Assessing the Performance of Artificial Intelligence Models: Insights from the American Society of Functional Neuroradiology Artificial Intelligence Competition.

Journal

AJNR. American journal of neuroradiology
ISSN: 1936-959X
Titre abrégé: AJNR Am J Neuroradiol
Pays: United States
ID NLM: 8003708

Informations de publication

Date de publication:
25 Apr 2024
Historique:
received: 20 02 2024
accepted: 22 04 2024
medline: 26 4 2024
pubmed: 26 4 2024
entrez: 25 4 2024
Statut: aheadofprint

Résumé

Artificial intelligence (AI) models in radiology are frequently developed and validated using datasets from a single institution and are rarely tested on independent, external datasets, raising questions about their generalizability and applicability in clinical practice. The American Society of Functional Neuroradiology (ASFNR) organized a multi-center AI competition to evaluate the proficiency of developed models in identifying various pathologies on NCCT, assessing age-based normality and estimating medical urgency. In total, 1201 anonymized, full-head NCCT clinical scans from five institutions were pooled to form the dataset. The dataset encompassed normal studies as well as pathologies including acute ischemic stroke, intracranial hemorrhage, traumatic brain injury, and mass effect (detection of these-task 1). NCCTs were also assessed to determine if findings were consistent with expected brain changes for the patient's age (task 2: age-based normality assessment) and to identify any abnormalities requiring immediate medical attention (task 3: evaluation of findings for urgent intervention). Five neuroradiologists labeled each NCCT, with consensus interpretations serving as the ground truth. The competition was announced online, inviting academic institutions and companies. Independent central analysis assessed each model's performance. Accuracy, sensitivity, specificity, positive and negative predictive values, and receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curves were generated for each AI model, along with the area under the ROC curve (AUROC). 1177 studies were processed by four teams. The median age of patients was 62, with an interquartile range of 33. 19 teams from various academic institutions registered for the competition. Of these, four teams submitted their final results. No commercial entities participated in the competition. For task 1, AUROCs ranged from 0.49 to 0.59. For task 2, two teams completed the task with AUROC values of 0.57 and 0.52. For task 3, teams had little to no agreement with the ground truth. To assess the performance of AI models in real-world clinical scenarios, we analyzed their performance in the ASFNR AI Competition. The first ASFNR Competition underscored the gap between expectation and reality; the models largely fell short in their assessments. As the integration of AI tools into clinical workflows increases, neuroradiologists must carefully recognize the capabilities, constraints, and consistency of these technologies. Before institutions adopt these algorithms, thorough validation is essential to ensure acceptable levels of performance in clinical settings.

Sections du résumé

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE OBJECTIVE
Artificial intelligence (AI) models in radiology are frequently developed and validated using datasets from a single institution and are rarely tested on independent, external datasets, raising questions about their generalizability and applicability in clinical practice. The American Society of Functional Neuroradiology (ASFNR) organized a multi-center AI competition to evaluate the proficiency of developed models in identifying various pathologies on NCCT, assessing age-based normality and estimating medical urgency.
MATERIALS AND METHODS METHODS
In total, 1201 anonymized, full-head NCCT clinical scans from five institutions were pooled to form the dataset. The dataset encompassed normal studies as well as pathologies including acute ischemic stroke, intracranial hemorrhage, traumatic brain injury, and mass effect (detection of these-task 1). NCCTs were also assessed to determine if findings were consistent with expected brain changes for the patient's age (task 2: age-based normality assessment) and to identify any abnormalities requiring immediate medical attention (task 3: evaluation of findings for urgent intervention). Five neuroradiologists labeled each NCCT, with consensus interpretations serving as the ground truth. The competition was announced online, inviting academic institutions and companies. Independent central analysis assessed each model's performance. Accuracy, sensitivity, specificity, positive and negative predictive values, and receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curves were generated for each AI model, along with the area under the ROC curve (AUROC).
RESULTS RESULTS
1177 studies were processed by four teams. The median age of patients was 62, with an interquartile range of 33. 19 teams from various academic institutions registered for the competition. Of these, four teams submitted their final results. No commercial entities participated in the competition. For task 1, AUROCs ranged from 0.49 to 0.59. For task 2, two teams completed the task with AUROC values of 0.57 and 0.52. For task 3, teams had little to no agreement with the ground truth.
CONCLUSIONS CONCLUSIONS
To assess the performance of AI models in real-world clinical scenarios, we analyzed their performance in the ASFNR AI Competition. The first ASFNR Competition underscored the gap between expectation and reality; the models largely fell short in their assessments. As the integration of AI tools into clinical workflows increases, neuroradiologists must carefully recognize the capabilities, constraints, and consistency of these technologies. Before institutions adopt these algorithms, thorough validation is essential to ensure acceptable levels of performance in clinical settings.

Identifiants

DOI: 10.3174/ajnr.A8317 PMID: 38663992
pubmed: 38663992
pii: ajnr.A8317
doi: 10.3174/ajnr.A8317
pii:
doi:

Types de publication

Journal Article

Langues

eng

Sous-ensembles de citation

IM

Informations de copyright

© 2024 by American Journal of Neuroradiology.

Déclaration de conflit d'intérêts

Adam Flanders is a member of the Board of Directors at RSNA and one of the investigators at the Medical Imaging and Data Resource Center. The other authors declare no conflicts of interest related to the content of this article.

Auteurs

Bin Jiang (B)

From the Department of Radiology (B.J., C.C., R.C., A.C., D.D., S.H., G.Z.), and Department of Medicine (D.B., V.D.), Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA; Department of Neuroradiology (B.B.O., H.C., M.W.), MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA; Department of Neurology (G.Z.), University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA; Department of Radiology and Imaging Sciences (J.W.A.), Indiana University, Indianapolis, IN, USA; Department of Radiology (D.P.B.), Duke University, Durham, NC, USA; Department of Radiological Sciences (P.C.), University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA, USA; Department of Radiology (C.G.F.), Tufts University, Boston, MA, USA; Department of Radiology (A.E.F.), Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA, USA; Department of Radiology (R.G.), University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA; Department of Radiology & Biomedical Imaging (C.H.), University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA; Department of Radiology (K.H., Y.W.L.), New York University, New York, NY, USA; Department of Radiology (J.A.M., S.S.N.), University of Texas Southwestern, Dallas, TX, USA; Department of Clinical Neurosciences (P.M.), Lausanne University Hospital, Lausanne, Switzerland; Department of Radiology (V.P.), Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL, USA; Department of Diagnostic Radiology and Nuclear Medicine (P.R.), University of Maryland, Baltimore, MD, USA; The Russell H. Morgan Department of Radiology and Radiological Sciences (H.I.S.), Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA; Department of Radiology (J.T.), University of Colorado, Aurora, CO, USA; Department of Radiology (K.W.), Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA; Department of Radiology (C.W.), Wake Forest University, Winston-Salem, NC, USA.

