Paired fins in vertebrate evolution and ontogeny.
Balfour
Gegenbaur
archipterygium
fin
lateral fin fold
lateral plate mesoderm
limb
paired appendages
pre‐anal fin fold
vertebrates
Journal
Evolution & development
ISSN: 1525-142X
Titre abrégé: Evol Dev
Pays: United States
ID NLM: 100883432
Informations de publication
Date de publication:
22 Apr 2024
22 Apr 2024
Historique:
revised:
28
02
2024
received:
28
10
2023
accepted:
08
04
2024
medline:
23
4
2024
pubmed:
23
4
2024
entrez:
23
4
2024
Statut:
aheadofprint
Résumé
The origin of paired appendages became one of the most important adaptations of vertebrates, allowing them to lead active lifestyles and explore a wide range of ecological niches. The basic form of paired appendages in evolution is the fins of fishes. The problem of paired appendages has attracted the attention of researchers for more than 150 years. During this time, a number of theories have been proposed, mainly based on morphological data, two of which, the Balfour-Thacher-Mivart lateral fold theory and Gegenbaur's gill arch theory, have not lost their relevance. So far, however, none of the proposed ideas has been supported by decisive evidence. The study of the evolutionary history of the appearance and development of paired appendages lies at the intersection of several disciplines and involves the synthesis of paleontological, morphological, embryological, and genetic data. In this review, we attempt to summarize and discuss the results accumulated in these fields and to analyze the theories put forward regarding the prerequisites and mechanisms that gave rise to paired fins and limbs in vertebrates.
Types de publication
Journal Article
Review
Langues
eng
Sous-ensembles de citation
IM
Pagination
e12478Subventions
Organisme : Russian Scientific Foundation
ID : 23-24-00331_to_AVB
Informations de copyright
© 2024 Wiley Periodicals LLC.
Références
Abe, G., Lee, S. H., Chang, M., Liu, S. C., Tsai, H. Y., & Ota, K. G. (2014). The origin of the bifurcated axial skeletal system in the twin‐tail goldfish. Nature Communications, 5, 3360. https://doi.org/10.1038/ncomms4360
Adachi, N., Pascual‐Anaya, J., Hirai, T., Higuchi, S., Kuroda, S., & Kuratani, S. (2018). Stepwise participation of HGF/MET signaling in the development of migratory muscle precursors during vertebrate evolution. Zoological Letters, 4, 18. https://doi.org/10.1186/s40851-018-0094-y
Ahlberg, P. E. (2009). Birth of the jawed vertebrates. Nature, 457(7233), 1094–1095.
Ahn, D., Kourakis, M. J., Rohde, L. A., Silver, L. M., & Ho, R. K. (2002). T‐box gene Tbx5 is essential for formation of the pectoral limb bud. Nature, 417(6890), 754–758. https://doi.org/10.1038/nature00814
Akimenko, M., Ekker, M., Wegner, J., Lin, W., & Westerfield, M. (1994). Combinatorial expression of three zebrafish genes related to distal‐less: Part of a homeobox gene code for the head. The Journal of Neuroscience, 14(6), 3475–3486.
Akimenko, M. A., & Ekker, M. (1995). Anterior duplication of the Sonic hedgehog expression pattern in the pectoral fin buds of zebrafish treated with retinoic acid. Developmental Biology, 170, 243–247.
Azariah, J. (1965). On the seasonal appearance of fin rays and their bearing on the reproductive cycle of Branchiostoma lanceolatum. Journal of the Marine Biological Association of India, 7, 459–461.
Balfour, F. M. (1881). On the development of the skeleton of the pairedfins of Elasmobranchii, considered in relation to its bearingon the nature of the limbs of the vertebrata. Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London, 1881, 656–671.
Balinsky, B. I. (1956). A new theory of limb induction. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 42(10), 781–785.
Bayramov, A. V., Ermakova, G. V., Kuchryavyy, A. V., & Zaraisky, A. G. (2021). Genome duplications as the basis of vertebrates' evolutionary success. Russian Journal of Developmental Biology, 52, 141–163. https://doi.org/10.1134/S1062360421030024
Begemann, G., & Ingham, P. W. (2000). Developmental regulation of Tbx5 in zebrafish embryogenesis. Mechanisms of Development, 90(2), 299–304. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0925-4773(99)00246-4
Begemann, G., Schilling, T. F., Rauch, G., Geisler, R., & Ingham, P. W. (2001). The zebrafish neckless mutation reveals a requirement for raldh2 in mesodermal signals that pattern the hindbrain. Development, 128(16), 3081–3094.
Bemis, W. E., Findeis, E. K., & Grande, L. (1997). An overview of Acipenseriformes. Environmental Biology of Fishes, 48, 25–71.
ten Berge, D., Brugmann, S. A., Helms, J. A., & Nusse, R. (2008). Wnt and FGF signals interact to coordinate growth with cell fate specification during limb development. Development, 135(19), 3247–3257.
Beznosov, P. (2009). A redescription of the early carboniferous acanthodian Acanthodes lopatini Rohon. Acta Zoologica, 90, 183–193.
Blom, H. (2012). New birkeniid anaspid from the Lower Devonian of Scotland and its phylogenetic implications. Palaeontology, 55, 641–652.
Bocharov, Y. S. (1988). Evolyutsionnaya embriologiya pozvonochnykh (Evolutionary Embryology of Vertebrates). Izd. Mosk. Gos. Univ (in Russian).
