Raman Flow Cytometry and Its Biomedical Applications.

Raman flow cytometry (RFC) uniquely integrates the "label-free" capability of Raman spectroscopy with the "high-throughput" attribute of traditional flow cytometry (FCM), offering exceptional performance in cell characterization and sorting. Unlike conventional FCM, RFC stands out for its elimination of the dependency on fluorescent labels, thereby reducing interference with the natural state of cells. Furthermore, it significantly enhances the detection information, providing a more comprehensive chemical fingerprint of cells. This review thoroughly discusses the fundamental principles and technological advantages of RFC and elaborates on its various applications in the biomedical field, from identifying and characterizing cancer cells for in vivo cancer detection and surveillance to sorting stem cells, paving the way for cell therapy, and identifying metabolic products of microbial cells, enabling the differentiation of microbial subgroups. Moreover, we delve into the current challenges and future directions regarding the improvement in sensitivity and throughput. This holds significant implications for the field of cell analysis, especially for the advancement of metabolomics.