Burak Berksu Ozkara (BB)

From the Department of Radiology (B.J., C.C., R.C., A.C., D.D., S.H., G.Z.), and Department of Medicine (D.B., V.D.), Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA; Department of Neuroradiology (B.B.O., H.C., M.W.), MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA; Department of Neurology (G.Z.), University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA; Department of Radiology and Imaging Sciences (J.W.A.), Indiana University, Indianapolis, IN, USA; Department of Radiology (D.P.B.), Duke University, Durham, NC, USA; Department of Radiological Sciences (P.C.), University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA, USA; Department of Radiology (C.G.F.), Tufts University, Boston, MA, USA; Department of Radiology (A.E.F.), Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA, USA; Department of Radiology (R.G.), University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA; Department of Radiology & Biomedical Imaging (C.H.), University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA; Department of Radiology (K.H., Y.W.L.), New York University, New York, NY, USA; Department of Radiology (J.A.M., S.S.N.), University of Texas Southwestern, Dallas, TX, USA; Department of Clinical Neurosciences (P.M.), Lausanne University Hospital, Lausanne, Switzerland; Department of Radiology (V.P.), Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL, USA; Department of Diagnostic Radiology and Nuclear Medicine (P.R.), University of Maryland, Baltimore, MD, USA; The Russell H. Morgan Department of Radiology and Radiological Sciences (H.I.S.), Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA; Department of Radiology (J.T.), University of Colorado, Aurora, CO, USA; Department of Radiology (K.W.), Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA; Department of Radiology (C.W.), Wake Forest University, Winston-Salem, NC, USA.

Guangming Zhu (G)

From the Department of Radiology (B.J., C.C., R.C., A.C., D.D., S.H., G.Z.), and Department of Medicine (D.B., V.D.), Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA; Department of Neuroradiology (B.B.O., H.C., M.W.), MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA; Department of Neurology (G.Z.), University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA; Department of Radiology and Imaging Sciences (J.W.A.), Indiana University, Indianapolis, IN, USA; Department of Radiology (D.P.B.), Duke University, Durham, NC, USA; Department of Radiological Sciences (P.C.), University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA, USA; Department of Radiology (C.G.F.), Tufts University, Boston, MA, USA; Department of Radiology (A.E.F.), Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA, USA; Department of Radiology (R.G.), University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA; Department of Radiology & Biomedical Imaging (C.H.), University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA; Department of Radiology (K.H., Y.W.L.), New York University, New York, NY, USA; Department of Radiology (J.A.M., S.S.N.), University of Texas Southwestern, Dallas, TX, USA; Department of Clinical Neurosciences (P.M.), Lausanne University Hospital, Lausanne, Switzerland; Department of Radiology (V.P.), Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL, USA; Department of Diagnostic Radiology and Nuclear Medicine (P.R.), University of Maryland, Baltimore, MD, USA; The Russell H. Morgan Department of Radiology and Radiological Sciences (H.I.S.), Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA; Department of Radiology (J.T.), University of Colorado, Aurora, CO, USA; Department of Radiology (K.W.), Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA; Department of Radiology (C.W.), Wake Forest University, Winston-Salem, NC, USA.

Derek Boothroyd (D)

From the Department of Radiology (B.J., C.C., R.C., A.C., D.D., S.H., G.Z.), and Department of Medicine (D.B., V.D.), Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA; Department of Neuroradiology (B.B.O., H.C., M.W.), MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA; Department of Neurology (G.Z.), University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA; Department of Radiology and Imaging Sciences (J.W.A.), Indiana University, Indianapolis, IN, USA; Department of Radiology (D.P.B.), Duke University, Durham, NC, USA; Department of Radiological Sciences (P.C.), University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA, USA; Department of Radiology (C.G.F.), Tufts University, Boston, MA, USA; Department of Radiology (A.E.F.), Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA, USA; Department of Radiology (R.G.), University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA; Department of Radiology & Biomedical Imaging (C.H.), University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA; Department of Radiology (K.H., Y.W.L.), New York University, New York, NY, USA; Department of Radiology (J.A.M., S.S.N.), University of Texas Southwestern, Dallas, TX, USA; Department of Clinical Neurosciences (P.M.), Lausanne University Hospital, Lausanne, Switzerland; Department of Radiology (V.P.), Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL, USA; Department of Diagnostic Radiology and Nuclear Medicine (P.R.), University of Maryland, Baltimore, MD, USA; The Russell H. Morgan Department of Radiology and Radiological Sciences (H.I.S.), Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA; Department of Radiology (J.T.), University of Colorado, Aurora, CO, USA; Department of Radiology (K.W.), Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA; Department of Radiology (C.W.), Wake Forest University, Winston-Salem, NC, USA.

Jason W Allen (JW)

From the Department of Radiology (B.J., C.C., R.C., A.C., D.D., S.H., G.Z.), and Department of Medicine (D.B., V.D.), Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA; Department of Neuroradiology (B.B.O., H.C., M.W.), MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA; Department of Neurology (G.Z.), University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA; Department of Radiology and Imaging Sciences (J.W.A.), Indiana University, Indianapolis, IN, USA; Department of Radiology (D.P.B.), Duke University, Durham, NC, USA; Department of Radiological Sciences (P.C.), University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA, USA; Department of Radiology (C.G.F.), Tufts University, Boston, MA, USA; Department of Radiology (A.E.F.), Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA, USA; Department of Radiology (R.G.), University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA; Department of Radiology & Biomedical Imaging (C.H.), University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA; Department of Radiology (K.H., Y.W.L.), New York University, New York, NY, USA; Department of Radiology (J.A.M., S.S.N.), University of Texas Southwestern, Dallas, TX, USA; Department of Clinical Neurosciences (P.M.), Lausanne University Hospital, Lausanne, Switzerland; Department of Radiology (V.P.), Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL, USA; Department of Diagnostic Radiology and Nuclear Medicine (P.R.), University of Maryland, Baltimore, MD, USA; The Russell H. Morgan Department of Radiology and Radiological Sciences (H.I.S.), Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA; Department of Radiology (J.T.), University of Colorado, Aurora, CO, USA; Department of Radiology (K.W.), Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA; Department of Radiology (C.W.), Wake Forest University, Winston-Salem, NC, USA.

