Ureteral stricture rate after endoscopic treatments for urolithiasis and related risk factors: systematic review and meta-analysis.

Endoscopic surgery Iatrogenic ureteral injury Risk factors Stone disease Stone treatment Ureteral stricture

Journal

World journal of urology

ISSN: 1433-8726

Titre abrégé: World J Urol

Pays: Germany

ID NLM: 8307716

Informations de publication

Date de publication:
13 Apr 2024

Historique:

received: 20 02 2024

accepted: 15 03 2024

medline: 13 4 2024

pubmed: 13 4 2024

entrez: 13 4 2024

Statut: epublish

Résumé

We aimed to accurately determine ureteral stricture (US) rates following urolithiasis treatments and their related risk factors. We conducted a systematic review and meta-analysis following the PRISMA guidelines using databases from inception to November 2023. Studies were deemed eligible for analysis if they included ≥ 18 years old patients with urinary lithiasis (Patients) who were subjected to endoscopic treatment (Intervention) with ureteroscopy (URS), percutaneous nephrolithotomy (PCNL), or shock wave lithotripsy (SWL) (Comparator) to assess the incidence of US (Outcome) in prospective and retrospective studies (Study design). A total of 43 studies were included. The pooled US rate was 1.3% post-SWL and 2.1% post-PCNL. The pooled rate of US post-URS was 1.9% but raised to 2.7% considering the last five years' studies and 4.9% if the stone was impacted. Moreover, the pooled US rate differed if follow-ups were under or over six months. Patients with proximal ureteral stone, preoperative hydronephrosis, intraoperative ureteral perforation, and impacted stones showed higher US risk post-endoscopic intervention with odds ratio of 1.6 (P = 0.05), 2.6 (P = 0.009), 7.1 (P < 0.001), and 7.47 (P = 0.003), respectively. The overall US rate ranges from 0.3 to 4.9%, with an increasing trend in the last few years. It is influenced by type of treatment, stone location and impaction, preoperative hydronephrosis and intraoperative perforation. Future standardized reporting and prospective and more extended follow-up studies might contribute to a better understanding of US risks related to calculi treatment.

Identifiants

DOI: 10.1007/s00345-024-04933-2 PMID: 38613692

pubmed: 38613692

doi: 10.1007/s00345-024-04933-2

pii: 10.1007/s00345-024-04933-2

doi:

Types de publication

Journal Article Review

Langues

eng

Sous-ensembles de citation

Pagination

234

Informations de copyright

Références

EAU Guidelines (2023) Edn. presented at the EAU Annual Congress Milan 2023. ISBN 978-94-92671-19-6

Lang J, Narendrula A, El-Zawahry A et al (2022) Global trends in incidence and burden of urolithiasis from 1990 to 2019: an analysis of global burden of disease study data. Eur Urol Open Sci 35:37–46. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.euros.2021.10.008

doi: 10.1016/j.euros.2021.10.008 pubmed: 35024630 pmcid: 8738898

De Coninck V, Keller EX, Somani B et al (2020) Complications of ureteroscopy: a complete overview. World J Urol 38:2147–2166. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00345-019-03012-1

doi: 10.1007/s00345-019-03012-1 pubmed: 31748953

Tonyali S, Pietropaolo A, Emiliani E et al (2023) Factors associated with ureteral strictures following ureteroscopy for impacted ureteral stones? A multicenter study by EAU-YAU endourology and urolithiasis working party. Actas Urol Esp S2173–5786(23):00045–00048. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.acuroe.2023.04.005

doi: 10.1016/j.acuroe.2023.04.005

Tonyali S, Yilmaz M, Tzelves L et al (2023) Predictors of ureteral strictures after retrograde ureteroscopic treatment of impacted ureteral stones: a systematic literature review. J Clin Med 12:3603. https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm12103603

doi: 10.3390/jcm12103603 pubmed: 37240709 pmcid: 10218913

Engelsgjerd JS, LaGrange CA (2023) Ureteral Injury. StatPearls Publishing, Treasure Island

