Non-B-form DNA is associated with centromere stability in newly-formed polyploid wheat.

centromere non-B-form DNA polyploid wheat retrotransposon

Journal

Science China. Life sciences
ISSN: 1869-1889
Titre abrégé: Sci China Life Sci
Pays: China
ID NLM: 101529880

Informations de publication

Date de publication:
16 Apr 2024
Historique:
received: 07 10 2023
accepted: 18 12 2023
medline: 19 4 2024
pubmed: 19 4 2024
entrez: 19 4 2024
Statut: aheadofprint

Résumé

Non-B-form DNA differs from the classic B-DNA double helix structure and plays a crucial regulatory role in replication and transcription. However, the role of non-B-form DNA in centromeres, especially in polyploid wheat, remains elusive. Here, we systematically analyzed seven non-B-form DNA motif profiles (A-phased DNA repeat, direct repeat, G-quadruplex, inverted repeat, mirror repeat, short tandem repeat, and Z-DNA) in hexaploid wheat. We found that three of these non-B-form DNA motifs were enriched at centromeric regions, especially at the CENH3-binding sites, suggesting that non-B-form DNA may create a favorable loading environment for the CENH3 nucleosome. To investigate the dynamics of centromeric non-B form DNA during the alloploidization process, we analyzed DNA secondary structure using CENH3 ChIP-seq data from newly formed allotetraploid wheat and its two diploid ancestors. We found that newly formed allotetraploid wheat formed more non-B-form DNA in centromeric regions compared with their parents, suggesting that non-B-form DNA is related to the localization of the centromeric regions in newly formed wheat. Furthermore, non-B-form DNA enriched in the centromeric regions was found to preferentially form on young LTR retrotransposons, explaining CENH3's tendency to bind to younger LTR. Collectively, our study describes the landscape of non-B-form DNA in the wheat genome, and sheds light on its potential role in the evolution of polyploid centromeres.

Identifiants

pubmed: 38639838
doi: 10.1007/s11427-023-2513-9
pii: 10.1007/s11427-023-2513-9
doi:

Types de publication

Journal Article

Langues

eng

Sous-ensembles de citation

IM

Informations de copyright

© 2024. Science China Press.