Daniel P Barboriak (DP)

From the Department of Radiology (B.J., C.C., R.C., A.C., D.D., S.H., G.Z.), and Department of Medicine (D.B., V.D.), Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA; Department of Neuroradiology (B.B.O., H.C., M.W.), MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA; Department of Neurology (G.Z.), University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA; Department of Radiology and Imaging Sciences (J.W.A.), Indiana University, Indianapolis, IN, USA; Department of Radiology (D.P.B.), Duke University, Durham, NC, USA; Department of Radiological Sciences (P.C.), University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA, USA; Department of Radiology (C.G.F.), Tufts University, Boston, MA, USA; Department of Radiology (A.E.F.), Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA, USA; Department of Radiology (R.G.), University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA; Department of Radiology & Biomedical Imaging (C.H.), University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA; Department of Radiology (K.H., Y.W.L.), New York University, New York, NY, USA; Department of Radiology (J.A.M., S.S.N.), University of Texas Southwestern, Dallas, TX, USA; Department of Clinical Neurosciences (P.M.), Lausanne University Hospital, Lausanne, Switzerland; Department of Radiology (V.P.), Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL, USA; Department of Diagnostic Radiology and Nuclear Medicine (P.R.), University of Maryland, Baltimore, MD, USA; The Russell H. Morgan Department of Radiology and Radiological Sciences (H.I.S.), Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA; Department of Radiology (J.T.), University of Colorado, Aurora, CO, USA; Department of Radiology (K.W.), Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA; Department of Radiology (C.W.), Wake Forest University, Winston-Salem, NC, USA.

Peter Chang (P)

From the Department of Radiology (B.J., C.C., R.C., A.C., D.D., S.H., G.Z.), and Department of Medicine (D.B., V.D.), Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA; Department of Neuroradiology (B.B.O., H.C., M.W.), MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA; Department of Neurology (G.Z.), University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA; Department of Radiology and Imaging Sciences (J.W.A.), Indiana University, Indianapolis, IN, USA; Department of Radiology (D.P.B.), Duke University, Durham, NC, USA; Department of Radiological Sciences (P.C.), University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA, USA; Department of Radiology (C.G.F.), Tufts University, Boston, MA, USA; Department of Radiology (A.E.F.), Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA, USA; Department of Radiology (R.G.), University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA; Department of Radiology & Biomedical Imaging (C.H.), University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA; Department of Radiology (K.H., Y.W.L.), New York University, New York, NY, USA; Department of Radiology (J.A.M., S.S.N.), University of Texas Southwestern, Dallas, TX, USA; Department of Clinical Neurosciences (P.M.), Lausanne University Hospital, Lausanne, Switzerland; Department of Radiology (V.P.), Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL, USA; Department of Diagnostic Radiology and Nuclear Medicine (P.R.), University of Maryland, Baltimore, MD, USA; The Russell H. Morgan Department of Radiology and Radiological Sciences (H.I.S.), Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA; Department of Radiology (J.T.), University of Colorado, Aurora, CO, USA; Department of Radiology (K.W.), Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA; Department of Radiology (C.W.), Wake Forest University, Winston-Salem, NC, USA.

Cynthia Chan (C)

From the Department of Radiology (B.J., C.C., R.C., A.C., D.D., S.H., G.Z.), and Department of Medicine (D.B., V.D.), Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA; Department of Neuroradiology (B.B.O., H.C., M.W.), MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA; Department of Neurology (G.Z.), University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA; Department of Radiology and Imaging Sciences (J.W.A.), Indiana University, Indianapolis, IN, USA; Department of Radiology (D.P.B.), Duke University, Durham, NC, USA; Department of Radiological Sciences (P.C.), University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA, USA; Department of Radiology (C.G.F.), Tufts University, Boston, MA, USA; Department of Radiology (A.E.F.), Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA, USA; Department of Radiology (R.G.), University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA; Department of Radiology & Biomedical Imaging (C.H.), University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA; Department of Radiology (K.H., Y.W.L.), New York University, New York, NY, USA; Department of Radiology (J.A.M., S.S.N.), University of Texas Southwestern, Dallas, TX, USA; Department of Clinical Neurosciences (P.M.), Lausanne University Hospital, Lausanne, Switzerland; Department of Radiology (V.P.), Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL, USA; Department of Diagnostic Radiology and Nuclear Medicine (P.R.), University of Maryland, Baltimore, MD, USA; The Russell H. Morgan Department of Radiology and Radiological Sciences (H.I.S.), Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA; Department of Radiology (J.T.), University of Colorado, Aurora, CO, USA; Department of Radiology (K.W.), Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA; Department of Radiology (C.W.), Wake Forest University, Winston-Salem, NC, USA.

Ruchir Chaudhari (R)

From the Department of Radiology (B.J., C.C., R.C., A.C., D.D., S.H., G.Z.), and Department of Medicine (D.B., V.D.), Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA; Department of Neuroradiology (B.B.O., H.C., M.W.), MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA; Department of Neurology (G.Z.), University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA; Department of Radiology and Imaging Sciences (J.W.A.), Indiana University, Indianapolis, IN, USA; Department of Radiology (D.P.B.), Duke University, Durham, NC, USA; Department of Radiological Sciences (P.C.), University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA, USA; Department of Radiology (C.G.F.), Tufts University, Boston, MA, USA; Department of Radiology (A.E.F.), Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA, USA; Department of Radiology (R.G.), University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA; Department of Radiology & Biomedical Imaging (C.H.), University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA; Department of Radiology (K.H., Y.W.L.), New York University, New York, NY, USA; Department of Radiology (J.A.M., S.S.N.), University of Texas Southwestern, Dallas, TX, USA; Department of Clinical Neurosciences (P.M.), Lausanne University Hospital, Lausanne, Switzerland; Department of Radiology (V.P.), Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL, USA; Department of Diagnostic Radiology and Nuclear Medicine (P.R.), University of Maryland, Baltimore, MD, USA; The Russell H. Morgan Department of Radiology and Radiological Sciences (H.I.S.), Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA; Department of Radiology (J.T.), University of Colorado, Aurora, CO, USA; Department of Radiology (K.W.), Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA; Department of Radiology (C.W.), Wake Forest University, Winston-Salem, NC, USA.