Boisvert, C. A., Mark‐Kurik, E., & Ahlberg, P. E. (2008). The pectoral fin of Panderichthys and the origin of digits. Nature, 456(7222), 636–638. https://doi.org/10.1038/nature07339
Breder, C. M. Jr. (1926). The locomotion of fishes. Zoologica, 4(5), 159–297. https://doi.org/10.5962/p.203769
Briggs, D. E. G., & Kear, A. J. (1993). Decay of Branchiostoma: Implications for soft‐tissue preservation in conodonts and other primitive chordates. Lethaia, 26, 275–287.
Capdevila, J., & Belmonte, J. C. I. (2001). Patterning mechanisms controlling vertebrate limb development. Annual Review of Cell and Developmental Biology, 17, 87–132. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.cellbio.17.1.87
Cass, A. N., Elias, A., Fudala, M. L., Knick, B. D., & Davis, M. C. (2021). Conserved mechanisms, novel anatomies: The developmental basis of fin evolution and the origin of limbs. Diversity, 13, 384. https://doi.org/10.3390/d13080384
Chisaka, O., & Capecchi, M. R. (1991). Regionally restricted developmental defects resulting from targeted disruption of the mouse homeobox gene hox‐1.5. Nature, 350, 473–479.
Coates, M. (1993). Hox genes, fin folds and symmetry. Nature, 364, 195–196.
Coates, M. I. (1994). The origin of vertebrate limbs. Development, 1994(Suppl), 169–180.
Coates, M. I. (2003). The evolution of paired fins. Theory in Biosciences, 122, 266–287. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12064-003-0057-4
Cole, N. J., Hall, T. E., Don, E. K., Berger, S., Boisvert, C. A., Neyt, C., Ericsson, R., Joss, J., Gurevich, D. B., & Currie, P. D. (2011). Development and evolution of the muscles of the pelvic fin. PLoS Biology, 9(10), e1001168. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pbio.1001168
Cole, N. J., Tanaka, M., Prescott, A., & Tickle, C. (2003). Expression of limb initiation genes and clues to the morphological diversification of threespine stickleback. Current Biology, 13(24), R951–R952. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cub.2003.11.039
Combes, S. A., & Daniel, T. L. (2001). Shape, flapping and flexion: Wing and fin design for forward flight. Journal of Experimental Biology, 204, 2073–2085.
Dahn, R. D., Davis, M. C., Pappano, W. N., & Shubin, N. H. (2007). Sonic hedgehog function in chondrichthyan fins and the evolution of appendage patternin. Nature, 445(7125), 311–314. https://doi.org/10.1038/nature05436
Davis, M. C., Shubin, N. H., & Force, A. (2004). Pectoral fin and girdle development in the basal actinopterygians Polyodon spathula and Acipenser transmontanus. Journal of Morphology, 262(2), 608–628. https://doi.org/10.1002/jmor.10264
Deimling, S. J., & Drysdale, T. A. (2009). Retinoic acid regulates anterior–posterior patterning within the lateral plate mesoderm of Xenopus. Mechanisms of Development, 126, 913–923.
Delsuc, F., Brinkmann, H., Chourrout, D., & Philippe, H. (2006). Tunicates and not cephalochordates are the closest living relatives of vertebrates. Nature, 439(7079), 965–968. https://doi.org/10.1038/nature04336
Diogo, R. (2020). Cranial or postcranial—Dual origin of the pectoral appendage of vertebrates combining the fin‐fold and gill‐arch theories? Developmental Dynamics, 249(10), 1182–1200. https://doi.org/10.1002/dvdy.192
Don, E. K., Currie, P. D., & Cole, N. J. (2013). The evolutionary history of the development of the pelvic fin/hindlimb. Journal of Anatomy, 222(1), 114–133. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1469-7580.2012.01557.x
Durán, I., Marí‐Beffa, M., Santamaría, J. A., Becerra, J., & Santos‐Ruiz, L. (2011). Actinotrichia collagens and their role in fin formation. Developmental Biology, 354(1), 160–172. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ydbio.2011.03.014
Dzerzhinsky, F. Y. (2005). Sravnitelnaja anatomija pozvonochnykh zhivotnykh [Comparative Anatomy of Vertebrates] (in Russian) (p. 304).
Dzerzhinsky, F. Y., Vasil'ev, B. D., & Malakhov, V. V. (2014). Zoologija pozvonochnykh [Zoology of Vertebrates] (in Russian) (p. 464). Publishing Center Academia.
Enault, S., Auclair, C., Adnet, S., & Debiais‐Thibaud, M. (2016). A complete protocol for the preparation of chondrichthyan skeletal specimens. Journal of Applied Ichthyology, 32, 409–415. https://doi.org/10.1111/jai.13050
Enny, A., Flaherty, K., Mori, S., Turner, N., & Nakamura, T. (2020). Developmental constraints on fin diversity. Development, Growth & Differentiation, 62(5), 311–325. https://doi.org/10.1111/dgd.12670
Ferry, L. A., & Lauder, G. V. (1996). Heterocercal tail function in leopard sharks: A three‐dimensional kinematic analysis of two models. Journal of Experimental Biology, 199, 2253–2268.
Fischer, S., Draper, B. W., & Neumann, C. J. (2003). The zebrafish fgf24 mutant identifies an additional level of Fgf signaling involved in vertebrate forelimb initiation. Development, 130(15), 3515–3524. https://doi.org/10.1242/dev.00537
Fish, F. E., & Lauder, G. V. (2017). Control surfaces of aquatic vertebrates: Active and passive design and function. Journal of Experimental Biology, 220(23), 4351–4363. https://doi.org/10.1242/jeb.149617
Freitas, R., Gómez‐Skarmeta, J. L., & Rodrigues, P. N. (2014). New frontiers in the evolution of fin development. Journal of Experimental Zoology Part B: Molecular and Developmental Evolution, 322(7), 540–552.