Références

Altemose, N., Logsdon, G.A., Bzikadze, A.V., Sidhwani, P., Langley, S.A., Caldas, G.V., Hoyt, S.J., Uralsky, L., Ryabov, F.D., Shew, C.J., et al. (2022). Complete genomic and epigenetic maps of human centromeres. Science 376.
Bacolla, A., Wojciechowska, M., Kosmider, B., Larson, J.E., and Wells, R.D. (2006). The involvement of non-B DNA structures in gross chromosomal rearrangements. DNA Repair 5, 1161–1170.
pubmed: 16807140 doi: 10.1016/j.dnarep.2006.05.032
Bolger, A.M., Lohse, M., and Usadel, B. (2014). Trimmomatic: a flexible trimmer for Illumina sequence data. Bioinformatics 30, 2114–2120.
pubmed: 24695404 pmcid: 4103590 doi: 10.1093/bioinformatics/btu170
Cer, R.Z., Bruce, K.H., Donohue, D.E., Temiz, N.A., Mudunuri, U.S., Yi, M., Volfovsky, N., Bacolla, A., Luke, B.T., Collins, J.R., et al. (2012). Searching for non-B DNA-forming motifs using nBMST (non-B DNA motif search tool). CP Hum Genet 73.
Cheeseman, I.M. (2014). The kinetochore. Cold Spring Harb Perspect Biol 6, a015826.
pubmed: 24984773 pmcid: 4067989 doi: 10.1101/cshperspect.a015826
Chen, Z.J. (2007). Genetic and epigenetic mechanisms for gene expression and phenotypic variation in plant polyploids. Annu Rev Plant Biol 58, 377–406.
pubmed: 17280525 pmcid: 1949485 doi: 10.1146/annurev.arplant.58.032806.103835
Comai, L. (2005). The advantages and disadvantages of being polyploid. Nat Rev Genet 6, 836–846.
pubmed: 16304599 doi: 10.1038/nrg1711
Concia, L., Veluchamy, A., Ramirez-Prado, J.S., Martin-Ramirez, A., Huang, Y., Perez, M., Domenichini, S., Rodriguez Granados, N.Y., Kim, S., Blein, T., et al. (2020). Wheat chromatin architecture is organized in genome territories and transcription factories. Genome Biol 21, 104.
pubmed: 32349780 pmcid: 7189446 doi: 10.1186/s13059-020-01998-1
Crespi, M., and Ariel, F. (2022). Non-B DNA structures emerging from plant genomes. Trends Plant Sci 27, 624–626.
pubmed: 35304028 doi: 10.1016/j.tplants.2022.03.004
Dhatchinamoorthy, K., Mattingly, M., and Gerton, J.L. (2018). Regulation of kinetochore configuration during mitosis. Curr Genet 64, 1197–1203.
pubmed: 29704052 doi: 10.1007/s00294-018-0841-9
Fang, Y., Chen, L., Lin, K., Feng, Y., Zhang, P., Pan, X., Sanders, J., Wu, Y., Wang, X., Su, Z., et al. (2019). Characterization of functional relationships of R-loops with gene transcription and epigenetic modifications in rice. Genome Res 29, 1287–1297.
pubmed: 31262943 pmcid: 6673715 doi: 10.1101/gr.246009.118
Georgakopoulos-Soares, I., Victorino, J., Parada, G.E., Agarwal, V., Zhao, J., Wong, H. Y., Umar, M.I., Elor, O., Muhwezi, A., An, J.Y., et al. (2022). High-throughput characterization of the role of non-B DNA motifs on promoter function. Cell Genomics 2, 100111.
pubmed: 35573091 pmcid: 9105345 doi: 10.1016/j.xgen.2022.100111
Guiblet, W.M., Cremona, M.A., Cechova, M., Harris, R.S., Kejnovská, I., Kejnovsky, E., Eckert, K., Chiaromonte, F., and Makova, K.D. (2018). Long-read sequencing technology indicates genome-wide effects of non-B DNA on polymerization speed and error rate. Genome Res 28, 1767–1778.
pubmed: 30401733 pmcid: 6280752 doi: 10.1101/gr.241257.118
Guiblet, W.M., Cremona, M.A., Harris, R.S., Chen, D., Eckert, K.A., Chiaromonte, F., Huang, Y.F., and Makova, K.D. (2021). Non-B DNA: a major contributor to small-and large-scale variation in nucleotide substitution frequencies across the genome. Nucleic Acids Res 49, 1497–1516.
pubmed: 33450015 pmcid: 7897504 doi: 10.1093/nar/gkaa1269
Guo, X., Su, H., Shi, Q., Fu, S., Wang, J., Zhang, X., Hu, Z., and Han, F. (2016). De novo centromere formation and centromeric sequence expansion in wheat and its wide hybrids. PLoS Genet 12, e1005997.