Knoll T, Omar MI, Maclennan S et al (2018) Key steps in conducting systematic reviews for underpinning clinical practice guidelines: methodology of the European association of urology. Eur Urol 73:290–300. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eururo.2017.08.016

doi: 10.1016/j.eururo.2017.08.016 pubmed: 28917594

Moher D, Shamseer L, Clarke M et al (2015) Preferred reporting items for systematic review and meta-analysis protocols (PRISMA-P) 2015 statement. Syst Rev 4:1. https://doi.org/10.1186/2046-4053-4-1

doi: 10.1186/2046-4053-4-1 pubmed: 25554246 pmcid: 4320440

Page MJ, McKenzie JE, Bossuyt PM et al (2021) The PRISMA 2020 statement: an updated guideline for reporting systematic reviews. BMJ 372:n71. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj.n71

doi: 10.1136/bmj.n71 pubmed: 33782057 pmcid: 8005924

Sterne JA, Hernán MA, Reeves BC et al (2016) ROBINS-I: a tool for assessing risk of bias in non-randomised studies of interventions. BMJ 355:i4919. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj.i4919

doi: 10.1136/bmj.i4919 pubmed: 27733354 pmcid: 5062054

Sterne JAC, Savović J, Page MJ et al (2019) RoB 2: a revised tool for assessing risk of bias in randomised trials. BMJ 366:l4898. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj.l4898

doi: 10.1136/bmj.l4898 pubmed: 31462531

Shroff S, Watson GM, Parikh A et al (1996) The holmium: YAG laser for ureteric stones. Br J Urol 78:836–839. https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1464-410x.1996.00105.x

doi: 10.1046/j.1464-410x.1996.00105.x pubmed: 9014705

Roberts WW, Cadeddu JA, Micali S et al (1998) Ureteral stricture formation after removal of impacted calculi. J Urol 159:723–726

doi: 10.1016/S0022-5347(01)63711-X pubmed: 9474134

Jeromin L, Sosnowski M (1998) Ureteroscopy in the treatment of ureteral stones: over 10 years’ experience. Eur Urol 34:344–349. https://doi.org/10.1159/000019753

doi: 10.1159/000019753 pubmed: 9748683

Cheung MC, Lee F, Yip SK, Tam PC (2001) Outpatient holmium laser lithotripsy using semirigid ureteroscope. Is the treatment outcome affected by stone load? Eur Urol 39:702–708. https://doi.org/10.1159/000052530

doi: 10.1159/000052530 pubmed: 11464061

Sofer M, Watterson JD, Wollin TA et al (2002) Holmium:YAG laser lithotripsy for upper urinary tract calculi in 598 patients. J Urol 167:31–34. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0022-5347(05)65376-1

doi: 10.1016/s0022-5347(05)65376-1 pubmed: 11743269

Aghamir SK, Mohseni MG, Ardestani A (2003) Treatment of ureteral calculi with ballistic lithotripsy. J Endourol 17:887–890. https://doi.org/10.1089/089277903772036208

doi: 10.1089/089277903772036208 pubmed: 14744355

Parker BD, Frederick RW, Reilly TP et al (2004) Efficiency and cost of treating proximal ureteral stones: shock wave lithotripsy versus ureteroscopy plus holmium:yttrium–aluminum–garnet laser. Urology 64:1102–1106. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.urology.2004.07.040

doi: 10.1016/j.urology.2004.07.040 pubmed: 15596177

Damiano R, Autorino R, Esposito C et al (2004) Stent positioning after ureteroscopy for urinary calculi: the question is still open. Eur Urol 46:381–387. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eururo.2004.04.004

doi: 10.1016/j.eururo.2004.04.004 pubmed: 15306112

Clayman RV (2005) Ureteroscopic lithotripsy under local anesthesia: analysis of the effectiveness and patient tolerability. J Urol 173:2022–2023. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0022-5347(05)60206-6

doi: 10.1016/S0022-5347(05)60206-6 pubmed: 15879810

Karadag MA, Tefekli A, Altunrende F et al (2008) Is routine radiological surveillance mandatory after uncomplicated ureteroscopic stone removal? J Endourol 22:261–266. https://doi.org/10.1089/end.2006.0445

doi: 10.1089/end.2006.0445 pubmed: 18294031

Xi Q, Wang S, Ye Z, Liu J (2009) Combined removal of stones with resection of concurrent pathologic ureter may be a preferred treatment for impacted ureteral stones with stricture lesions. J Endourol 23:243–247. https://doi.org/10.1089/end.2008.0507