Hui Chen (H)

From the Department of Radiology (B.J., C.C., R.C., A.C., D.D., S.H., G.Z.), and Department of Medicine (D.B., V.D.), Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA; Department of Neuroradiology (B.B.O., H.C., M.W.), MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA; Department of Neurology (G.Z.), University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA; Department of Radiology and Imaging Sciences (J.W.A.), Indiana University, Indianapolis, IN, USA; Department of Radiology (D.P.B.), Duke University, Durham, NC, USA; Department of Radiological Sciences (P.C.), University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA, USA; Department of Radiology (C.G.F.), Tufts University, Boston, MA, USA; Department of Radiology (A.E.F.), Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA, USA; Department of Radiology (R.G.), University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA; Department of Radiology & Biomedical Imaging (C.H.), University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA; Department of Radiology (K.H., Y.W.L.), New York University, New York, NY, USA; Department of Radiology (J.A.M., S.S.N.), University of Texas Southwestern, Dallas, TX, USA; Department of Clinical Neurosciences (P.M.), Lausanne University Hospital, Lausanne, Switzerland; Department of Radiology (V.P.), Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL, USA; Department of Diagnostic Radiology and Nuclear Medicine (P.R.), University of Maryland, Baltimore, MD, USA; The Russell H. Morgan Department of Radiology and Radiological Sciences (H.I.S.), Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA; Department of Radiology (J.T.), University of Colorado, Aurora, CO, USA; Department of Radiology (K.W.), Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA; Department of Radiology (C.W.), Wake Forest University, Winston-Salem, NC, USA.

Anjeza Chukus (A)

From the Department of Radiology (B.J., C.C., R.C., A.C., D.D., S.H., G.Z.), and Department of Medicine (D.B., V.D.), Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA; Department of Neuroradiology (B.B.O., H.C., M.W.), MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA; Department of Neurology (G.Z.), University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA; Department of Radiology and Imaging Sciences (J.W.A.), Indiana University, Indianapolis, IN, USA; Department of Radiology (D.P.B.), Duke University, Durham, NC, USA; Department of Radiological Sciences (P.C.), University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA, USA; Department of Radiology (C.G.F.), Tufts University, Boston, MA, USA; Department of Radiology (A.E.F.), Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA, USA; Department of Radiology (R.G.), University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA; Department of Radiology & Biomedical Imaging (C.H.), University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA; Department of Radiology (K.H., Y.W.L.), New York University, New York, NY, USA; Department of Radiology (J.A.M., S.S.N.), University of Texas Southwestern, Dallas, TX, USA; Department of Clinical Neurosciences (P.M.), Lausanne University Hospital, Lausanne, Switzerland; Department of Radiology (V.P.), Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL, USA; Department of Diagnostic Radiology and Nuclear Medicine (P.R.), University of Maryland, Baltimore, MD, USA; The Russell H. Morgan Department of Radiology and Radiological Sciences (H.I.S.), Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA; Department of Radiology (J.T.), University of Colorado, Aurora, CO, USA; Department of Radiology (K.W.), Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA; Department of Radiology (C.W.), Wake Forest University, Winston-Salem, NC, USA.

Victoria Ding (V)

From the Department of Radiology (B.J., C.C., R.C., A.C., D.D., S.H., G.Z.), and Department of Medicine (D.B., V.D.), Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA; Department of Neuroradiology (B.B.O., H.C., M.W.), MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA; Department of Neurology (G.Z.), University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA; Department of Radiology and Imaging Sciences (J.W.A.), Indiana University, Indianapolis, IN, USA; Department of Radiology (D.P.B.), Duke University, Durham, NC, USA; Department of Radiological Sciences (P.C.), University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA, USA; Department of Radiology (C.G.F.), Tufts University, Boston, MA, USA; Department of Radiology (A.E.F.), Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA, USA; Department of Radiology (R.G.), University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA; Department of Radiology & Biomedical Imaging (C.H.), University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA; Department of Radiology (K.H., Y.W.L.), New York University, New York, NY, USA; Department of Radiology (J.A.M., S.S.N.), University of Texas Southwestern, Dallas, TX, USA; Department of Clinical Neurosciences (P.M.), Lausanne University Hospital, Lausanne, Switzerland; Department of Radiology (V.P.), Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL, USA; Department of Diagnostic Radiology and Nuclear Medicine (P.R.), University of Maryland, Baltimore, MD, USA; The Russell H. Morgan Department of Radiology and Radiological Sciences (H.I.S.), Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA; Department of Radiology (J.T.), University of Colorado, Aurora, CO, USA; Department of Radiology (K.W.), Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA; Department of Radiology (C.W.), Wake Forest University, Winston-Salem, NC, USA.

David Douglas (D)

From the Department of Radiology (B.J., C.C., R.C., A.C., D.D., S.H., G.Z.), and Department of Medicine (D.B., V.D.), Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA; Department of Neuroradiology (B.B.O., H.C., M.W.), MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA; Department of Neurology (G.Z.), University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA; Department of Radiology and Imaging Sciences (J.W.A.), Indiana University, Indianapolis, IN, USA; Department of Radiology (D.P.B.), Duke University, Durham, NC, USA; Department of Radiological Sciences (P.C.), University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA, USA; Department of Radiology (C.G.F.), Tufts University, Boston, MA, USA; Department of Radiology (A.E.F.), Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA, USA; Department of Radiology (R.G.), University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA; Department of Radiology & Biomedical Imaging (C.H.), University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA; Department of Radiology (K.H., Y.W.L.), New York University, New York, NY, USA; Department of Radiology (J.A.M., S.S.N.), University of Texas Southwestern, Dallas, TX, USA; Department of Clinical Neurosciences (P.M.), Lausanne University Hospital, Lausanne, Switzerland; Department of Radiology (V.P.), Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL, USA; Department of Diagnostic Radiology and Nuclear Medicine (P.R.), University of Maryland, Baltimore, MD, USA; The Russell H. Morgan Department of Radiology and Radiological Sciences (H.I.S.), Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA; Department of Radiology (J.T.), University of Colorado, Aurora, CO, USA; Department of Radiology (K.W.), Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA; Department of Radiology (C.W.), Wake Forest University, Winston-Salem, NC, USA.

Christopher G Filippi (CG)

From the Department of Radiology (B.J., C.C., R.C., A.C., D.D., S.H., G.Z.), and Department of Medicine (D.B., V.D.), Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA; Department of Neuroradiology (B.B.O., H.C., M.W.), MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA; Department of Neurology (G.Z.), University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA; Department of Radiology and Imaging Sciences (J.W.A.), Indiana University, Indianapolis, IN, USA; Department of Radiology (D.P.B.), Duke University, Durham, NC, USA; Department of Radiological Sciences (P.C.), University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA, USA; Department of Radiology (C.G.F.), Tufts University, Boston, MA, USA; Department of Radiology (A.E.F.), Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA, USA; Department of Radiology (R.G.), University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA; Department of Radiology & Biomedical Imaging (C.H.), University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA; Department of Radiology (K.H., Y.W.L.), New York University, New York, NY, USA; Department of Radiology (J.A.M., S.S.N.), University of Texas Southwestern, Dallas, TX, USA; Department of Clinical Neurosciences (P.M.), Lausanne University Hospital, Lausanne, Switzerland; Department of Radiology (V.P.), Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL, USA; Department of Diagnostic Radiology and Nuclear Medicine (P.R.), University of Maryland, Baltimore, MD, USA; The Russell H. Morgan Department of Radiology and Radiological Sciences (H.I.S.), Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA; Department of Radiology (J.T.), University of Colorado, Aurora, CO, USA; Department of Radiology (K.W.), Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA; Department of Radiology (C.W.), Wake Forest University, Winston-Salem, NC, USA.

