New trends on personalized sunscreens.
individualized medicine
photoprotection
sunscreens
Journal
Photodermatology, photoimmunology & photomedicine
ISSN: 1600-0781
Titre abrégé: Photodermatol Photoimmunol Photomed
Pays: England
ID NLM: 9013641
Informations de publication
Date de publication:
May 2024
May 2024
Historique:
revised:
18
03
2024
received:
29
10
2023
accepted:
02
04
2024
medline:
15
4
2024
pubmed:
15
4
2024
entrez:
15
4
2024
Statut:
ppublish
Résumé
Nowadays, there are emerging trends in customized and personalized photoprotection, focusing on the innovative approaches to enhance sun protection efficacy tailored to individual needs. We conducted an electronic search of the following databases: MEDLINE, EMBASE, Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, Cochrane Skin Group Specialised Skin Register, and TESEO. Specific search terms related to personalized photoprotection and the variables of age, genetic predisposition, skin phototype, photodermatosis, and physiological conditions such as pregnancy, as well as lifestyle habits were used. The article highlights the challenges and opportunities in adopting personalized photoprotection strategies, aiming to promote skin health and prevent the harmful effects of UV radiation in the era of precision medicine.
Sections du résumé
BACKGROUND/PURPOSE
OBJECTIVE
Nowadays, there are emerging trends in customized and personalized photoprotection, focusing on the innovative approaches to enhance sun protection efficacy tailored to individual needs.
METHODS
METHODS
We conducted an electronic search of the following databases: MEDLINE, EMBASE, Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, Cochrane Skin Group Specialised Skin Register, and TESEO. Specific search terms related to personalized photoprotection and the variables of age, genetic predisposition, skin phototype, photodermatosis, and physiological conditions such as pregnancy, as well as lifestyle habits were used.
RESULTS/CONCLUSION
CONCLUSIONS
The article highlights the challenges and opportunities in adopting personalized photoprotection strategies, aiming to promote skin health and prevent the harmful effects of UV radiation in the era of precision medicine.
Types de publication
Journal Article
Review
Langues
eng
Sous-ensembles de citation
IM
Pagination
e12967Informations de copyright
© 2024 The Authors. Photodermatology, Photoimmunology & Photomedicine published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd.
Références
Sambandan DR, Ratner D. Sunscreens: an overview and update. J Am Acad Dermatol. 2011;64(4):748‐758. doi:10.1016/J.JAAD.2010.01.005
Khan AQ, Travers JB, Kemp MG. Roles of UVA radiation and DNA damage responses in melanoma pathogenesis. Environ Mol Mutagen. 2018;59(5):438‐460. doi:10.1002/EM.22176
Attard NR, Karran P. UVA photosensitization of thiopurines and skin cancer in organ transplant recipients. Photochem Photobiol Sci. 2012;11(1):62‐68. doi:10.1039/C1PP05194F
Karran P, Brem R. Protein oxidation, UVA and human DNA repair. DNA Repair (Amst). 2016;44:178‐185. doi:10.1016/j.dnarep.2016.05.024
Brem R, Karran P. Multiple forms of DNA damage caused by UVA photoactivation of DNA 6‐thioguanine. Photochem Photobiol. 2012;88(1):5‐13. doi:10.1111/J.1751-1097.2011.01043.X
Brem R, Guven M, Karran P. Oxidatively‐generated damage to DNA and proteins mediated by photosensitized UVA. Free Radic Biol Med. 2017;107:101‐109. doi:10.1016/J.FREERADBIOMED.2016.10.488
Kligman LH. Intensification of ultraviolet‐induced dermal damage by infrared radiation. Arch Dermatol Res. 1982;272(3–4):229‐238. doi:10.1007/BF00509050/METRICS