doi: 10.1089/end.2008.0507 pubmed: 19220083

El-Nahas AR, El-Tabey NA, Eraky I et al (2009) Semirigid ureteroscopy for ureteral stones: a multivariate analysis of unfavorable results. J Urol 181:1158–1162. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.juro.2008.10.167

doi: 10.1016/j.juro.2008.10.167 pubmed: 19152940

Hung S-F, Chung S-D, Wang S-M et al (2010) Chronic kidney disease affects the stone-free rate after extracorporeal shock wave lithotripsy for proximal ureteric stones. BJU Int 105:1162–1167. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1464-410X.2009.08974.x

doi: 10.1111/j.1464-410X.2009.08974.x pubmed: 19930180

Zhu Z, Xi Q, Wang S et al (2010) Percutaneous nephrolithotomy for proximal ureteral calculi with severe hydronephrosis: assessment of different lithotriptors. J Endourol 24:201–205. https://doi.org/10.1089/end.2009.0350

doi: 10.1089/end.2009.0350 pubmed: 20039821

Taş S, Tuğcu V, Mutlu B et al (2011) Incidence of ureteral stricture after ureterorenoscopic pneumatic lithotripsy for distal ureteral calculi. Arch Ital Urol Androl Organo Uff Soc Ital Ecogr Urol E Nefrol Assoc Ric Urol 83:141–146 (PMID: 22184838)

Binbay M, Tepeler A, Singh A et al (2011) Evaluation of pneumatic versus holmium:YAG laser lithotripsy for impacted ureteral stones. Int Urol Nephrol 43:989–995. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11255-011-9951-8

doi: 10.1007/s11255-011-9951-8 pubmed: 21479563

Al-Ghazo MA, Ghalayini IF, Al-Azab RS et al (2011) Emergency ureteroscopic lithotripsy in acute renal colic caused by ureteral calculi: a retrospective study. Urol Res 39:497–501. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00240-011-0381-y

doi: 10.1007/s00240-011-0381-y pubmed: 21499919

Gunlusoy B, Degirmenci T, Kozacioglu Z et al (2013) Factors affecting the complications of pneumatic lithotripsy for the treatment of ureteral stones with different localizations: a multivariate analysis of complications. Urol Int 91:357–362. https://doi.org/10.1159/000350243

doi: 10.1159/000350243 pubmed: 23735605

Li H, Na W, Li H et al (2013) Percutaneous nephrolithotomy versus ureteroscopic lithotomy for large (> 15 mm) impacted upper ureteral stones in different locations: is the upper border of the fourth lumbar vertebra a good indication for choice of management method? J Endourol 27:1120–1125. https://doi.org/10.1089/end.2012.0535

doi: 10.1089/end.2012.0535 pubmed: 23514547

de la Rosette J, Denstedt J, Geavlete P et al (2014) The clinical research office of the endourological society ureteroscopy global study: indications, complications, and outcomes in 11,885 patients. J Endourol 28:131–139. https://doi.org/10.1089/end.2013.0436

doi: 10.1089/end.2013.0436 pubmed: 24147820

Fam XI, Singam P, Ho CCK et al (2015) Ureteral stricture formation after ureteroscope treatment of impacted calculi: a prospective study. Korean J Urol 56:63. https://doi.org/10.4111/kju.2015.56.1.63

doi: 10.4111/kju.2015.56.1.63 pubmed: 25598938 pmcid: 4294857

Komori M, Izaki H, Daizumoto K et al (2015) Complications of flexible ureteroscopic treatment for renal and ureteral calculi during the learning curve. Urol Int 95:26–32. https://doi.org/10.1159/000368617

doi: 10.1159/000368617 pubmed: 25833730

Shao Y, Wang D, Lu G, Shen Z (2015) Retroperitoneal laparoscopic ureterolithotomy in comparison with ureteroscopic lithotripsy in the management of impacted upper ureteral stones larger than 12 mm. World J Urol 33:1841–1845. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00345-015-1545-0

doi: 10.1007/s00345-015-1545-0 pubmed: 25822707

Legemate JD, Wijnstok NJ, Matsuda T et al (2017) Characteristics and outcomes of ureteroscopic treatment in 2650 patients with impacted ureteral stones. World J Urol 35:1497–1506. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00345-017-2028-2

doi: 10.1007/s00345-017-2028-2 pubmed: 28321499 pmcid: 5613106

Baş O, Tuygun C, Dede O et al (2017) Factors affecting complication rates of retrograde flexible ureterorenoscopy: analysis of 1571 procedures-a single-center experience. World J Urol 35:819–826. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00345-016-1930-3