Freitas, R., Zhang, G., & Cohn, M. J. (2006). Evidence that mechanisms of fin development evolved in the midline of early vertebrates. Nature, 442(7106), 1033–1037. https://doi.org/10.1038/nature04984
Freitas, R., Zhang, G., & Cohn, M. J. (2007). Biphasic Hoxd gene expression in shark paired fins reveals an ancient origin of the distal limb domain. PLoS One, 2(8), e754.
Funayama, N., Sato, Y., Matsumoto, K., Ogura, T., & Takahashi, Y. (1999). Coelom formation: Binary decision of the lateral plate mesoderm is controlled by the ectoderm. Development, 126(18), 4129–4138. https://doi.org/10.1242/dev.126.18.4129
Gagnier, P. Y., & Wilson, M. V. H. (1996). Early Devonian acanthodians from Northern Canada. Palaeontology, 39(2), 241–258.
Gai, Z., Li, Q., Ferrón, H. G., Keating, J. N., Wang, J., Donoghue, P. C. J., & Zhu, M. (2022). Galeaspid anatomy and the origin of vertebrate paired appendages. Nature, 609(7929), 959–963. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41586-022-04897-6
Garrity, D. M., Childs, S., & Fishman, M. C. (2002). The heartstrings mutation in zebrafish causes heart/fin Tbx5 deficiency syndrome. Development, 129(19), 4635–4645.
Gee, H. (2008). The amphioxus unleashed. Nature, 453(7198), 999–1000. https://doi.org/10.1038/453999a
Geetha‐Loganathan, P., Nimmagadda, S., & Scaal, M. (2008). Wnt signaling in limb organogenesis. Organogenesis, 4(2), 109–115.
Gegenbaur, C. (1878). Grundzü der vergleichenden Anatomie [Basics of comparative anatomy] (In German). Wilhelm Engelmann.
Gibson‐Brown, J. J., Agulnik, S. I., Chapman, D. L., Alexiou, M., Garvey, N., Lee, S. M., & Papaioannou, V. E. (1996). Evidence of a role for T‐box genes in the evolution of limb morphogenesis and the specification of forelimb/hindlimb identity. Mechanisms of Development, 56(1‐2), 93–101. https://doi.org/10.1016/0925-4773(96)00514-x
Giles, S., Coates, M. I., Garwood, R. J., Brazeau, M. D., Atwood, R., Johanson, Z., & Friedman, M. (2015). Endoskeletal structure in Cheirolepis (Osteichthyes, Actinopterygii), an early ray‐finned fish. Palaeontology, 58(5), 849–870. https://doi.org/10.1111/pala.12182
Gillis, J. A., Dahn, R. D., & Shubin, N. H. (2009). Shared developmental mechanisms pattern the vertebrate gill arch and paired fin skeletons. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 106(14), 5720–5724.
Gillis, J. A., & Hall, B. K. (2016). A shared role for sonic hedgehog signalling in patterning chondrichthyan gill arch appendages and tetrapod limbs. Development, 143(8), 1313–1317. https://doi.org/10.1242/dev.133884
Gillis, J. A., Modrell, M. S., & Baker, C. V. H. (2013). Developmental evidence for serial homology of the vertebrate jaw and gill arch skeleton. Nature Communications, 4, 1436.
Gillis, J. A., Rawlinson, K. A., Bell, J., Lyon, W. S., Baker, C. V. H., & Shubin, N. H. (2011). Holocephalan embryos provide evidence for gill arch appendage reduction and opercular evolution in cartilaginous fishes. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 108(4), 1507–1512.
Goodrich, E. S. (1930). Studies on the structure and development of vertebrates (p. 837). McMillan and Co.
Grandel, H., & Schulte‐Merker, S. (1998). The development of the paired fins in the zebrafish (Danio rerio). Mechanisms of Development, 79(1–2), 99–120. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0925-4773(98)00176-2
Gray, J. (1933). Studies in animal locomotion. Journal of Experimental Biology, 10, 88–104.
Gregory, W. K. (1936). The transformation of organic designs: A review of the origin and deployment of the earlier vertebrates. Biological Reviews, 11(3), 311–344.
Gregory, W. K., & Raven, H. C. (1941a). Part i: Paired fins and girdles in ostracoderms, placoderms, and other primitive fishes. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences, 42(1), 275–291.
Gregory, W. K., & Raven, H. C. (1941b). Studies on the origin and early evolution of paired fins and limbs. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences. XLII, 3, 273–360.
Gros, J., & Tabin, C. J. (2014). Vertebrate limb bud formation is initiated by localized epithelial‐to‐mesenchymal transition. Science, 343(6176), 1253–1256. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1248228
Haines, L., & Currie, P. D. (2001). Morphogenesis and evolution of vertebrate appendicular muscle. Journal of Anatomy, 199(Pt 1‐2), 205–209. https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1469-7580.2001.19910205.x
Hanke, G. F., & Wilson, M. V. H. (2005). Fin spines, scales, teeth, and prediction of early jawed fish structure. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology, 25(3), 67.
Hanke, G. F., & Wilson, M. V. H. (2006). Anatomy of the Early Devonian acanthodian Brochoadmones milesi based on nearly complete body fossils, with comments on the evolution and development of paired fins. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology, 26(3), 526–537.