Adam E Flanders (AE)

From the Department of Radiology (B.J., C.C., R.C., A.C., D.D., S.H., G.Z.), and Department of Medicine (D.B., V.D.), Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA; Department of Neuroradiology (B.B.O., H.C., M.W.), MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA; Department of Neurology (G.Z.), University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA; Department of Radiology and Imaging Sciences (J.W.A.), Indiana University, Indianapolis, IN, USA; Department of Radiology (D.P.B.), Duke University, Durham, NC, USA; Department of Radiological Sciences (P.C.), University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA, USA; Department of Radiology (C.G.F.), Tufts University, Boston, MA, USA; Department of Radiology (A.E.F.), Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA, USA; Department of Radiology (R.G.), University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA; Department of Radiology & Biomedical Imaging (C.H.), University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA; Department of Radiology (K.H., Y.W.L.), New York University, New York, NY, USA; Department of Radiology (J.A.M., S.S.N.), University of Texas Southwestern, Dallas, TX, USA; Department of Clinical Neurosciences (P.M.), Lausanne University Hospital, Lausanne, Switzerland; Department of Radiology (V.P.), Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL, USA; Department of Diagnostic Radiology and Nuclear Medicine (P.R.), University of Maryland, Baltimore, MD, USA; The Russell H. Morgan Department of Radiology and Radiological Sciences (H.I.S.), Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA; Department of Radiology (J.T.), University of Colorado, Aurora, CO, USA; Department of Radiology (K.W.), Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA; Department of Radiology (C.W.), Wake Forest University, Winston-Salem, NC, USA.

Ryan Godwin (R)

From the Department of Radiology (B.J., C.C., R.C., A.C., D.D., S.H., G.Z.), and Department of Medicine (D.B., V.D.), Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA; Department of Neuroradiology (B.B.O., H.C., M.W.), MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA; Department of Neurology (G.Z.), University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA; Department of Radiology and Imaging Sciences (J.W.A.), Indiana University, Indianapolis, IN, USA; Department of Radiology (D.P.B.), Duke University, Durham, NC, USA; Department of Radiological Sciences (P.C.), University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA, USA; Department of Radiology (C.G.F.), Tufts University, Boston, MA, USA; Department of Radiology (A.E.F.), Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA, USA; Department of Radiology (R.G.), University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA; Department of Radiology & Biomedical Imaging (C.H.), University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA; Department of Radiology (K.H., Y.W.L.), New York University, New York, NY, USA; Department of Radiology (J.A.M., S.S.N.), University of Texas Southwestern, Dallas, TX, USA; Department of Clinical Neurosciences (P.M.), Lausanne University Hospital, Lausanne, Switzerland; Department of Radiology (V.P.), Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL, USA; Department of Diagnostic Radiology and Nuclear Medicine (P.R.), University of Maryland, Baltimore, MD, USA; The Russell H. Morgan Department of Radiology and Radiological Sciences (H.I.S.), Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA; Department of Radiology (J.T.), University of Colorado, Aurora, CO, USA; Department of Radiology (K.W.), Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA; Department of Radiology (C.W.), Wake Forest University, Winston-Salem, NC, USA.

Syed Hashmi (S)

From the Department of Radiology (B.J., C.C., R.C., A.C., D.D., S.H., G.Z.), and Department of Medicine (D.B., V.D.), Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA; Department of Neuroradiology (B.B.O., H.C., M.W.), MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA; Department of Neurology (G.Z.), University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA; Department of Radiology and Imaging Sciences (J.W.A.), Indiana University, Indianapolis, IN, USA; Department of Radiology (D.P.B.), Duke University, Durham, NC, USA; Department of Radiological Sciences (P.C.), University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA, USA; Department of Radiology (C.G.F.), Tufts University, Boston, MA, USA; Department of Radiology (A.E.F.), Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA, USA; Department of Radiology (R.G.), University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA; Department of Radiology & Biomedical Imaging (C.H.), University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA; Department of Radiology (K.H., Y.W.L.), New York University, New York, NY, USA; Department of Radiology (J.A.M., S.S.N.), University of Texas Southwestern, Dallas, TX, USA; Department of Clinical Neurosciences (P.M.), Lausanne University Hospital, Lausanne, Switzerland; Department of Radiology (V.P.), Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL, USA; Department of Diagnostic Radiology and Nuclear Medicine (P.R.), University of Maryland, Baltimore, MD, USA; The Russell H. Morgan Department of Radiology and Radiological Sciences (H.I.S.), Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA; Department of Radiology (J.T.), University of Colorado, Aurora, CO, USA; Department of Radiology (K.W.), Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA; Department of Radiology (C.W.), Wake Forest University, Winston-Salem, NC, USA.

Christopher Hess (C)

From the Department of Radiology (B.J., C.C., R.C., A.C., D.D., S.H., G.Z.), and Department of Medicine (D.B., V.D.), Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA; Department of Neuroradiology (B.B.O., H.C., M.W.), MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA; Department of Neurology (G.Z.), University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA; Department of Radiology and Imaging Sciences (J.W.A.), Indiana University, Indianapolis, IN, USA; Department of Radiology (D.P.B.), Duke University, Durham, NC, USA; Department of Radiological Sciences (P.C.), University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA, USA; Department of Radiology (C.G.F.), Tufts University, Boston, MA, USA; Department of Radiology (A.E.F.), Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA, USA; Department of Radiology (R.G.), University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA; Department of Radiology & Biomedical Imaging (C.H.), University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA; Department of Radiology (K.H., Y.W.L.), New York University, New York, NY, USA; Department of Radiology (J.A.M., S.S.N.), University of Texas Southwestern, Dallas, TX, USA; Department of Clinical Neurosciences (P.M.), Lausanne University Hospital, Lausanne, Switzerland; Department of Radiology (V.P.), Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL, USA; Department of Diagnostic Radiology and Nuclear Medicine (P.R.), University of Maryland, Baltimore, MD, USA; The Russell H. Morgan Department of Radiology and Radiological Sciences (H.I.S.), Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA; Department of Radiology (J.T.), University of Colorado, Aurora, CO, USA; Department of Radiology (K.W.), Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA; Department of Radiology (C.W.), Wake Forest University, Winston-Salem, NC, USA.