pubmed: 27110907 pmcid: 4844185 doi: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1005997
Henikoff, S., Ahmad, K., and Malik, H.S. (2001). The centromere paradox: stable inheritance with rapidly evolving DNA. Science 293, 1098–1102.
pubmed: 11498581 doi: 10.1126/science.1062939
Henikoff, S., and Malik, H.S. (2002). Centromeres: selfish drivers. Nature 417, 227.
pubmed: 12015578 doi: 10.1038/417227a
Herbert, A. (2019). Z-DNA and Z-RNA in human disease. Commun Biol 2, 7.
pubmed: 30729177 pmcid: 6323056 doi: 10.1038/s42003-018-0237-x
Hou, H., Kyriacou, E., Thadani, R., Klutstein, M., Chapman, J.H., and Cooper, J.P. (2021). Centromeres are dismantled by foundational meiotic proteins Spo11 and Rec8. Nature 591, 671–676.
pubmed: 33658710 pmcid: 8843027 doi: 10.1038/s41586-021-03279-8
Hudakova, S., Michalek, W., Presting, G.G., ten Hoopen, H.R., dos Santos, S.K., Jasencakova, Z., and Schubert, I. (2001). Sequence organization of barley centromeres. Nucleic Acids Res 29, 5029–5035.
pubmed: 11812833 pmcid: 97617 doi: 10.1093/nar/29.24.5029
Ichikawa, K., Tomioka, S., Suzuki, Y., Nakamura, R., Doi, K., Yoshimura, J., Kumagai, M., Inoue, Y., Uchida, Y., Irie, N., et al. (2017). Centromere evolution and CpG methylation during vertebrate speciation. Nat Commun 8, 1833.
pubmed: 29184138 pmcid: 5705604 doi: 10.1038/s41467-017-01982-7
Jonstrup, A.T., Thomsen, T., Wang, Y., Knudsen, B.R., Koch, J., and Andersen, A.H. (2008). Hairpin structures formed by alpha satellite DNA of human centromeres are cleaved by human topoisomerase IIalpha. Nucleic Acids Res 36, 6165–6174.
pubmed: 18824478 pmcid: 2577340 doi: 10.1093/nar/gkn640
Kasinathan, S., and Henikoff, S. (2018). Non-B-form DNA is enriched at centromeres. Mol Biol Evol 35, 949–962.
pubmed: 29365169 pmcid: 5889037 doi: 10.1093/molbev/msy010
Kijima, T.E., and Innan, H. (2010). On the estimation of the insertion time of LTR retrotransposable elements. Mol Biol Evol 27, 896–904.
pubmed: 19955475 doi: 10.1093/molbev/msp295
Krzywinski, M., Schein, J., Birol, İ., Connors, J., Gascoyne, R., Horsman, D., Jones, S.J., and Marra, M.A. (2009). Circos: an information aesthetic for comparative genomics. Genome Res 19, 1639–1645.
pubmed: 19541911 pmcid: 2752132 doi: 10.1101/gr.092759.109
Levy, A.A., and Feldman, M. (2002). The impact of polyploidy on grass genome evolution. Plant Physiol 130, 1587–1593.
pubmed: 12481041 pmcid: 1540263 doi: 10.1104/pp.015727
Li, H., and Durbin, R. (2009). Fast and accurate short read alignment with Burrows-Wheeler transform. Bioinformatics 25, 1754–1760.
pubmed: 19451168 pmcid: 2705234 doi: 10.1093/bioinformatics/btp324
Li, H., Handsaker, B., Wysoker, A., Fennell, T., Ruan, J., Homer, N., Marth, G., Abecasis, G., and Durbin, R. (2009). The sequence alignment/map format and SAMtools. Bioinformatics 25, 2078–2079.
pubmed: 19505943 pmcid: 2723002 doi: 10.1093/bioinformatics/btp352
Li, H., Long, C., Hong, Y., Chao, L., Peng, Y., and Zuo, Y. (2022). The cumulative formation of R-loop interacts with histone modifications to shape cell reprogramming. Int J Mol Sci 23, 1567.
pubmed: 35163490 pmcid: 8835745 doi: 10.3390/ijms23031567
Liu, C., Huang, Y., Guo, X., Yi, C., Liu, Q., Zhang, K., Zhu, C., Liu, Y., and Han, F. (2024). Young retrotransposons and non-B DNA structures promote the establishment of dominant rye centromere in the 1RS.1BL fused centromere. New Phytol 241, 607–622.
pubmed: 37897058 doi: 10.1111/nph.19359
Liu, Q., Liu, Y., Shi, Q., Su, H., Wang, C., Birchler, J.A., and Han, F. (2021a). Emerging roles of centromeric RNAs in centromere formation and function. Genes Genom 43, 217–226.
doi: 10.1007/s13258-021-01041-y