Krutmann J, Schroeder P. Role of mitochondria in photoaging of human skin: the defective powerhouse model. J Investig Dermatology Symp Proc. 2009;14(1):44‐49. doi:10.1038/JIDSYMP.2009.1
Passeron T, Lim HW, Goh CL, et al. Photoprotection according to skin phototype and dermatoses: practical recommendations from an expert panel. J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol. 2021;35(7):1460‐1469. doi:10.1111/JDV.17242
González S, De Gálvez MV, De Troya M, Rodríguez‐Luna A, Calzavara‐Pinton P. Personalized medical Photoprotection: determining optimal measures for susceptible patient groups. Open Dermatol J. 2023;17(1):1‐7. doi:10.2174/18743722-V17-E230109-2022-20
Phadungsaksawasdi P, Sirithanabadeekul P. Ultraviolet filters in sunscreen products labeled for use in children and for sensitive skin. Pediatr Dermatol. 2020;37(4):632‐636. doi:10.1111/PDE.14170
Gustavsson Gonzalez H, Farbrot A, Larkö O. Percutaneous absorption of benzophenone‐3, a common component of topical sunscreens. Clin Exp Dermatol. 2002;27(8):691‐694. doi:10.1046/J.1365-2230.2002.01095.X
Calafat AM, Wong LY, Ye X, Reidy JA, Needham LL. Concentrations of the sunscreen agent benzophenone‐3 in residents of the United States: National Health and nutrition examination survey 2003–2004. Environ Health Perspect. 2008;116(7):893‐897. doi:10.1289/EHP.11269
Janjua NR, Mogensen B, Andersson AM, et al. Systemic absorption of the sunscreens benzophenone‐3, octyl‐methoxycinnamate, and 3‐(4‐methyl‐benzylidene) camphor after whole‐body topical application and reproductive hormone levels in humans. J Invest Dermatol. 2004;123(1):57‐61. doi:10.1111/J.0022-202X.2004.22725.X
Vindenes HK, Svanes C, Håkon S, et al. Exposure to environmental phenols and parabens, and relation to body mass index, eczema and respiratory outcomes in the Norwegian RHINESSA study. Environ Health. 2021;20:81. doi:10.1186/s12940-021-00767-2
Skórkowska A, Maciejska A, Pomierny B, et al. Effect of combined prenatal and adult Benzophenone‐3 dermal exposure on factors regulating neurodegenerative processes, blood hormone levels, and hematological parameters in female rats. Neurotox Res. 2020;37(3):683‐701. doi:10.1007/S12640-020-00163-7
Heurung AR, Raju SI, Warshaw EM. Benzophenones. Dermat Contact, Atopic, Occup Drug. 2014;25(1):3‐10. doi:10.1097/DER.0000000000000025
Haylett AK, Chiang YZ, Nie Z, Ling TC, Rhodes LE. Sunscreen photopatch testing: a series of 157 children. Br J Dermatol. 2014;171(2):370‐375. doi:10.1111/BJD.13003
Tanner PR. Sunscreen product formulation. Dermatol Clin. 2006;24(1):53‐62. doi:10.1016/J.DET.2005.09.002
Sasseville D. Alkyl glucosides: 2017 “allergen of the year.”. Dermat Contact, Atopic, Occup Drug. 2017;28(4):296. doi:10.1097/DER.0000000000000290
Rick JW, Brannon M, De DR, Shih T, Hsiao JL, Shi VY. Allergen composition, marketing claims, and affordability of pediatric sunscreens. Dermat Contact, Atopic, Occup Drug. 2022;33(6):435‐441. doi:10.1097/DER.0000000000000929
Hoffmann SS, Elberling J, Thyssen JP, Hansen KS, Johansen JD. Does aluminium in sunscreens cause dermatitis in children with aluminium contact allergy: a repeated open application test study. Contact Dermatitis. 2022;86(1):9‐14. doi:10.1111/COD.13973
Selection of sunscreen and sun‐protective measures ‐ UpToDate. Accessed August 28, 2022. https://www.uptodate.com/contents/selection‐of‐sunscreen‐and‐sun‐protective‐measures
Osmond MJ, McCall MJ. Zinc oxide nanoparticles in modern sunscreens: an analysis of potential exposure and hazard. Nanotoxicology. 2010;4(1):15‐41. doi:10.3109/17435390903502028