doi: 10.1007/s00345-016-1930-3 pubmed: 27604373

Wang Y, Zhong B, Yang X et al (2017) Comparison of the efficacy and safety of URSL, RPLU, and MPCNL for treatment of large upper impacted ureteral stones: a randomized controlled trial. BMC Urol 17:50. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12894-017-0236-0

doi: 10.1186/s12894-017-0236-0 pubmed: 28662708 pmcid: 5492714

Hu H, Xu L, Wang S et al (2017) Ureteral stricture formation after removal of proximal ureteral stone: retroperitoneal laparoscopic ureterolithotomy versus ureteroscopy with holmium: YAG laser lithotripsy. PeerJ 5:e3483. https://doi.org/10.7717/peerj.3483

doi: 10.7717/peerj.3483 pubmed: 28674654 pmcid: 5494178

Zhu Z, Cui Y, Zeng F et al (2019) Comparison of suctioning and traditional ureteral access sheath during flexible ureteroscopy in the treatment of renal stones. World J Urol 37:921–929. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00345-018-2455-8

doi: 10.1007/s00345-018-2455-8 pubmed: 30120500

Du C, Song L, Wu X et al (2019) A study on the clinical application of a patented perfusion and suctioning platform and ureteral access sheath in the treatment of large ureteral stones below L4 level. Int Urol Nephrol 51:207–213. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11255-018-2049-9

doi: 10.1007/s11255-018-2049-9 pubmed: 30536191

Wang B, Gao W, Yang K et al (2023) Analysis of the efficacy and risk factors for failure of balloon dilation for benign ureteral stricture. J Clin Med 12:1655. https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm12041655

doi: 10.3390/jcm12041655 pubmed: 36836191 pmcid: 9963490

Darwish A, Gadelmoula M, Abdelkawi I et al (2019) Ureteral stricture after ureteroscopy for stones: a prospective study for the incidence and risk factors. Urol Ann 11:276. https://doi.org/10.4103/UA.UA_110_18

doi: 10.4103/UA.UA_110_18 pubmed: 31413506 pmcid: 6676818

Stern KL, Loftus CJ, Doizi S et al (2019) A prospective study analyzing the association between high-grade ureteral access sheath injuries and the formation of ureteral strictures. Urology 128:38–41. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.urology.2019.02.032

doi: 10.1016/j.urology.2019.02.032 pubmed: 30878681

Elashry OM, Elgamasy AK, Sabaa MA et al (2008) Ureteroscopic management of lower ureteric calculi: a 15-year single-centre experience. BJU Int 102:1010–1017. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1464-410X.2008.07747.x

doi: 10.1111/j.1464-410X.2008.07747.x pubmed: 18485033

Ulvik Ø, Harneshaug J-R, Gjengstø P (2021) Ureteral strictures following ureteroscopic stone treatment. J Endourol 35:985–990. https://doi.org/10.1089/end.2020.0421

doi: 10.1089/end.2020.0421 pubmed: 32962439

Cooper JL, François N, Sourial MW et al (2020) The impact of ureteral access sheath use on the development of abnormal postoperative upper tract imaging after ureteroscopy. J Urol 204:976–981. https://doi.org/10.1097/JU.0000000000001147

doi: 10.1097/JU.0000000000001147 pubmed: 32459602

Shen Y, Xiang A, Shao S (2021) Preoperative hydronephrosis is a predictive factor of ureteral stenosis after flexible ureteroscopy: a propensity scores matching analysis. BMC Urol 21:153. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12894-021-00917-1

doi: 10.1186/s12894-021-00917-1 pubmed: 34763687 pmcid: 8582168

Al-Nabulsi Z, Phan YC, Abdalla O et al (2021) Surgical and radiological predictive factors for ureteric stricture formation in patients treated with ureteroscopy for ureteric stones. Scand J Urol 55:394–398. https://doi.org/10.1080/21681805.2021.1953581

doi: 10.1080/21681805.2021.1953581 pubmed: 34355993

Natal Alvarez F, Martín Martín S, Torrecilla García-Ripoll JR et al (2021) Endourological treatment for lumbar ureteral stones. What are the benefits of flexible ureterorenoscopy? Actas Urol Esp 45:569–575. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.acuroe.2021.06.009