Kevin Hsu (K)

From the Department of Radiology (B.J., C.C., R.C., A.C., D.D., S.H., G.Z.), and Department of Medicine (D.B., V.D.), Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA; Department of Neuroradiology (B.B.O., H.C., M.W.), MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA; Department of Neurology (G.Z.), University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA; Department of Radiology and Imaging Sciences (J.W.A.), Indiana University, Indianapolis, IN, USA; Department of Radiology (D.P.B.), Duke University, Durham, NC, USA; Department of Radiological Sciences (P.C.), University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA, USA; Department of Radiology (C.G.F.), Tufts University, Boston, MA, USA; Department of Radiology (A.E.F.), Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA, USA; Department of Radiology (R.G.), University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA; Department of Radiology & Biomedical Imaging (C.H.), University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA; Department of Radiology (K.H., Y.W.L.), New York University, New York, NY, USA; Department of Radiology (J.A.M., S.S.N.), University of Texas Southwestern, Dallas, TX, USA; Department of Clinical Neurosciences (P.M.), Lausanne University Hospital, Lausanne, Switzerland; Department of Radiology (V.P.), Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL, USA; Department of Diagnostic Radiology and Nuclear Medicine (P.R.), University of Maryland, Baltimore, MD, USA; The Russell H. Morgan Department of Radiology and Radiological Sciences (H.I.S.), Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA; Department of Radiology (J.T.), University of Colorado, Aurora, CO, USA; Department of Radiology (K.W.), Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA; Department of Radiology (C.W.), Wake Forest University, Winston-Salem, NC, USA.

Yvonne W Lui (YW)

From the Department of Radiology (B.J., C.C., R.C., A.C., D.D., S.H., G.Z.), and Department of Medicine (D.B., V.D.), Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA; Department of Neuroradiology (B.B.O., H.C., M.W.), MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA; Department of Neurology (G.Z.), University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA; Department of Radiology and Imaging Sciences (J.W.A.), Indiana University, Indianapolis, IN, USA; Department of Radiology (D.P.B.), Duke University, Durham, NC, USA; Department of Radiological Sciences (P.C.), University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA, USA; Department of Radiology (C.G.F.), Tufts University, Boston, MA, USA; Department of Radiology (A.E.F.), Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA, USA; Department of Radiology (R.G.), University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA; Department of Radiology & Biomedical Imaging (C.H.), University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA; Department of Radiology (K.H., Y.W.L.), New York University, New York, NY, USA; Department of Radiology (J.A.M., S.S.N.), University of Texas Southwestern, Dallas, TX, USA; Department of Clinical Neurosciences (P.M.), Lausanne University Hospital, Lausanne, Switzerland; Department of Radiology (V.P.), Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL, USA; Department of Diagnostic Radiology and Nuclear Medicine (P.R.), University of Maryland, Baltimore, MD, USA; The Russell H. Morgan Department of Radiology and Radiological Sciences (H.I.S.), Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA; Department of Radiology (J.T.), University of Colorado, Aurora, CO, USA; Department of Radiology (K.W.), Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA; Department of Radiology (C.W.), Wake Forest University, Winston-Salem, NC, USA.

Joseph A Maldjian (JA)

From the Department of Radiology (B.J., C.C., R.C., A.C., D.D., S.H., G.Z.), and Department of Medicine (D.B., V.D.), Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA; Department of Neuroradiology (B.B.O., H.C., M.W.), MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA; Department of Neurology (G.Z.), University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA; Department of Radiology and Imaging Sciences (J.W.A.), Indiana University, Indianapolis, IN, USA; Department of Radiology (D.P.B.), Duke University, Durham, NC, USA; Department of Radiological Sciences (P.C.), University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA, USA; Department of Radiology (C.G.F.), Tufts University, Boston, MA, USA; Department of Radiology (A.E.F.), Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA, USA; Department of Radiology (R.G.), University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA; Department of Radiology & Biomedical Imaging (C.H.), University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA; Department of Radiology (K.H., Y.W.L.), New York University, New York, NY, USA; Department of Radiology (J.A.M., S.S.N.), University of Texas Southwestern, Dallas, TX, USA; Department of Clinical Neurosciences (P.M.), Lausanne University Hospital, Lausanne, Switzerland; Department of Radiology (V.P.), Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL, USA; Department of Diagnostic Radiology and Nuclear Medicine (P.R.), University of Maryland, Baltimore, MD, USA; The Russell H. Morgan Department of Radiology and Radiological Sciences (H.I.S.), Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA; Department of Radiology (J.T.), University of Colorado, Aurora, CO, USA; Department of Radiology (K.W.), Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA; Department of Radiology (C.W.), Wake Forest University, Winston-Salem, NC, USA.

Patrik Michel (P)

From the Department of Radiology (B.J., C.C., R.C., A.C., D.D., S.H., G.Z.), and Department of Medicine (D.B., V.D.), Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA; Department of Neuroradiology (B.B.O., H.C., M.W.), MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA; Department of Neurology (G.Z.), University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA; Department of Radiology and Imaging Sciences (J.W.A.), Indiana University, Indianapolis, IN, USA; Department of Radiology (D.P.B.), Duke University, Durham, NC, USA; Department of Radiological Sciences (P.C.), University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA, USA; Department of Radiology (C.G.F.), Tufts University, Boston, MA, USA; Department of Radiology (A.E.F.), Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA, USA; Department of Radiology (R.G.), University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA; Department of Radiology & Biomedical Imaging (C.H.), University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA; Department of Radiology (K.H., Y.W.L.), New York University, New York, NY, USA; Department of Radiology (J.A.M., S.S.N.), University of Texas Southwestern, Dallas, TX, USA; Department of Clinical Neurosciences (P.M.), Lausanne University Hospital, Lausanne, Switzerland; Department of Radiology (V.P.), Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL, USA; Department of Diagnostic Radiology and Nuclear Medicine (P.R.), University of Maryland, Baltimore, MD, USA; The Russell H. Morgan Department of Radiology and Radiological Sciences (H.I.S.), Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA; Department of Radiology (J.T.), University of Colorado, Aurora, CO, USA; Department of Radiology (K.W.), Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA; Department of Radiology (C.W.), Wake Forest University, Winston-Salem, NC, USA.