Hanke, G. F., & Wilson, M. V. H. (2010). The putative stem‐group chondrichthyans Kathemacanthus and Seretolepis from the Lower Devonian MOTH locality, Mackenzie Mountains, Canada. In D. K. Elliott, J. G. Maisey, X. Yu, & M. I. A. O. Desui (Eds.), Morphology, phylogeny and paleobiogeography of fossil fishes (pp. 159–182). Verlag Dr. Friedrich Pfeil.
Hawkins, M. B., Henke, K., & Harris, M. P. (2021). Latent developmental potential to form limb‐like skeletal structures in zebrafish. Cell, 184(4), 899–911.e13. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cell.2021.01.003
Hawkins, M. B., Jandzik, D., Tulenko, F. J., Cass, A. N., Nakamura, T., Shubin, N. H., Davis, M. C., & Stock, D. W. (2022). An Fgf‐Shh positive feedback loop drives growth in developing unpaired fins. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 119(10), e2120150119. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.2120150119
Hoffman, L., Miles, J., Avaron, F., Laforest, L., & Akimenko, M. A. (2002). Exogenous retinoic acid induces a stage‐specific, transient and progressive extension of Sonic hedgehog expression across the pectoral fin bud of zebrafish. The International Journal of Developmental Biology, 46(7), 949–956. https://doi.org/10.1387/ijdb.12455633
Holland, N. D., & Holland, L. Z. (1991). The histochemistry and fine structure of the nutritional reserves in the fin rays of a Lancelet,Branchiostoma lanceolatum(Cephalochordata = Acrania). Acta Zoologica, 72(4), 203–207.
Hoover, A. P., Daniels, J., Nawroth, J. C., & Katija, K. (2021). A computational model for tail undulation and fluid transport in the giant larvacean. Fluids, 6, 88. https://doi.org/10.3390/fluids6020088
Janvier, P. (1981). The phylogeny of the Craniata, with particular reference to the significance of fossil “agnathans”. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology, 1(2), 121–159.
Janvier, P. (1987). The paired fins of anaspids: One more hypothesis about their function. Journal of Paleontology, 61(4), 850–853.
Janvier, P. (2015). Facts and fancies about early fossil chordates and vertebrates. Nature, 520(7548), 483–489.
Jin, L., Wu, J., Bellusci, S., & Zhang, J. S. (2019). Fibroblast growth factor 10 and vertebrate limb development. Frontiers in Genetics, 9, 705. https://doi.org/10.3389/fgene.2018.00705
Kragl, M., Knapp, D., Nacu, E., Khattak, S., Maden, M., Epperlein, H. H., & Tanaka, E. M. (2009). Cells keep a memory of their tissue origin during axolotl limb regeneration. Nature, 460, 60–65. https://doi.org/10.1038/nature08152
Larouche, O., Zelditch, M. L., & Cloutier, R. (2019). A critical appraisal of appendage disparity and homology in fishes. Fish and Fisheries, 20, 1138–1175.
Laufer, E., Nelson, C. E., Johnson, R. L., Morgan, B. A., & Tabin, C. (1994). Sonic hedgehog and Fgf‐4 act through a signaling cascade and feedback loop to integrate growth and patterning of the developing limb bud. Cell, 79, 993–1003.
Lee, R. T. H., Knapik, E. W., Thiery, J. P., & Carney, T. J. (2013). An exclusively mesodermal origin of fin mesenchyme demonstrates that zebrafish trunk neural crest does not generate ectomesenchyme. Development, 140, 2923–2932.
Letelier, J., de la Calle‐Mustienes, E., Pieretti, J., Naranjo, S., Maeso, I., Nakamura, T., Pascual‐Anaya, J., Shubin, N. H., Schneider, I., Martinez‐Morales, J. R., & Gómez‐Skarmeta, J. L. (2018). A conserved Shh cis‐regulatory module highlights a common developmental origin of unpaired and paired fins. Nature Genetics, 50, 504–509. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41588-018-0080-5
Letelier, J., Naranjo, S., Sospedra‐Arrufat, I., Martinez‐Morales, J. R., Lopez‐Rios, J., Shubin, N., & Gómez‐Skarmeta, J. L. (2021). The Shh/Gli3 gene regulatory network precedes the origin of paired fins and reveals the deep homology between distal fins and digits. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 118(46), e2100575118. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.2100575118
Lo, P. (2003). Establishing A‐P polarity in the embryonic heart tube: A conserved function of hox genes in Drosophila and vertebrates? Trends in Cardiovascular Medicine, 13, 182–187.
Lowe, C. J., Terasaki, M., Wu, M., Freeman, R. M., Runft, L., Kwan, K., Haigo, S., Aronowicz, J., Lander, E., Gruber, C., Smith, M., Kirschner, M., & Gerhart, J. (2006). Dorsoventral patterning in hemichordates: Insights into early chordate evolution. PLoS Biology, 4(9), e291.
Luo, H., Hu, S., & Chen, L. (2001). New early cambrian chordates from haikou, kunming. Acta Geologica Sinica, 75(4), 345–348.
Mabee, P. M., & Noordsy, M. (2004). Development of the paired fins in the paddlefish, Polyodon spathula. Journal of Morphology, 261(3), 334–344. https://doi.org/10.1002/jmor.10253
MacDonald, R. B., Debiais‐Thibaud, M., Martin, K., Poitras, L., Tay, B. H., Venkatesh, B., & Ekker, M. (2010). Functional conservation of a forebrain enhancer from the elephant shark (Callorhinchus milii) in zebrafish and mice. BMC Evolutionary Biology, 10, 157. https://doi.org/10.1186/1471-2148-10-157
Maisey, J. G., Miller, R., Pradel, A., Denton, J. S. S., Bronson, A., & Janvier, P. (2017). Pectoral morphology in Doliodus: Bridging the ‘acanthodian’‐chondrichthyan divide. American Museum Novitates, 3875, 1–15.