Liu, Q., Yi, C., Zhang, Z., Su, H., Liu, C., Huang, Y., Li, W., Hu, X., Liu, C., Birchler, J. A., et al. (2023a). Non-B-form DNA tends to form in centromeric regions and has undergone changes in polyploid oat subgenomes. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 120, e2211683120.
pubmed: 36574697 doi: 10.1073/pnas.2211683120
Liu, Y., Liu, Q., Su, H., Liu, K., Xiao, X., Li, W., Sun, Q., Birchler, J.A., and Han, F. (2021b). Genome-wide mapping reveals R-loops associated with centromeric repeats in maize. Genome Res 31, 1409–1418.
pubmed: 34244230 pmcid: 8327920 doi: 10.1101/gr.275270.121
Liu, Y., Su, H., Liu, Y., Zhang, J., Dong, Q., Birchler, J.A., and Han, F. (2017). Cohesion and centromere activity are required for phosphorylation of histone H3 in maize. Plant J 92, 1121–1131.
pubmed: 29032586 doi: 10.1111/tpj.13748
Liu, Y., Wang, C., Su, H., Birchler, J.A., and Han, F. (2021c). Phosphorylation of histone H3 by Haspin regulates chromosome alignment and segregation during mitosis in maize. J Exp Bot 72, 1046–1058.
pubmed: 33130883 doi: 10.1093/jxb/eraa506
Liu, Y., Yi, C., Fan, C., Liu, Q., Liu, S., Shen, L., Zhang, K., Huang, Y., Liu, C., Wang, Y., et al. (2023b). Pan-centromere reveals widespread centromere repositioning of soybean genomes. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 120, e2310177120.
pubmed: 37816061 pmcid: 10589659 doi: 10.1073/pnas.2310177120
Lorenz, R., Bernhart, S.H., Höner zu Siederdissen, C., Tafer, H., Flamm, C., Stadler, P. F., and Hofacker, I.L. (2011). ViennaRNA package 2.0. Algorithms Mol Biol 6, 26.
pubmed: 22115189 pmcid: 3319429 doi: 10.1186/1748-7188-6-26
Luo, H., Wang, X., You, C., Wu, X., Pan, D., Lv, Z., Li, T., Zhang, D., Shen, Z., Zhang, X., et al. (2024). Telomere-to-telomere genome of the allotetraploid legume Sesbania cannabina reveals transposon-driven subgenome divergence and mechanisms of alkaline stress tolerance. Sci China Life Sci 67, 149–160.
pubmed: 37897613 doi: 10.1007/s11427-023-2463-y
Ma, X., Feng, Y., Yang, Y., Li, X., Shi, Y., Tao, S., Cheng, X., Huang, J., Wang, X., Chen, C., et al. (2022). Genome-wide characterization of i-motifs and their potential roles in the stability and evolution of transposable elements in rice. Nucleic Acids Res 50, 3226–3238.
pubmed: 35188565 pmcid: 8989525 doi: 10.1093/nar/gkac121
Makova, K.D., and Weissensteiner, M.H. (2023). Noncanonical DNA structures are drivers of genome evolution. Trends Genet 39, 109–124.
pubmed: 36604282 pmcid: 9877202 doi: 10.1016/j.tig.2022.11.005
Neumann, P., Navrátilová, A., Koblížková, A., Kejnovský, E., Hřibová, E., Hobza, R., Widmer, A., Doležel, J., and Macas, J. (2011). Plant centromeric retrotransposons: a structural and cytogenetic perspective. Mobile DNA 2, 4.
pubmed: 21371312 pmcid: 3059260 doi: 10.1186/1759-8753-2-4
Ohno, M., Fukagawa, T., Lee, J.S., and Ikemura, T. (2002). Triplex-forming DNAs in the human interphase nucleus visualized in situ by polypurine/polypyrimidine DNA probes and antitriplex antibodies. Chromosoma 111, 201–213.
pubmed: 12355210 doi: 10.1007/s00412-002-0198-0
Patchigolla, V.S.P., and Mellone, B.G. (2022). Enrichment of non-B-form DNA at D. melanogaster centromeres. Genome Biol Evol 14, evac054.
pubmed: 35441684 pmcid: 9070824 doi: 10.1093/gbe/evac054
Quinlan, A.R., and Hall, I.M. (2010). BEDTools: a flexible suite of utilities for comparing genomic features. Bioinformatics 26, 841–842.
pubmed: 20110278 pmcid: 2832824 doi: 10.1093/bioinformatics/btq033
Ramírez-González, R.H., Borrill, P., Lang, D., Harrington, S.A., Brinton, J., Venturini, L., Davey, M., Jacobs, J., van Ex, F., Pasha, A., et al. (2018). The transcriptional landscape of polyploid wheat. Science 361.
Ramírez, F., Dündar, F., Diehl, S., Grüning, B.A., and Manke, T. (2014). deepTools: a flexible platform for exploring deep-sequencing data. Nucleic Acids Res 42, W187–W191.