doi: 10.1016/j.acuroe.2021.06.009 pubmed: 34690104

Sunaryo PL, May PC, Holt SK et al (2022) Ureteral strictures following ureteroscopy for kidney stone disease: a population-based assessment. J Urol 208:1268–1275. https://doi.org/10.1097/JU.0000000000002929

doi: 10.1097/JU.0000000000002929 pubmed: 35984646

Aykanat C, Balci M, Senel C et al (2022) The impact of ureteral access sheath size on perioperative parameters and postoperative ureteral stricture in retrograde intrarenal surgery. J Endourol 36:1013–1017. https://doi.org/10.1089/end.2021.0751

doi: 10.1089/end.2021.0751 pubmed: 35229631

Asali M (2022) Sheathed flexible retrograde intrarenal surgery without safety guide wire for upper urinary tract stones. Arch Ital Urol Androl Organo Uff Soc Ital Ecogr Urol E Nefrol 94:186–189. https://doi.org/10.4081/aiua.2022.2.186

doi: 10.4081/aiua.2022.2.186

Perez Castro E, Osther PJS, Jinga V et al (2014) Differences in ureteroscopic stone treatment and outcomes for distal, mid-, proximal, or multiple ureteral locations: the clinical research office of the endourological society ureteroscopy global study. Eur Urol 66:102–109. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eururo.2014.01.011

doi: 10.1016/j.eururo.2014.01.011 pubmed: 24507782

Kang GH, Moon YT (2006) The risk factors of ureteral stricture after treatment for ureteral calculi. Korean J Urol 47:160–164. https://doi.org/10.4111/kju.2006.47.2.160

doi: 10.4111/kju.2006.47.2.160

Li L, Pan Y, Weng Z et al (2015) A prospective randomized trial comparing pneumatic lithotripsy and holmium laser for management of middle and distal ureteral calculi. J Endourol 29:883–887. https://doi.org/10.1089/end.2014.0856

doi: 10.1089/end.2014.0856 pubmed: 25578351

Fulgham PF, Assimos DG, Pearle MS, Preminger GM (2013) Clinical effectiveness protocols for imaging in the management of ureteral calculous disease: AUA technology assessment. J Urol 189:1203–1213. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.juro.2012.10.031

doi: 10.1016/j.juro.2012.10.031 pubmed: 23085059

Bugg CE, El-Galley R, Kenney PJ, Burns JR (2002) Follow-up functional radiographic studies are not mandatory for all patients after ureteroscopy. Urology 59:662–667. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0090-4295(02)01508-x

doi: 10.1016/s0090-4295(02)01508-x pubmed: 11992836

Prattley S, Voss J, Cheung S et al (2018) Ureteroscopy and stone treatment in the elderly (≥70 years): prospective outcomes over 5- years with a review of literature. Int Braz J Urol Off J Braz Soc Urol 44:750–757. https://doi.org/10.1590/S1677-5538.IBJU.2017.0516

doi: 10.1590/S1677-5538.IBJU.2017.0516

Emiliani E, Piccirilli A, Cepeda-Delgado M et al (2021) Flexible ureteroscopy in extreme elderly patients (80 years of age and older) is feasible and safe. World J Urol 39:2703–2708. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00345-020-03448-w

doi: 10.1007/s00345-020-03448-w pubmed: 32960326

Brito AH, Mitre AI, Srougi M (2006) Ureteroscopic pneumatic lithotripsy of impacted ureteral calculi. Int Braz J Urol 32:295–299. https://doi.org/10.1590/S1677-55382006000300006

doi: 10.1590/S1677-55382006000300006 pubmed: 16813672

Mugiya S, Ito T, Maruyama S et al (2004) Endoscopic features of impacted ureteral stones. J Urol 171:89–91. https://doi.org/10.1097/01.ju.0000100960.08768.81

doi: 10.1097/01.ju.0000100960.08768.81 pubmed: 14665851

El-Abd AS, Suliman MG, Abo Farha MO et al (2014) The development of ureteric strictures after ureteroscopic treatment for ureteric calculi: a long-term study at two academic centres. Arab J Urol 12:168–172. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aju.2013.11.004

doi: 10.1016/j.aju.2013.11.004 pubmed: 26019943

Dong H, Peng Y, Li L, Gao X (2018) Prevention strategies for ureteral stricture following ureteroscopic lithotripsy. Asian J Urol 5:94–100. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ajur.2017.09.002