Sahil S Nalawade (SS)

From the Department of Radiology (B.J., C.C., R.C., A.C., D.D., S.H., G.Z.), and Department of Medicine (D.B., V.D.), Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA; Department of Neuroradiology (B.B.O., H.C., M.W.), MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA; Department of Neurology (G.Z.), University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA; Department of Radiology and Imaging Sciences (J.W.A.), Indiana University, Indianapolis, IN, USA; Department of Radiology (D.P.B.), Duke University, Durham, NC, USA; Department of Radiological Sciences (P.C.), University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA, USA; Department of Radiology (C.G.F.), Tufts University, Boston, MA, USA; Department of Radiology (A.E.F.), Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA, USA; Department of Radiology (R.G.), University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA; Department of Radiology & Biomedical Imaging (C.H.), University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA; Department of Radiology (K.H., Y.W.L.), New York University, New York, NY, USA; Department of Radiology (J.A.M., S.S.N.), University of Texas Southwestern, Dallas, TX, USA; Department of Clinical Neurosciences (P.M.), Lausanne University Hospital, Lausanne, Switzerland; Department of Radiology (V.P.), Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL, USA; Department of Diagnostic Radiology and Nuclear Medicine (P.R.), University of Maryland, Baltimore, MD, USA; The Russell H. Morgan Department of Radiology and Radiological Sciences (H.I.S.), Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA; Department of Radiology (J.T.), University of Colorado, Aurora, CO, USA; Department of Radiology (K.W.), Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA; Department of Radiology (C.W.), Wake Forest University, Winston-Salem, NC, USA.

Vishal Patel (V)

From the Department of Radiology (B.J., C.C., R.C., A.C., D.D., S.H., G.Z.), and Department of Medicine (D.B., V.D.), Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA; Department of Neuroradiology (B.B.O., H.C., M.W.), MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA; Department of Neurology (G.Z.), University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA; Department of Radiology and Imaging Sciences (J.W.A.), Indiana University, Indianapolis, IN, USA; Department of Radiology (D.P.B.), Duke University, Durham, NC, USA; Department of Radiological Sciences (P.C.), University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA, USA; Department of Radiology (C.G.F.), Tufts University, Boston, MA, USA; Department of Radiology (A.E.F.), Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA, USA; Department of Radiology (R.G.), University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA; Department of Radiology & Biomedical Imaging (C.H.), University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA; Department of Radiology (K.H., Y.W.L.), New York University, New York, NY, USA; Department of Radiology (J.A.M., S.S.N.), University of Texas Southwestern, Dallas, TX, USA; Department of Clinical Neurosciences (P.M.), Lausanne University Hospital, Lausanne, Switzerland; Department of Radiology (V.P.), Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL, USA; Department of Diagnostic Radiology and Nuclear Medicine (P.R.), University of Maryland, Baltimore, MD, USA; The Russell H. Morgan Department of Radiology and Radiological Sciences (H.I.S.), Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA; Department of Radiology (J.T.), University of Colorado, Aurora, CO, USA; Department of Radiology (K.W.), Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA; Department of Radiology (C.W.), Wake Forest University, Winston-Salem, NC, USA.

Prashant Raghavan (P)

From the Department of Radiology (B.J., C.C., R.C., A.C., D.D., S.H., G.Z.), and Department of Medicine (D.B., V.D.), Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA; Department of Neuroradiology (B.B.O., H.C., M.W.), MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA; Department of Neurology (G.Z.), University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA; Department of Radiology and Imaging Sciences (J.W.A.), Indiana University, Indianapolis, IN, USA; Department of Radiology (D.P.B.), Duke University, Durham, NC, USA; Department of Radiological Sciences (P.C.), University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA, USA; Department of Radiology (C.G.F.), Tufts University, Boston, MA, USA; Department of Radiology (A.E.F.), Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA, USA; Department of Radiology (R.G.), University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA; Department of Radiology & Biomedical Imaging (C.H.), University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA; Department of Radiology (K.H., Y.W.L.), New York University, New York, NY, USA; Department of Radiology (J.A.M., S.S.N.), University of Texas Southwestern, Dallas, TX, USA; Department of Clinical Neurosciences (P.M.), Lausanne University Hospital, Lausanne, Switzerland; Department of Radiology (V.P.), Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL, USA; Department of Diagnostic Radiology and Nuclear Medicine (P.R.), University of Maryland, Baltimore, MD, USA; The Russell H. Morgan Department of Radiology and Radiological Sciences (H.I.S.), Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA; Department of Radiology (J.T.), University of Colorado, Aurora, CO, USA; Department of Radiology (K.W.), Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA; Department of Radiology (C.W.), Wake Forest University, Winston-Salem, NC, USA.

Haris I Sair (HI)

From the Department of Radiology (B.J., C.C., R.C., A.C., D.D., S.H., G.Z.), and Department of Medicine (D.B., V.D.), Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA; Department of Neuroradiology (B.B.O., H.C., M.W.), MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA; Department of Neurology (G.Z.), University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA; Department of Radiology and Imaging Sciences (J.W.A.), Indiana University, Indianapolis, IN, USA; Department of Radiology (D.P.B.), Duke University, Durham, NC, USA; Department of Radiological Sciences (P.C.), University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA, USA; Department of Radiology (C.G.F.), Tufts University, Boston, MA, USA; Department of Radiology (A.E.F.), Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA, USA; Department of Radiology (R.G.), University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA; Department of Radiology & Biomedical Imaging (C.H.), University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA; Department of Radiology (K.H., Y.W.L.), New York University, New York, NY, USA; Department of Radiology (J.A.M., S.S.N.), University of Texas Southwestern, Dallas, TX, USA; Department of Clinical Neurosciences (P.M.), Lausanne University Hospital, Lausanne, Switzerland; Department of Radiology (V.P.), Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL, USA; Department of Diagnostic Radiology and Nuclear Medicine (P.R.), University of Maryland, Baltimore, MD, USA; The Russell H. Morgan Department of Radiology and Radiological Sciences (H.I.S.), Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA; Department of Radiology (J.T.), University of Colorado, Aurora, CO, USA; Department of Radiology (K.W.), Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA; Department of Radiology (C.W.), Wake Forest University, Winston-Salem, NC, USA.

Jody Tanabe (J)

From the Department of Radiology (B.J., C.C., R.C., A.C., D.D., S.H., G.Z.), and Department of Medicine (D.B., V.D.), Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA; Department of Neuroradiology (B.B.O., H.C., M.W.), MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA; Department of Neurology (G.Z.), University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA; Department of Radiology and Imaging Sciences (J.W.A.), Indiana University, Indianapolis, IN, USA; Department of Radiology (D.P.B.), Duke University, Durham, NC, USA; Department of Radiological Sciences (P.C.), University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA, USA; Department of Radiology (C.G.F.), Tufts University, Boston, MA, USA; Department of Radiology (A.E.F.), Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA, USA; Department of Radiology (R.G.), University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA; Department of Radiology & Biomedical Imaging (C.H.), University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA; Department of Radiology (K.H., Y.W.L.), New York University, New York, NY, USA; Department of Radiology (J.A.M., S.S.N.), University of Texas Southwestern, Dallas, TX, USA; Department of Clinical Neurosciences (P.M.), Lausanne University Hospital, Lausanne, Switzerland; Department of Radiology (V.P.), Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL, USA; Department of Diagnostic Radiology and Nuclear Medicine (P.R.), University of Maryland, Baltimore, MD, USA; The Russell H. Morgan Department of Radiology and Radiological Sciences (H.I.S.), Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA; Department of Radiology (J.T.), University of Colorado, Aurora, CO, USA; Department of Radiology (K.W.), Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA; Department of Radiology (C.W.), Wake Forest University, Winston-Salem, NC, USA.