pubmed: 24799436 pmcid: 4086134 doi: 10.1093/nar/gku365
Soltis, P.S., Marchant, D.B., Van de Peer, Y., and Soltis, D.E. (2015). Polyploidy and genome evolution in plants. Curr Opin Genet Dev 35, 119–125.
pubmed: 26656231 doi: 10.1016/j.gde.2015.11.003
Soltis, P.S., and Soltis, D.E. (2009). The role of hybridization in plant speciation. Annu Rev Plant Biol 60, 561–588.
pubmed: 19575590 doi: 10.1146/annurev.arplant.043008.092039
Su, H., Liu, Y., Wang, C., Liu, Y., Feng, C., Sun, Y., Yuan, J., Birchler, J.A., and Han, F. (2021). Knl1 participates in spindle assembly checkpoint signaling in maize. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 118, e2022357118.
pubmed: 33990465 pmcid: 8157932 doi: 10.1073/pnas.2022357118
Szlachta, K., Thys, R.G., Atkin, N.D., Pierce, L.C.T., Bekiranov, S., and Wang, Y.H. (2018). Alternative DNA secondary structure formation affects RNA polymerase II promoter-proximal pausing in human. Genome Biol 19, 89.
pubmed: 30001206 pmcid: 6042338 doi: 10.1186/s13059-018-1463-8
Van de Peer, Y., Mizrachi, E., and Marchal, K. (2017). The evolutionary significance of polyploidy. Nat Rev Genet 18, 411–424.
pubmed: 28502977 doi: 10.1038/nrg.2017.26
Vannier, J.B., Pavicic-Kaltenbrunner, V., Petalcorin, M.I.R., Ding, H., and Boulton, S.J. (2012). RTEL1 dismantles T loops and counteracts telomeric G4-DNA to maintain telomere integrity. Cell 149, 795–806.
pubmed: 22579284 doi: 10.1016/j.cell.2012.03.030
Weissensteiner, M.H., Cremona, M.A., Guiblet, W.M., Stoler, N., Harris, R.S., Cechova, M., Eckert, K.A., Chiaromonte, F., Huang, Y.F., and Makova, K.D. (2023). Accurate sequencing of DNA motifs able to form alternative (non-B) structures. Genome Res 33, 907–922.
pubmed: 37433640 pmcid: 10519405 doi: 10.1101/gr.277490.122
Wen, X., Chen, Z., Yang, Z., Wang, M., Jin, S., Wang, G., Zhang, L., Wang, L., Li, J., Saeed, S., et al. (2023). A comprehensive overview of cotton genomics, biotechnology and molecular biological studies. Sci China Life Sci 66, 2214–2256.
pubmed: 36899210 doi: 10.1007/s11427-022-2278-0
Wendel, J.F. (2015). The wondrous cycles of polyploidy in plants. Am J Bot 102, 1753–1756.
pubmed: 26451037 doi: 10.3732/ajb.1500320
Wicker, T., Gundlach, H., Spannagl, M., Uauy, C., Borrill, P., Ramírez-González, R.H., De Oliveira, R., Mayer, K.F.X., Paux, E., and Choulet, F. (2018). Impact of transposable elements on genome structure and evolution in bread wheat. Genome Biol 19, 103.
pubmed: 30115100 pmcid: 6097303 doi: 10.1186/s13059-018-1479-0
Wolfgruber, T.K., Sharma, A., Schneider, K.L., Albert, P.S., Koo, D.H., Shi, J., Gao, Z., Han, F., Lee, H., Xu, R., et al. (2009). Maize centromere structure and evolution: sequence analysis of centromeres 2 and 5 reveals dynamic Loci shaped primarily by retrotransposons. PLoS Genet 5, e1000743.
pubmed: 19956743 pmcid: 2776974 doi: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1000743
Wood, T.E., Takebayashi, N., Barker, M.S., Mayrose, I., Greenspoon, P.B., and Rieseberg, L.H. (2009). The frequency of polyploid speciation in vascular plants. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 106, 13875–13879.
pubmed: 19667210 pmcid: 2728988 doi: 10.1073/pnas.0811575106
Xiao, J., Liu, B., Yao, Y., Guo, Z., Jia, H., Kong, L., Zhang, A., Ma, W., Ni, Z., Xu, S., et al. (2022). Wheat genomic study for genetic improvement of traits in China. Sci China Life Sci 65, 1718–1775.
pubmed: 36018491 doi: 10.1007/s11427-022-2178-7
Yan, H., Talbert, P.B., Lee, H.R., Jett, J., Henikoff, S., Chen, F., and Jiang, J. (2008). Intergenic locations of rice centromeric chromatin. PLoS Biol 6, e286.
pubmed: 19067486 pmcid: 2586382 doi: 10.1371/journal.pbio.0060286