Malakhov, V. V. (1996). The origin of Chordata animals. (In Russian). Soros Educational Journal, 7, 2–9.
Malakhov, V. V., & Ezhova, O. V. (2023). On the origin of tentacles and limbs in Deuterostomia. Russian Journal of Marine Biology, 49(Suppl 1), S2–S28.
Malakhov, V. V., & Gantsevich, M. M. (2019). Trophosome in the vestimentiferan tubeworm Ridgeia piscesae jones 1985 (Annelida, Siboglinidae) develops from cells of the coelomic lining. Doklady Biological Sciences, 485, 44–46.
Mao, Q., Stinnett, H. K., & Ho, R. K. (2015). Asymmetric cell convergence‐driven zebrafish fin bud initiation and pre‐pattern requires Tbx5a control of a mesenchymal Fgf signal. Development, 142(24), 4329–4339. https://doi.org/10.1242/dev.124750
Märss, T., & Ritchie, A. (1997). Articulated thelodonts (Agnatha) of Scotland. Transactions of the Royal Society of Edinburgh: Earth Sciences, 88, 143–195.
Mednikov, D. N. (2014). Urodelans, Ichthyostega and the origin of the tetrapod limb. Paleontological Journal, 48, 1092–1103.
Mednikov, D. N. (2022). The two‐block structure of the skull of Sarcopterygii as a possible reason for the special structure of their fins. In A. B. Popovkina (Ed.), Evolutsionnaya i funktsionalnaya anatomiya pozvonochnykh (Evolutionary and functional morfology of vertebrates) (pp. 189–198). KMK.
Mercader, N. (2007). Early steps of paired fin development in zebrafish compared with tetrapod limb development. Development, Growth & Differentiation, 49(6), 421–437. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1440-169X.2007.00942.x
Miller, R. F., Cloutier, R., & Turner, S. (2003). The oldest articulated chondrichthyan from the Early Devonian period. Nature, 425(6957), 501–504.
Minguillon, C., Gibson‐Brown, J. J., & Logan, M. P. (2009). Tbx4/5 gene duplication and the origin of vertebrate paired appendages. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 106, 21726–21730.
Mivart, S. G. (1879). XII. notes on the fins of‘ elasmobranchs, with considerations on the nature and homologues of vertebrate limbs. The Transactions of the Zoological Society of London, 10, 439–484.
Miyamoto, K., Kawakami, K., Tamura, K., & Abe, G. (2022). Developmental independence of median fins from the larval fin fold revises their evolutionary origin. Scientific Reports, 12, 7521. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598‐022‐11180‐1
Miyamoto, N., & Saito, Y. (2007). Morphology and development of a new species of Balanoglossus (Hemichordata: Enteropneusta: Ptychoderidae) from Shimoda, Japan. Zoological Science, 24, 1278–1285.
Moreau, C., Caldarelli, P., Rocancourt, D., Roussel, J., Denans, N., Pourquie, O., & Gros, J. (2019). Timed collinear activation of Hox genes during gastrulation controls the avian forelimb position. Current Biology, 29, 35–50.e4.
Moy‐Thomas, J. A., & Miles, R. S. (1971). Palaeozoic fishes. Springer.
Nagayoshi, S., Hayashi, E., Abe, G., Osato, N., Asakawa, K., Urasaki, A., Horikawa, K., Ikeo, K., Takeda, H., & Kawakami, K. (2008). Insertional mutagenesis by the Tol2 transposon‐mediated enhancer trap approach generated mutations in two developmental genes: tcf7 and synembryn‐like. Development, 135, 159–169.
Nakamura, T., Klomp, J., Pieretti, J., Schneider, I., Gehrke, A. R., & Shubin, N. H. (2015). Molecular mechanisms underlying the exceptional adaptations of batoid fins. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 112, 15940–15945.
Naumov, N. P., & Kartashov, N. N. (1979). Zoologija pozvonochnykh [Zoology of Vertebrates], Part 1 (in Russian). Vysshaja Shkola (High School Publishing House).
Neumann, C. J., Grandel, H., Gaffield, W., Schulte‐Merker, S., & Nüsslein‐Volhard, C. (1999). Transient establishment of anteroposterior polarity in the zebrafish pectoral fin bud in the absence of sonic hedgehog activity. Development, 126(21), 4817–4826.
Newton, A. H., & Smith, C. A. (2021). Regulation of vertebrate forelimb development and wing reduction in the flightless emu. Developmental Dynamics, 250, 1248–1263.
Ng, J. K., Kawakami, Y., Büscher, D., Raya, A., Itoh, T., Koth, C. M., Esteban, C., Rodríguez‐León, J., Garrity, D. M., Fishman, M. C., & Belmonte, J. C. (2002). The limb identity gene Tbx5 promotes limb initiation by interacting with Wnt2b and Fgf10. Development, 129(22), 5161–5170.
Niswander, L., Jeffrey, S., Martin, G. R., & Tickle, C. (1994). A positive feedback loop coordinates growth and patterning in the vertebrate limb. Nature, 371(6498), 609–612. https://doi.org/10.1038/371609a0
Nomura, R., Kamei, E., Hotta, Y., Konishi, M., Miyake, A., & Itoh, N. (2006). Fgf16 is essential for pectoral fin bud formation in zebrafish. Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications, 347(1), 340–346.