Sharma S, Sharma RK, Gaur K, et al. Fueling a Hot Debate on the Application of TiO2 Nanoparticles in Sunscreen. Mater (Basel, Switzerland). 2019;12(14):317. doi:10.3390/MA12142317
Miquel‐Jeanjean C, Crépel F, Raufast V, et al. Penetration study of formulated nanosized titanium dioxide in models of damaged and sun‐irradiated skins. Photochem Photobiol. 2012;88(6):1513‐1521. doi:10.1111/J.1751-1097.2012.01181.X
Korzeniowska K, Cieślewicz A, Chmara E, Jabłecka A, Pawlaczyk M. Photosensitivity reactions in the elderly population: questionnaire‐based survey and literature review. Ther Clin Risk Manag. 2019;15:1111‐1119. doi:10.2147/TCRM.S215308
Haywood R, Wardman P, Sanders R, Linge C. Sunscreens inadequately protect against ultraviolet‐A‐induced free radicals in skin: implications for skin aging and melanoma? J Invest Dermatol. 2003;121(4):862‐868. doi:10.1046/J.1523-1747.2003.12498.X
Shanbhag S, Nayak A, Narayan R, Nayak UY. Anti‐aging and sunscreens: paradigm shift in cosmetics. Adv Pharm Bull. 2019;9(3):348‐359. doi:10.15171/APB.2019.042
Basto R, Andrade R, Nunes C, Costa Lima SA, Reis S. Topical delivery of Niacinamide to skin using hybrid Nanogels enhances Photoprotection effect. Pharmaceutics. 2021;13(11):1968. doi:10.3390/PHARMACEUTICS13111968
Heydari S, Ghanbarzadeh S, Anoush B, et al. Nanoethosomal formulation of gammaoryzanol for skin‐aging protection and wrinkle improvement: a histopathological study. Drug Dev Ind Pharm. 2017;43(7):1154‐1162. doi:10.1080/03639045.2017.1300169
Avadhani KS, Manikkath J, Tiwari M, et al. Skin delivery of epigallocatechin‐3‐gallate (EGCG) and hyaluronic acid loaded nano‐transfersomes for antioxidant and anti‐aging effects in UV radiation induced skin damage. Drug Deliv. 2017;24(1):61‐74. doi:10.1080/10717544.2016.1228718
Puviani M, Barcella A, Milani M. Efficacy of a photolyase‐based device in the treatment of cancerization field in patients with actinic keratosis and non‐melanoma skin cancer. G Ital Dermatol Venereol. 2013;148(6):693‐698. Accessed August 28, 2022. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24442053/
Navarrete‐Dechent C, Molgó M. The use of a sunscreen containing DNA‐photolyase in the treatment of patients with field cancerization and multiple actinic keratoses: a case‐series. Dermatol Online J. 2017;23(1):3687. doi:10.5070/d3231033687
Moscarella E, Argenziano G, Longo C, Aladren S. Management of cancerization field with a medical device containing photolyase: a randomized, double‐blind, parallel‐group pilot study. J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol. 2017;31(9):e401‐e403. doi:10.1111/JDV.14209
Carducci M, Pavone PS, De MG, et al. Comparative effects of sunscreens alone vs sunscreens plus DNA repair enzymes in patients with actinic keratosis: clinical and molecular findings from a 6‐month, randomized, clinical study. J Drugs Dermatol. 2015;14(9):986‐990. Accessed August 28, 2022. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26355618/
Miyamura Y, Coelho SG, Wolber R, et al. Regulation of human skin pigmentation and responses to ultraviolet radiation. Pigment Cell Res. 2007;20(1):2‐13. doi:10.1111/J.1600-0749.2006.00358.X
Morgado‐Carrasco D, Piquero‐Casals J, Trullas C, Granger C. Photoprotection in dark‐skinned phenotypes. Piel. 2022;38:63‐69. doi:10.1016/J.PIEL.2022.02.007
Cestari T, Buster K. Photoprotection in specific populations: children and people of color. J Am Acad Dermatol. 2017;76(3):S110‐S121. doi:10.1016/J.JAAD.2016.09.039