Kirk Welker (K)

From the Department of Radiology (B.J., C.C., R.C., A.C., D.D., S.H., G.Z.), and Department of Medicine (D.B., V.D.), Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA; Department of Neuroradiology (B.B.O., H.C., M.W.), MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA; Department of Neurology (G.Z.), University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA; Department of Radiology and Imaging Sciences (J.W.A.), Indiana University, Indianapolis, IN, USA; Department of Radiology (D.P.B.), Duke University, Durham, NC, USA; Department of Radiological Sciences (P.C.), University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA, USA; Department of Radiology (C.G.F.), Tufts University, Boston, MA, USA; Department of Radiology (A.E.F.), Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA, USA; Department of Radiology (R.G.), University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA; Department of Radiology & Biomedical Imaging (C.H.), University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA; Department of Radiology (K.H., Y.W.L.), New York University, New York, NY, USA; Department of Radiology (J.A.M., S.S.N.), University of Texas Southwestern, Dallas, TX, USA; Department of Clinical Neurosciences (P.M.), Lausanne University Hospital, Lausanne, Switzerland; Department of Radiology (V.P.), Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL, USA; Department of Diagnostic Radiology and Nuclear Medicine (P.R.), University of Maryland, Baltimore, MD, USA; The Russell H. Morgan Department of Radiology and Radiological Sciences (H.I.S.), Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA; Department of Radiology (J.T.), University of Colorado, Aurora, CO, USA; Department of Radiology (K.W.), Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA; Department of Radiology (C.W.), Wake Forest University, Winston-Salem, NC, USA.

Chris Whitlow (C)

From the Department of Radiology (B.J., C.C., R.C., A.C., D.D., S.H., G.Z.), and Department of Medicine (D.B., V.D.), Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA; Department of Neuroradiology (B.B.O., H.C., M.W.), MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA; Department of Neurology (G.Z.), University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA; Department of Radiology and Imaging Sciences (J.W.A.), Indiana University, Indianapolis, IN, USA; Department of Radiology (D.P.B.), Duke University, Durham, NC, USA; Department of Radiological Sciences (P.C.), University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA, USA; Department of Radiology (C.G.F.), Tufts University, Boston, MA, USA; Department of Radiology (A.E.F.), Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA, USA; Department of Radiology (R.G.), University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA; Department of Radiology & Biomedical Imaging (C.H.), University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA; Department of Radiology (K.H., Y.W.L.), New York University, New York, NY, USA; Department of Radiology (J.A.M., S.S.N.), University of Texas Southwestern, Dallas, TX, USA; Department of Clinical Neurosciences (P.M.), Lausanne University Hospital, Lausanne, Switzerland; Department of Radiology (V.P.), Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL, USA; Department of Diagnostic Radiology and Nuclear Medicine (P.R.), University of Maryland, Baltimore, MD, USA; The Russell H. Morgan Department of Radiology and Radiological Sciences (H.I.S.), Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA; Department of Radiology (J.T.), University of Colorado, Aurora, CO, USA; Department of Radiology (K.W.), Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA; Department of Radiology (C.W.), Wake Forest University, Winston-Salem, NC, USA.

Greg Zaharcuk (G)

From the Department of Radiology (B.J., C.C., R.C., A.C., D.D., S.H., G.Z.), and Department of Medicine (D.B., V.D.), Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA; Department of Neuroradiology (B.B.O., H.C., M.W.), MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA; Department of Neurology (G.Z.), University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA; Department of Radiology and Imaging Sciences (J.W.A.), Indiana University, Indianapolis, IN, USA; Department of Radiology (D.P.B.), Duke University, Durham, NC, USA; Department of Radiological Sciences (P.C.), University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA, USA; Department of Radiology (C.G.F.), Tufts University, Boston, MA, USA; Department of Radiology (A.E.F.), Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA, USA; Department of Radiology (R.G.), University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA; Department of Radiology & Biomedical Imaging (C.H.), University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA; Department of Radiology (K.H., Y.W.L.), New York University, New York, NY, USA; Department of Radiology (J.A.M., S.S.N.), University of Texas Southwestern, Dallas, TX, USA; Department of Clinical Neurosciences (P.M.), Lausanne University Hospital, Lausanne, Switzerland; Department of Radiology (V.P.), Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL, USA; Department of Diagnostic Radiology and Nuclear Medicine (P.R.), University of Maryland, Baltimore, MD, USA; The Russell H. Morgan Department of Radiology and Radiological Sciences (H.I.S.), Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA; Department of Radiology (J.T.), University of Colorado, Aurora, CO, USA; Department of Radiology (K.W.), Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA; Department of Radiology (C.W.), Wake Forest University, Winston-Salem, NC, USA.

Max Wintermark (M)

From the Department of Radiology (B.J., C.C., R.C., A.C., D.D., S.H., G.Z.), and Department of Medicine (D.B., V.D.), Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA; Department of Neuroradiology (B.B.O., H.C., M.W.), MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA; Department of Neurology (G.Z.), University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA; Department of Radiology and Imaging Sciences (J.W.A.), Indiana University, Indianapolis, IN, USA; Department of Radiology (D.P.B.), Duke University, Durham, NC, USA; Department of Radiological Sciences (P.C.), University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA, USA; Department of Radiology (C.G.F.), Tufts University, Boston, MA, USA; Department of Radiology (A.E.F.), Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA, USA; Department of Radiology (R.G.), University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA; Department of Radiology & Biomedical Imaging (C.H.), University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA; Department of Radiology (K.H., Y.W.L.), New York University, New York, NY, USA; Department of Radiology (J.A.M., S.S.N.), University of Texas Southwestern, Dallas, TX, USA; Department of Clinical Neurosciences (P.M.), Lausanne University Hospital, Lausanne, Switzerland; Department of Radiology (V.P.), Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL, USA; Department of Diagnostic Radiology and Nuclear Medicine (P.R.), University of Maryland, Baltimore, MD, USA; The Russell H. Morgan Department of Radiology and Radiological Sciences (H.I.S.), Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA; Department of Radiology (J.T.), University of Colorado, Aurora, CO, USA; Department of Radiology (K.W.), Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA; Department of Radiology (C.W.), Wake Forest University, Winston-Salem, NC, USA.

Classifications MeSH