Norton, W. H. J., Ledin, J., Grandel, H., & Neumann, C. J. (2005). HSPG synthesis by zebrafish Ext2 and Extl3 is required for Fgf10 signalling during limb development. Development, 132, 4963–4973.
Novitskaya, L. I. (2006). Agnatha as the most ancient vertebrates. In S. V. Rozhnov (Ed.), Evolitsiya biosfery i bioraznoobraziya (Evolution of the biosphere and biodiversity) (pp. 193–207). KMK.
Novitskaya, L. I., & Karatayute‐Talimaa, V. N. (1986). Remarks on cladistic analysis in connection with the hypothesis of the myopterygian and the problem of the origin of gnathostomes. In E. I. Vorobieva & N. S. Lebedkina (Eds.), Morfologiya i evolyutsiya zhivotnykh (Morphology and Evolution of Animals) (in Russian) (pp. 102–125). Nauka.
Oelofsen, B. W., & Loock, J. C. (1981). A fossil cephalochordate from the Early Permian Whitehill formation of South Africa. South African Journal of Science, 77, 178–180.
Ohno, S. (1970). Evolution by gene duplication, SpringerVerlag.
Okamoto, E., Kusakabe, R., Kuraku, S., Hyodo, S., Robert‐Moreno, A., Onimaru, K., Sharpe, J., Kuratani, S., & Tanaka, M. (2017). Migratory appendicular muscles precursor cells in the common ancestor to all vertebrates. Nature Ecology & Evolution, 1, 1731–1736.
Onai, T. (2023). Organization of the body wall in lampreys informs the evolution of the vertebrate paired appendages. Journal of Morphology, 284, e21559.
Onimaru, K., Shoguchi, E., Kuratani, S., & Tanaka, M. (2011). Development and evolution of the lateral plate mesoderm: Comparative analysis of amphioxus and lamprey with implications for the acquisition of paired fins. Developmental Biology, 359, 124–136.
Onimaru, K., Tatsumi, K., Tanegashima, C., Kadota, M., Nishimura, O., & Kuraku, S. (2021). Developmental hourglass and heterochronic shifts in fin and limb development. eLife, 10, e62865.
Owen, R. (1855). Principles d'ostéologie comparée; ou recherches sur l'archétype et les homologies du squelette vertébre (Principles of comparative osteology; or research on the archetype and homologies of the vertebral skeleton) (in French). Baillière.
Parichy, D. M., Elizondo, M. R., Mills, M. G., Gordon, T. N., & Engeszer, R. E. (2009). Normal table of postembryonic zebrafish development: Staging by externally visible anatomy of the living fish. Developmental Dynamics, 238, 2975–3015.
Pearson, D. M., & Westoll, T. S. (1979). The Devonian actinopterygian Cheirolepis Agassiz. Earth and Environmental Science Transactions of the Royal Society of Edinburgh, 70, 337–399.
Prykhozhij, S. V., & Neumann, C. J. (2008). Distinct roles of Shh and Fgf signaling in regulating cell proliferation during zebrafish pectoral fin development. BMC Developmental Biology, 8, 91.
Putnam, N. H., Butts, T., Ferrier, D. E. K., Furlong, R. F., Hellsten, U., Kawashima, T., Robinson‐Rechavi, M., Shoguchi, E., Terry, A., Yu, J.‐K., Benito‐Gutiérrez, E., Dubchak, I., Garcia‐Fernàndez, J., Gibson‐Brown, J. J., Grigoriev, I. V., Horton, A. C., de Jong, P. J., Jurka, J., Kapitonov, V. V., … Rokhsar, D. S. (2008). The amphioxus genome and the evolution of the chordate karyotype. Nature, 453, 1064–1071.
Rees, J. M., Sleight, V. A., Clark, S. J., Nakamura, T., & Gillis, J. A. (2023). Ectodermal Wnt signaling, cell fate determination, and polarity of the skate gill arch skeleton. eLife, 12, e79964.
Ritchie, A. (1980). The late Silurian anaspid genus Rhyncholepis from Oesel, Estonia, and Ringerike, Norway. American Museum Novitates, 2699, 1–18.
Romer, A., & Parsons, T. (1992). Anatomiya pozvonochnykh (Vertebrate body) (In Russian). Mir.
Rosenberger, L. J. (2001). Pectoral fin locomotion in batoid fishes: Undulation versus oscillation. Journal of Experimental Biology, 204, 379–394.
Ruvinsky, I., Oates, A. C., Silver, L. M., & Ho, R. K. (2000). The evolution of paired appendages in vertebrates: T‐box genes in the zebrafish. Development Genes and Evolution, 210, 82–91.
Ryckebusch, L., Wang, Z., Bertrand, N., Lin, S. C., Chi, X., Schwartz, R., Zaffran, S., & Niederreither, K. (2008). Retinoic acid deficiency alters second heart field formation. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 105, 2913–2918.
Sansom, R. S., Freedman, K., Gabbott, S. E., Aldridge, R. J., & Purnell, M. A. (2010). Taphonomy and affinity of an enigmatic Silurian vertebrate, Jamoytius kerwoodi White. Palaeontology, 53, 1393–1409.
Schmalhausen, I. I. (1964). Proishozdenie nazemnyh pozvonochnykh (The origin of terrestrial vertebrates) (in Russian). Nauka.