doi: 10.1016/j.ajur.2017.09.002 pubmed: 29736371

Chen S, Zhou L, Wei T et al (2017) Comparison of holmium: YAG laser and pneumatic lithotripsy in the treatment of ureteral stones: an update meta-analysis. Urol Int 98:125–133. https://doi.org/10.1159/000448692

doi: 10.1159/000448692 pubmed: 27505176

Maxwell AD, MacConaghy B, Harper JD et al (2019) Simulation of laser lithotripsyinduced heating in the urinary tract. J Endourol 33:113–119. https://doi.org/10.1089/end.2018.0485

doi: 10.1089/end.2018.0485 pubmed: 30585741 pmcid: 6388709

Aldoukhi AH, Hall TL, Ghani KR et al (2018) Caliceal fluid temperature during high-power holmium laser lithotripsy in an in vivo porcine model. J Endourol 32:724–729. https://doi.org/10.1089/end.2018.0395

doi: 10.1089/end.2018.0395 pubmed: 29905092 pmcid: 6096348

Wollin DA, Carlos EC, Tom WR et al (2018) Effect of laser settings and irrigation rates on ureteral temperature during holmium laser lithotripsy, an in vitro model. J Endourol 32:59–63. https://doi.org/10.1089/end.2017.0658

doi: 10.1089/end.2017.0658 pubmed: 29048226

Sierra A, Corrales M, Kolvatzis M et al (2022) Thermal injury and laser efficiency with holmium YAG and thulium fiber laser—an in vitro study. J Endourol 36:1599–1606. https://doi.org/10.1089/end.2022.0216

doi: 10.1089/end.2022.0216 pubmed: 35793107

Ortner G, Somani BK, Güven S et al (2023) Experts’ recommendations in laser use for the treatment of upper tract urothelial carcinoma: a comprehensive guide by the European section of uro-technology (ESUT) and training research in urological surgery and technology (T.R.U.S.T.) group. World J Urol 41:3367–3376. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00345-023-04632-4

doi: 10.1007/s00345-023-04632-4 pubmed: 37777981

Panthier F, Kaulanjan K, Traxer O (2023) Livret pour l’interne Lithiase urinaire (collège Français des enseignants d’urologie) | CFEU), [en ligne], https://www.urofrance.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/06/Lithiase-urinaire.pdf , consulté en septembre 2023

Ahmad Para S, Saleem Wani M, Hamid A et al (2023) Incidence of ureteric strictures following ureteroscopic laser lithotripsy: holmium:YAG versus thulium fiber laser. Urol Res Pract 49:198–204. https://doi.org/10.5152/tud.2023.22264

doi: 10.5152/tud.2023.22264 pubmed: 37877870 pmcid: 10346094

Kılınç MF, Doluoğlu ÖG, Karakan T et al (2016) The effect of ureteroscope size in the treatment of ureteral stone: 15-year experience of an endoscopist. Turk J Urol 42:64–69. https://doi.org/10.5152/tud.2016.84594

doi: 10.5152/tud.2016.84594 pubmed: 27274889 pmcid: 4857919

Atis G, Arikan O, Gurbuz C et al (2013) Comparison of different ureteroscope sizes in treating ureteral calculi in adult patients. Urology 82:1231–1235. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.urology.2013.07.021

doi: 10.1016/j.urology.2013.07.021 pubmed: 24035032

Traxer O, Thomas A (2013) Prospective evaluation and classification of ureteral wall injuries resulting from insertion of a ureteral access sheath during retrograde intrarenal surgery. J Urol 189:580–584. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.juro.2012.08.197

doi: 10.1016/j.juro.2012.08.197 pubmed: 22982421

Skolarikos A, Gravas S, Laguna MP et al (2011) Training in ureteroscopy: a critical appraisal of the literature. BJU Int 108:798–805. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1464-410X.2011.10337.x

doi: 10.1111/j.1464-410X.2011.10337.x pubmed: 21884354

Sugihara T, Yasunaga H, Horiguchi H et al (2013) A nomogram predicting severe adverse events after ureteroscopic lithotripsy: 12 372 patients in a Japanese national series. BJU Int 111:459–466. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1464-410X.2012.11594.x

doi: 10.1111/j.1464-410X.2012.11594.x pubmed: 23253797