Song H, Beckles A, Salian P, Porter ML. Sunscreen recommendations for patients with skin of color in the popular press and in the dermatology clinic. Int J women's Dermatol. 2020;7(2):165‐170. doi:10.1016/J.IJWD.2020.10.008
Pengpid S, Peltzer K. Sun protection use behaviour among university students from 25 low, middle income and emerging economy countries. Asian Pac J Cancer Prev. 2015;16(4):1385‐1389. doi:10.7314/APJCP.2015.16.4.1385
Mahmoud BH, Ruvolo E, Hexsel CL, et al. Impact of long‐wavelength UVA and visible light on melanocompetent skin. J Invest Dermatol. 2010;130(8):2092‐2097. doi:10.1038/JID.2010.95
González S, Aguilera J, Berman B, et al. Expert recommendations on the evaluation of sunscreen efficacy and the beneficial role of non‐filtering ingredients. Front Med. 2022;9:9. doi:10.3389/FMED.2022.790207
Lyons AB, Trullas C, Kohli I, Hamzavi IH, Lim HW. Photoprotection beyond ultraviolet radiation: a review of tinted sunscreens. J Am Acad Dermatol. 2021;84(5):1393‐1397. doi:10.1016/J.JAAD.2020.04.079
Navarrete‐Solís J, Castanedo‐Cázares JP, Torres‐Álvarez B, et al. A double‐blind, randomized clinical trial of Niacinamide 4% versus hydroquinone 4% in the treatment of Melasma. Dermatol Res Pract. 2011;2011:1‐5. doi:10.1155/2011/379173
Garcia‐Jimenez A, Teruel‐Puche JA, Ortiz‐Ruiz CV, Berna J, Tudela J, Garcia‐Canovas F. 4‐n‐butylresorcinol, a depigmenting agent used in cosmetics, reacts with tyrosinase. IUBMB Life. 2016;68(8):663‐672. doi:10.1002/IUB.1528
Krutmann J, Piquero‐Casals J, Morgado‐Carrasco D, et al. Photoprotection for people with skin of colour: needs and strategies. Br J Dermatol. 2023;188(2):168‐175. doi:10.1093/BJD/LJAC046
Matta MK, Zusterzeel R, Pilli NR, et al. Effect of sunscreen application under maximal use conditions on plasma concentration of sunscreen active ingredients: a randomized clinical trial. JAMA. 2019;321(21):2082‐2091. doi:10.1001/JAMA.2019.5586
Matta MK, Florian J, Zusterzeel R, et al. Effect of sunscreen application on plasma concentration of sunscreen active ingredients: a randomized clinical trial. JAMA. 2020;323(3):256‐267. doi:10.1001/JAMA.2019.20747
Carter TJ, George C, Harwood C, Nathan P. Melanoma in pregnancy: diagnosis and management in early‐stage and advanced disease. Eur J Cancer. 2022;166:240‐253. doi:10.1016/J.EJCA.2022.02.016
Molins‐Delgado D, Olmo‐Campos MDM, Valeta‐Juan G, Pleguezuelos‐Hernández V, Barceló D, Díaz‐Cruz MS. Determination of UV filters in human breast milk using turbulent flow chromatography and babies' daily intake estimation. Environ Res. 2018;161:532‐539. doi:10.1016/J.ENVRES.2017.11.033
Viola KV, Grant‐Kels JM. Oxybenzone and pregnancy: time for more research and patient education. J Am Acad Dermatol. 2021;89:435‐436. doi:10.1016/J.JAAD.2021.11.049
Huo W, Cai P, Chen M, et al. The relationship between prenatal exposure to BP‐3 and Hirschsprung's disease. Chemosphere. 2016;144:1091‐1097. doi:10.1016/J.CHEMOSPHERE.2015.09.019
DiNardo JC, Downs CA. Can oxybenzone cause Hirschsprung's disease? Reprod Toxicol. 2019;86:98‐100. doi:10.1016/J.REPROTOX.2019.02.014
Kwa MC, Lim HW. Commentary on: Oxybenzone and pregnancy: Time for more research and patient education. J Am Acad Dermatol. 2022;86(5):e215. doi:10.1016/J.JAAD.2021.12.011
Wnuk W, Michalska K, Krupa A, Pawlak K. Benzophenone‐3, a chemical UV‐filter in cosmetics: is it really safe for children and pregnant women? Postep Dermatologii i Alergol. 2022;39(1):26‐33. doi:10.5114/ADA.2022.113617
D'Errico JN, Doherty C, Reyes George JJ, Buckley B, Stapleton PA. Maternal, placental, and fetal distribution of titanium after repeated titanium dioxide nanoparticle inhalation through pregnancy. Placenta. 2022;121:99‐108. doi:10.1016/J.PLACENTA.2022.03.008
