The importance of preclinical models in cholangiocarcinoma.

Cholangiocarcinoma (CCA) is an adenocarcinoma of the hepatobiliary system with a grim prognosis. Incidence is rising globally and surgery is currently the only curative treatment, but is only available for patients who are fit and diagnosed in an early-stage of disease progression. Great importance has been placed on developing preclinical models to help further our understanding of CCA and potential treatments to improve therapeutic outcomes. Preclinical models of varying complexity and cost have been established, ranging from more simplistic in vitro 2D CCA cell lines in culture, to more complex in vivo genetically engineered mouse models. Currently there is no single model that faithfully recaptures the complexities of human CCA and the in vivo tumour microenvironment. Instead a multi-model approach should be used when designing preclinical trials to study CCA and potential therapies.

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Crown Copyright © 2024 Published by Elsevier Ltd. This is an open access article under the CC BY license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).

Déclaration de conflit d'intérêts

Declaration of competing interest Randle reports article publishing charges was provided by University of Liverpool. Randle reports a relationship with National Centre for the Replacement, Refinement and Reduction of Animals in Research that includes: funding grants. Membership of NC3Rs PhD studentship assessment board. Goldring reports financial support was provided by University of Liverpool. McGreevy, Bosakhar, Gilbert, Quinn, Fenwick and Malik declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper.