fletcher JA et al (2009) Molecular target modulation, imaging, and clinical evaluation of gastrointestinal stromal tumor patients treated with sunitinib malate after imatinib failure. Clin Cancer Res 15:5902–5909
pubmed: 19737946
pmcid: 3417101
Saponara M, Lolli C, Nannini M et al (2014) Alternative schedules or integration strategies to maximise treatment duration with sunitinib in patients with gastrointestinal stromal tumours. Oncology Lett 8:1793–1799
Komatsu Y, Ohki E, Ueno N et al (2015) Safety, efficacy and prognostic analyses of sunitinib in the post-marketing surveillance study of Japanese patients with gastrointestinal stromal tumor. Jpn J Clin Oncol 45:1016–1022
pubmed: 26373318
pmcid: 4622169
Reichardt P, Kang YK, Rutkowski P et al (2015) Clinical outcomes of patients with advanced gastrointestinal stromal tumors: safety and efficacy in a worldwide treatment-use trial of sunitinib. Cancer 121:1405–1413
pubmed: 25641662
Nannini M, Nigro MC, Vincenzi B et al (2017) Personalization of regorafenib treatment in metastatic gastrointestinal stromal tumours in real-life clinical practice. Ther Adv Med Oncol 9:731–739
pubmed: 29449894
pmcid: 5808843
Schvartsman G, Wagner MJ, Amini B et al (2017) Treatment patterns, efficacy and toxicity of regorafenib in gastrointestinal stromal tumour patients. Sci Rep 7:9519
pubmed: 28842575
pmcid: 5573380
Son MK, Ryu MH, Park JO et al (2017) Efficacy and safety of regorafenib in Korean patients with advanced gastrointestinal stromal tumor after failure of imatinib and sunitinib: a multicenter study based on the management access program. Cancer Res Treat 49:350–357
pubmed: 27456941
Zhi X, Zhou X, Wang W et al (2013) Practical role of mutation analysis for imatinib treatment in patients with advanced gastrointestinal stromal tumors: a meta-analysis. PLoS ONE 8:e79275
pubmed: 24223922
pmcid: 3817038
Farag S, Somaiah N, Choi H et al (2017) Clinical characteristics and treatment outcome in a large multicentre observational cohort of PDGFRA exon 18 mutated gastrointestinal stromal tumour patients. Eur J Cancer 76:76–83
pubmed: 28284172
Reichardt P, Demetri GD, Gelderblom H et al (2016) Correlation of KIT and PDGFRA mutational status with clinical benefit in patients with gastrointestinal stromal tumor treated with sunitinib in a worldwide treatment-use trial. BMC Cancer 16:22
pubmed: 26772734
pmcid: 4714485
Patrikidou A, Domont J, Chabaud S et al (2016) Long-term outcome of molecular subgroups of GIST patients treated with standard-dose imatinib in the BFR14 trial of the French Sarcoma Group. Eur J Cancer 52:173–180
pubmed: 26687836
Heinrich MC, Maki RG, Corless CL et al (2008) Primary and secondary kinase genotypes correlate with the biological and clinical activity of sunitinib in imatinib-resistant gastrointestinal stromal tumor. J Clin Oncol 26:5352–5359
pubmed: 18955458
pmcid: 2651076
Heinrich MC, Owzar K, Corless CL et al (2008) Correlation of kinase genotype and clinical outcome in the North American Intergroup Phase III Trial of imatinib mesylate for treatment of advanced gastrointestinal stromal tumor: CALGB 150105 Study by Cancer and Leukemia Group B and Southwest Oncology Group. J Clin Oncol 26:5360–5367
pubmed: 18955451
pmcid: 2651078
Debiec-Rychter M, Dumez H, Judson I et al (2004) Use of c-KIT/PDGFRA mutational analysis to predict the clinical response to imatinib in patients with advanced gastrointestinal stromal tumours entered on phase I and II studies of the EORTC Soft Tissue and Bone Sarcoma Group. Eur J Cancer 40:689–695
pubmed: 15010069
Heinrich MC, Corless CL, Demetri GD et al (2003) Kinase mutations and imatinib response in patients with metastatic gastrointestinal stromal tumor. J Clin Oncol 21:4342–4349
pubmed: 14645423
Yoo C, Ryu MH, Jo J et al (2016) Efficacy of imatinib in patients with platelet-derived growth factor receptor alpha-mutated gastrointestinal stromal tumors. Cancer Res Treat 48:546–552
pubmed: 26130666
Osuch C, Rutkowski P, Brzuszkiewicz K et al (2014) The outcome of targeted therapy in advanced gastrointestinal stromal tumors (GIST) with non-exon 11 KIT mutations. Pol Przegl Chir 86:325–332
pubmed: 25222580
Kang HJ, Ryu MH, Kim KM et al (2012) Imatinib efficacy by tumor genotype in Korean patients with advanced gastrointestinal stromal tumors (GIST): The Korean GIST Study Group (KGSG) study. Acta Oncol 51:528–536
pubmed: 22150077
Yoon DH, Ryu MH, Ryoo BY et al (2012) Sunitinib as a second-line therapy for advanced GISTs after failure of imatinib: relationship between efficacy and tumor genotype in Korean patients. Invest New Drugs 30:819–827
pubmed: 21104107
Kurokawa Y, Honma Y, Sawaki A et al (2022) Pimitespib in patients with advanced gastrointestinal stromal tumor (CHAPTER-GIST-301): a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled phase III trial. Ann Oncol 33:959–967
pubmed: 35688358
Doi T, Kurokawa Y, Sawaki A et al (2019) Efficacy and safety of TAS-116, an oral inhibitor of heat shock protein 90, in patients with metastatic or unresectable gastrointestinal stromal tumour refractory to imatinib, sunitinib and regorafenib: a phase II, single-arm trial. Eur J Cancer 121:29–39
pubmed: 31536852