Shapiro, M. D., Marks, M. E., Peichel, C. L., Blackman, B. K., Nereng, K. S., Jónsson, B., & Kingsley, D. M. (2004). Genetic and developmental basis of evolutionary pelvic reduction in threespine sticklebacks. Nature, 439, 1014.
Shimkevich, V. M. (1922). Course of vertebrate comparative anatomy. Gosudarstvennoe izdatelstvo.
Shu, D. G., Luo, H. L., Conway Morris, S., Zhang, X. L., Hu, S. X., Chen, L., Han, J., Zhu, M., Li, Y., & Chen, L. Z. (1999). Lower Cambrian vertebrates from south China. Nature, 402, 42–46.
Shu, D. G., Morris, S. C., Han, J., Zhang, Z. F., Yasui, K., Janvier, P., Chen, L., Zhang, X. L., Liu, J. N., Li, Y., & Liu, H. Q. (2003). Head and backbone of the Early Cambrian vertebrate Haikouichthys. Nature, 421, 526–529.
Shu, D.‐G., Morris, S. C., & Zhang, X.‐L. (1996). A Pikaia‐like chordate from the lower Cambrian of China. Nature, 384, 157–158.
Shubin, N., Tabin, C., & Carroll, S. (1997). Fossils, genes and the evolution of animal limbs. Nature, 388(6643), 639–648.
Shubin, N. H., Daeschler, E. B., & Jenkins, F. A. Jr. (2006). The pectoral fin of tiktaalik roseae and the origin of the tetrapod limb. Nature, 440, 764–771.
Sirbu, I. O., Zhao, X., & Duester, G. (2008). Retinoic acid controls heart anteroposterior patterning by down‐regulating Isl1 through the Fgf8 pathway. Developmental Dynamics, 237, 1627–1635.
Sleight, V. A., & Gillis, J. A. (2020). Embryonic origin and serial homology of gill arches and paired fins in the skate, Leucoraja erinacea. eLife, 9, e60635.
Sordino, P., van der Hoeven, F., & Duboule, D. (1995). Hox gene expression in teleost fins and the origin of vertebrate digits. Nature, 375, 678–681.
Stokes, M. D., & Holland, N. D. (1996). Reproduction of the Florida Lancelet (Branchiostoma floridae): Spawning patterns and fluctuations in gonad indexes and nutritional reserves. Invertebrate Biology, 115, 349–359.
Tabin, C., & Laufer, E. (1993). Hox genes and serial homology. Nature, 361, 692–693.
Tamura, K., Yonei‐Tamura, S., & Belmonte, J. C. I. (1999). Differential expression of Tbx4 and Tbx5 in Zebrafish Fin buds. Mechanisms of Development, 87, 181–184.
Tanaka, M. (2016). Developmental mechanism of limb field specification along the anterior‐posterior axis during vertebrate evolution. Journal of Developmental Biology, 4, 18.
Tanaka, M., Münsterberg, A., Anderson, W. G., Prescott, A. R., Hazon, N., & Tickle, C. (2002). Fin development in a cartilaginous fish and the origin of vertebrate limbs. Nature, 416, 527–531.
Tanaka, M., & Onimaru, K. (2012). Acquisition of the paired fins: A view from the sequential evolution of the lateral plate mesoderm. Evolution & Development, 14, 412–420.
Tarazona, O. A., Lopez, D. H., Slota, L. A., & Cohn, M. J. (2019). Evolution of limb development in cephalopod mollusks. eLife, 8, e43828.
Tatarinov, L. P. (1987). Essays on the evolutionary theory. Nauka.
Thacher, J. K. (1877). Median and paired fins, a contribution to the history of vertebrate limbs. Transactions of the Connecticut Academy of Arts and Science, 3, 281–308.
Thompson, A. W., Hawkins, M. B., Parey, E., Wcisel, D. J., Ota, T., Kawasaki, K., Funk, E., Losilla, M., Fitch, O. E., Pan, Q., Feron, R., Louis, A., Montfort, J., Milhes, M., Racicot, B. L., Childs, K. L., Fontenot, Q., Ferrara, A., David, S. R., … Braasch, I. (2021). The bowfin genome illuminates the developmental evolution of ray‐finned fishes. Nature Genetics, 53, 1373–1384.
Thorogood, P., & Ferretti, P. (1993). Hox genes, fin folds and symmetry. Nature, 364, 196.
Tickle, C., & Towers, M. (2017). Sonic hedgehog signaling in limb development. Frontiers in Cell and Developmental Biology, 5, 14. https://doi.org/10.3389/fcell.2017.00014
Tulenko, F. J., Augustus, G. J., Massey, J. L., Sims, S. E., Mazan, S., & Davis, M. C. (2016). HoxD expression in the fin‐fold compartment of basal gnathostomes and implications for paired appendage evolution. Scientific Reports, 6, 22720.
Tulenko, F. J., Massey, J. L., Holmquist, E., Kigundu, G., Thomas, S., Smith, S. M. E., Mazan, S., & Davis, M. C. (2017). Fin‐fold development in paddlefish and catshark and implications for the evolution of the autopod. Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences, 284(1855), 20162780.
Tulenko, F. J., McCauley, D. W., MacKenzie, E. L., Mazan, S., Kuratani, S., Sugahara, F., Kusakabe, R., & Burke, A. C. (2013). Body wall development in lamprey and a new perspective on the origin of vertebrate paired fins. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 110, 11899–11904.