Bowdridge EC, DeVallance E, Garner KL, et al. Nano‐titanium dioxide inhalation exposure during gestation drives redox dysregulation and vascular dysfunction across generations. Part Fibre Toxicol. 2022;19(1):18. doi:10.1186/S12989-022-00457-Y
Marionnet C, de Dormael R, Marat X, et al. Sunscreens with the new MCE filter cover the whole UV Spectrum: improved UVA1 Photoprotection in vitro and in a randomized controlled trial. JID Innov Ski Sci from Mol Popul Heal. 2021;2(1):100070. doi:10.1016/J.XJIDI.2021.100070
Bacqueville D, Jacques‐Jamin C, Dromigny H, et al. Phenylene Bis‐Diphenyltriazine (TriAsorB), a new sunfilter protecting the skin against both UVB + UVA and blue light radiations. Photochem Photobiol Sci. 2021;20(11):1475‐1486. doi:10.1007/S43630-021-00114-X
Jacques C, Crépel F, El Assad D, et al. MS imaging and absorption methods visualizing sun filter skin spatial distribution and penetration. J Control Release. 2022;347:78‐88. doi:10.1016/J.JCONREL.2022.04.040
Duteil L, Queille‐Roussel C, Aladren S, et al. Prevention of polymorphic light eruption afforded by a very high broad‐Spectrum protection sunscreen containing Ectoin. Dermatol Ther (Heidelb). 2022;12(7):1603‐1613. doi:10.1007/S13555-022-00755-5
Huang X, Nisar MF, Wang M, et al. UV‐responsive AKBA@ZnO nanoparticles potential for polymorphous light eruption protection and therapy. Mater Sci Eng C Mater Biol Appl. 2020;107:107. doi:10.1016/J.MSEC.2019.110254
Zink A, Tizek L, Schielein M, Böhner A, Biedermann T, Wildner M. Different outdoor professions have different risks ‐ a cross‐sectional study comparing non‐melanoma skin cancer risk among farmers, gardeners and mountain guides. J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol. 2018;32(10):1695‐1701. doi:10.1111/JDV.15052
Gilaberte Y, Casanova JM, García‐Malinis AJ, et al. Skin cancer prevalence in outdoor workers of ski resorts. J Skin Cancer. 2020;2020:1‐7. doi:10.1155/2020/8128717
Navarro‐Bielsa A, Gracia‐Cazaña T, García Malinis AJ, et al. Skin cancer prevalence in farm workers in Spain. Eur J Dermatol. 2022;32(6):724‐730. doi:10.1684/EJD.2022.4374
Ou‐Yang H, Stanfield J, Cole C, Appa Y, Rigel D. High‐SPF sunscreens (SPF ≥ 70) may provide ultraviolet protection above minimal recommended levels by adequately compensating for lower sunscreen user application amounts. J Am Acad Dermatol. 2012;67(6):1220‐1227. doi:10.1016/J.JAAD.2012.02.029
Kohli I, Nicholson CL, Williams JD, et al. Greater efficacy of SPF 100+ sunscreen compared with SPF 50+ in sunburn prevention during 5 consecutive days of sunlight exposure: a randomized, double‐blind clinical trial. J Am Acad Dermatol. 2020;82(4):869‐877. doi:10.1016/J.JAAD.2019.09.018
Williams JD, Maitra P, Atillasoy E, Wu MM, Farberg AS, Rigel DS. SPF 100+ sunscreen is more protective against sunburn than SPF 50+ in actual use: results of a randomized, double‐blind, split‐face, natural sunlight exposure clinical trial. J Am Acad Dermatol. 2018;78(5):902‐910.e2. doi:10.1016/J.JAAD.2017.12.062
Battie C, Jitsukawa S, Bernerd F, Del Bino S, Marionnet C, Verschoore M. New insights in photoaging, UVA induced damage and skin types. Exp Dermatol. 2014;23(Suppl 1):7‐12. doi:10.1111/EXD.12388
de Gruijl FR. UV adaptation: pigmentation and protection against overexposure. Exp Dermatol. 2017;26(7):557‐562. doi:10.1111/EXD.13332
Puccetti G. Water‐resistant sunscreens for skin protection: an in vivo approach to the two sources of sunscreen failure to maintain UV protection on consumer skin. Int J Cosmet Sci. 2015;37(6):613‐619. doi:10.1111/ICS.12238