Yang, Y., Wen, X., Wu, Z., Wang, K., and Zhu, Y. (2023). Large-scale long terminal repeat insertions produced a significant set of novel transcripts in cotton. Sci China Life Sci 66, 1711–1724.
pubmed: 37079218 doi: 10.1007/s11427-022-2341-8
Zhan, S.H., Drori, M., Goldberg, E.E., Otto, S.P., and Mayrose, I. (2016). Phylogenetic evidence for cladogenetic polyploidization in land plants. Am J Bot 103, 1252–1258.
pubmed: 27466054 doi: 10.3732/ajb.1600108
Zhang, J., Kobert, K., Flouri, T., and Stamatakis, A. (2014). PEAR: a fast and accurate Illumina Paired-End reAd mergeR. Bioinformatics 30, 614–620.
pubmed: 24142950 doi: 10.1093/bioinformatics/btt593
Zhang, Y., Liu, T., Meyer, C.A., Eeckhoute, J., Johnson, D.S., Bernstein, B.E., Nusbaum, C., Myers, R.M., Brown, M., Li, W., et al. (2008). Model-based analysis of ChIP-Seq (MACS). Genome Biol 9, R137.
pubmed: 18798982 pmcid: 2592715 doi: 10.1186/gb-2008-9-9-r137
Zhao, J., Bacolla, A., Wang, G., and Vasquez, K.M. (2010). Non-B DNA structure-induced genetic instability and evolution. Cell Mol Life Sci 67, 43–62.
pubmed: 19727556 doi: 10.1007/s00018-009-0131-2
Zhao, J., Xie, Y., Kong, C., Lu, Z., Jia, H., Ma, Z., Zhang, Y., Cui, D., Ru, Z., Wang, Y., et al. (2023). Centromere repositioning and shifts in wheat evolution. Plant Commun 4, 100556.
pubmed: 36739481 pmcid: 10398676 doi: 10.1016/j.xplc.2023.100556
Zhong, C.X., Marshall, J.B., Topp, C., Mroczek, R., Kato, A., Nagaki, K., Birchler, J.A., Jiang, J., and Dawe, R.K. (2002). Centromeric retroelements and satellites interact with maize kinetochore protein CENH3. Plant Cell 14, 2825–2836.
pubmed: 12417704 pmcid: 152730 doi: 10.1105/tpc.006106
Zhou, J., Liu, Y., Guo, X., Birchler, J.A., Han, F., and Su, H. (2022). Centromeres: From chromosome biology to biotechnology applications and synthetic genomes in plants. Plant Biotechnol J 20, 2051–2063.
pubmed: 35722725 pmcid: 9616519 doi: 10.1111/pbi.13875
Zhu, T., Wang, L., Rimbert, H., Rodriguez, J.C., Deal, K.R., De Oliveira, R., Choulet, F., Keeble-Gagnère, G., Tibbits, J., Rogers, J., et al. (2021). Optical maps refine the bread wheat Triticum aestivum cv. Chinese Spring genome assembly. Plant J 107, 303–314.
pubmed: 33893684 pmcid: 8360199 doi: 10.1111/tpj.15289

Auteurs

Congyang Yi (C)

Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China.
University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China.

Qian Liu (Q)

Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China.
University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China.

Yuhong Huang (Y)

Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China.
University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China.

Chang Liu (C)

Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China.
University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China.

Xianrui Guo (X)

Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China.
University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China.

Chaolan Fan (C)

Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China.
University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China.

Kaibiao Zhang (K)

Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China.
University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China.

Yang Liu (Y)

Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China. yangliu@genetics.ac.cn.
University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China. yangliu@genetics.ac.cn.

Fangpu Han (F)

Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China. fphan@genetics.ac.cn.
University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China. fphan@genetics.ac.cn.

Classifications MeSH