Tzung, K. W., Lalonde, R. L., Prummel, K. D., Mahabaleshwar, H., Moran, H. R., Stundl, J., Cass, A. N., Le, Y., Lea, R., Dorey, K., Tomecka, M. J., Zhang, C., Brombacher, E. C., White, W. T., Roehl, H. H., Tulenko, F. J., Winkler, C., Currie, P. D., Amaya, E., … Carney, T. J. (2023). A median fin derived from the lateral plate mesoderm and the origin of paired fins. Nature, 618, 543–549.
Wakahara, T., Kusu, N., Yamauchi, H., Kimura, I., Konishi, M., Miyake, A., & Itoh, N. (2007). Fibin, a novel secreted lateral plate mesoderm signal, is essential for pectoral fin bud initiation in zebrafish. Developmental Biology, 303, 527–535.
Watson, D. M. S. (1937). The Acanthodian fishes. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London, Series B: Biological Sciences, 228, 49–146.
Waxman, J. S., Keegan, B. R., Roberts, R. W., Poss, K. D., & Yelon, D. (2008). Hoxb5b acts downstream of retinoic acid signaling in the forelimb field to restrict heart field potential in zebrafish. Developmental Cell, 15, 923–934.
Webb, J. E. (1973). The role of the notochard in forward and reverse swimming and burrowing in the amphioxus Branchiostoma lanceolatum. Journal of Zoology, 170, 325–338.
Webb, P. W. (1997). Designs for stability and maneuverability in aquatic vertebrates: What can we learn? Proceedings of the Tenth International Symposium on Unmanned Untethered Submersible Technology: Proceedings of the special session on bioengineering research related to autonomous underwater vehicles (pp. 86–103). Autonomous Undersea Systems Institute.
Webb, P. W. (2006). Stability and maneuverabilityIn: R. E. Shadwick & G. V. Lauder (Eds.), Fish biomechanics (pp. 281–332). Academic Press.
Welsch, U., & Schumacher, U. (1984). Histochemical observations on carbohydrates in connective tissue structures and basement membranes of hemi‐ and cephalochordates. Acta Zoologica, 65, 105–112.
Westheide, W., & Rieger, M. R. (1988). Invertebrate zoology (in Russian) (Vol. 1). KMK.
Wilga, C. D., & Lauder, G. V. (1999). Locomotion in sturgeon: Function of the pectoral fins. Journal of Experimental Biology, 202, 2413–2432.
Willey, A. (1894). Amphioxus and the ancestry of the vertebrates. Macmillan and Co.
Wilson, M. V. H., Hanke, G. F., & Märss, T. (2007). Paired fins of jawless vertebrates and their homologies across the “agnathan”‐gnathostome transition. In J. S. Anderson & H.‐S. Sues (Eds.), Major transitions in vertebrate evolution (pp. 122–149). Indiana University Press.
Yano, T., Abe, G., Yokoyama, H., Kawakami, K., & Tamura, K. (2012). Mechanism of pectoral fin outgrowth in zebrafish development. Development, 139, 2916–2925.
Yelon, D., Ticho, B., Halpern, M. E., Ruvinsky, I., Ho, R. K., Silver, L. M., & Stainier, D. Y. R. (2000). The bHLH transcription factor hand2 plays parallel roles in zebrafish heart and pectoral fin development. Development, 127, 2573–2582.
Yonei‐Tamura, S., Abe, G., Tanaka, Y., Anno, H., Noro, M., Ide, H., Aono, H., Kuraishi, R., Osumi, N., Kuratani, S., & Tamura, K. (2008). Competent stripes for diverse positions of limbs/fins in gnathostome embryos. Evolution & Development, 10, 737–745.
Zajíc, J. (1995). Some consequences of recent investigations on the family Acanthodidae Huxley, 1861. Geobios, 28, 167–169.
Zhang, J., Wagh, P., Guay, D., Sanchez‐Pulido, L., Padhi, B. K., Korzh, V., Andrade‐Navarro, M. A., & Akimenko, M. A. (2010). Loss of fish actinotrichia proteins and the fin‐to‐limb transition. Nature, 466, 234–237.
Zhang, X. G., & Hou, X. G. (2004). Evidence for a single median fin‐fold and tail in the Lower Cambrian vertebrate, Haikouichthys ercaicunensis. Journal of Evolutionary Biology, 17, 1162–1166.
Zhao, X., Sirbu, I. O., Mic, F. A., Molotkova, N., Molotkov, A., Kumar, S., & Duester, G. (2009). Retinoic acid promotes limb induction through effects on body axis extension but is unnecessary for limb patterning. Current Biology, 19, 1050–1057.
Zheng, H., Li, S., Wu, Z., Zhang, Y., Hu, S., Yan, Y., & Li, Y. (2011). Differential response of multiple zebrafish hepatic F‐box protein genes to 17‐α‐ethinylestradiol treatment. Journal of Environmental Sciences, 23, 664–670.
Zhu, M., & Yu, X. (2009). Stem sarcopterygians have primitive polybasal fin articulation. Biology Letters, 5, 372–375.
Zhu, M., Yu, X., Ahlberg, P. E., Choo, B., Lu, J., Qiao, T., Qu, Q., Zhao, W., Jia, L., Blom, H., & Zhu, Y. (2013). A Silurian placoderm with osteichthyan‐like marginal jaw bones. Nature, 502, 188–193.
Zhu, M., Yu, X., & Janvier, P. (1999). A primitive fossil fish sheds light on the origin of bony fishes. Nature, 397, 607–610.
Zuniga, A. (2015). Next generation limb development and evolution: Old questions, new perspectives. Development, 142, 3810–3820.