Lesage C, Barbe C, Le Clainche A, Lesage FX, Bernard P, Grange F. Sex‐related location of head and neck melanoma strongly argues for a major role of sun exposure in cars and photoprotection by hair. J Invest Dermatol. 2013;133(5):1205‐1211. doi:10.1038/JID.2012.405
Bernstein EF, Schwartz M, Viehmeyer R, Arocena MS, Sambuco CP, Ksenzenko SM. Measurement of protection afforded by ultraviolet‐absorbing window film using an in vitro model of photodamage. Lasers Surg Med. 2006;38(4):337‐342. doi:10.1002/LSM.20329
Ramírez‐Gamboa D, Díaz‐Zamorano AL, Meléndez‐Sánchez ER, et al. Photolyase production and current applications: a review. Molecules. 2022;27(18):998. doi:10.3390/MOLECULES27185998
Mitchelmore CL, Burns EE, Conway A, Heyes A, Davies IA. A critical review of organic ultraviolet filter exposure, Hazard, and risk to corals. Environ Toxicol Chem. 2021;40(4):967‐988. doi:10.1002/ETC.4948
Harrison SC, Bergfeld WF. Ultraviolet light and skin cancer in athletes. Sports Health. 2009;1(4):335‐340. doi:10.1177/1941738109338923
Keshavarzi F, Knudsen NØ, Komjani NM, et al. Enhancing the sweat resistance of sunscreens. Skin Res Technol. 2022;28(2):225‐235. doi:10.1111/SRT.13115
Gilaberte Y, Trullàs C, Granger C, de Troya‐Martín M. Photoprotection in outdoor sports: a review of the literature and recommendations to reduce risk among athletes. Dermatol Ther (Heidelb). 2022;12(2):329‐343. doi:10.1007/S13555-021-00671-0
Ekpeghere KI, Kim UJ, O S, Kim HY, Oh JE. Distribution and seasonal occurrence of UV filters in rivers and wastewater treatment plants in Korea. Sci Total Environ. 2016;542:121‐128. doi:10.1016/J.SCITOTENV.2015.10.033
Manasfi T, Coulomb B, Ravier S, Boudenne JL. Degradation of organic UV filters in chlorinated seawater swimming pools: transformation pathways and Bromoform formation. Environ Sci Technol. 2017;51(23):13580‐13591. doi:10.1021/ACS.EST.7B02624
Schneider SL, Lim HW. Review of environmental effects of oxybenzone and other sunscreen active ingredients. J Am Acad Dermatol. 2019;80(1):266‐271. doi:10.1016/J.JAAD.2018.06.033
Marrot L. Pollution and sun exposure: a deleterious synergy. Mechanisms and opportunities for skin protection. Curr Med Chem. 2018;25(40):5469‐5486. doi:10.2174/0929867324666170918123907
Krutmann J, Liu W, Li L, et al. Pollution and skin: from epidemiological and mechanistic studies to clinical implications. J Dermatol Sci. 2014;76(3):163‐168. doi:10.1016/J.JDERMSCI.2014.08.008
Vierkötter A, Schikowski T, Ranft U, et al. Airborne particle exposure and extrinsic skin aging. J Invest Dermatol. 2010;130(12):2719‐2726. doi:10.1038/jid.2010.204
Peng F, Xue CH, Hwang SK, Li WH, Chen Z, Zhang JZ. Exposure to fine particulate matter associated with senile lentigo in Chinese women: a cross‐sectional study. J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol. 2017;31(2):355‐360. doi:10.1111/JDV.13834
Rigel DS, Lim HW, Draelos ZD, Weber TM, Taylor SC. Photoprotection for all: current gaps and opportunities. J Am Acad Dermatol. 2022;86(3S):S18‐S26. doi:10.1016/J.JAAD.2021.12.023
Rodríguez‐Luna A, Zamarrón A, Juarranz Á, González S. Clinical applications of polypodium leucotomos (Fernblock®): an update. Life (Basel, Switzerland). 2023;13(7):1513. doi:10.3390/LIFE13071513
Lautenschlager S, Wulf HC, Pittelkow MR. Photoprotection. Lancet (London, England). 2007;370(9586):528‐537. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(07)60638-2
Narayanan DL, Saladi RN, Fox JL. Ultraviolet radiation and skin cancer. Int J Dermatol. 2010;49(9):978‐986. doi:10.1111/J.1365-4632.2010.04474.X