Antioxidant and anti-inflammatory function of Eupatorium adenophora Spreng leaves (EASL) on human intestinal Caco-2 cells treated with tert-butyl hydroperoxide.
Eupatorium adenophora Spreng
Anti-inflammatory agent
Antioxidant
Caco-2 cell
Cellular model of oxidative damage
LC–MS/MS
Tert-butyl hydroperoxide (t-BHP)
Journal
Scientific reports
ISSN: 2045-2322
Titre abrégé: Sci Rep
Pays: England
ID NLM: 101563288
Informations de publication
Date de publication:
07 May 2024
07 May 2024
Historique:
received:
13
02
2024
accepted:
30
04
2024
medline:
8
5
2024
pubmed:
8
5
2024
entrez:
7
5
2024
Statut:
epublish
Résumé
Chronic non-communicable diseases (CNCDs) pose a significant public health challenge. Addressing this issue, there has been a notable breakthrough in the prevention and mitigation of NCDs through the use of antioxidants and anti-inflammatory agents. In this study, we aim to explore the effectiveness of Eupatorium adenophora Spreng leaves (EASL) as an antioxidant and anti-inflammatory agent, and its potential applications. To construct a cellular model of oxidative damage and inflammation, Caco-2 cells were treated with tert-butyl hydroperoxide (t-BHP). The biocompatibility of EASL-AE with Caco-2 cells was assessed using the MTT assay, while compatibility was further verified by measuring LDH release and the protective effect against oxidative damage was also assessed using the MTT assay. Additionally, we measured intracellular oxidative stress indicators such as ROS and 8-OHdG, as well as inflammatory pathway signalling protein NFκB and inflammatory factors TNF-α and IL-1β using ELISA, to evaluate the antioxidant and anti-inflammatory capacity of EASL-AE. The scavenging capacity of EASL-AE against free radicals was determined through the DPPH Assay and ABTS Assay. Furthermore, we measured the total phenolic, total flavonoid, and total polysaccharide contents using common chemical methods. The chemical composition of EASL-AE was analyzed using the LC-MS/MS technique. Our findings demonstrate that EASL-AE is biocompatible with Caco-2 cells and non-toxic at experimental levels. Moreover, EASL-AE exhibits a significant protective effect on Caco-2 cells subjected to oxidative damage. The antioxidant effect of EASL-AE involves the scavenging of intracellular ROS, while its anti-inflammatory effect is achieved by down-regulation of the NFκB pathway. Which in turn reduces the release of inflammatory factors TNF-α and IL-1β. Through LC-MS/MS analysis, we identified 222 compounds in EASL-AE, among which gentianic acid, procaine and L-tyrosine were the compounds with high antioxidant capacity and may be the effective constituent for EASL-AE with antioxidant activity. These results suggest that EASL-AE is a natural and high-quality antioxidant and anti-inflammatory biomaterial that warrants further investigation. It holds great potential for applications in healthcare and other related fields.
Identifiants
pubmed: 38714697
doi: 10.1038/s41598-024-61012-7
pii: 10.1038/s41598-024-61012-7
doi:
Substances chimiques
tert-Butylhydroperoxide
955VYL842B
Antioxidants
0
Anti-Inflammatory Agents
0
Plant Extracts
0
Reactive Oxygen Species
0
NF-kappa B
0
Types de publication
Journal Article
Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
Langues
eng
Sous-ensembles de citation
IM
Pagination
10509Subventions
Organisme : Dali Science and Technology Special Project
ID : 202301A020023
Informations de copyright
© 2024. The Author(s).
Références
Sriramula, S., Xia, H., Xu, P. & Lazartigues, E. Brain-targeted angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 overexpression attenuates neurogenic hypertension by inhibiting cyclooxygenase-mediated inflammation. Hypertension 65, 577–586 (2015).
pubmed: 25489058
doi: 10.1161/HYPERTENSIONAHA.114.04691
Kola, A., Vigni, G., Baratto, M. C. & Valensin, D. A combined NMR and UV–Vis approach to evaluate radical scavenging activity of rosmarinic acid and other polyphenols. Molecules 28, 6629. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules28186629 (2023).
doi: 10.3390/molecules28186629
pubmed: 37764405
pmcid: 10536562
Yarana, C. et al. Extracellular vesicles released by cardiomyocytes in a doxorubicin-induced cardiac injury mouse model contain protein biomarkers of early cardiac injury. Clin. Cancer Res. 24, 1644–1653 (2018).
pubmed: 29070527
doi: 10.1158/1078-0432.CCR-17-2046
Fernández-Agulló, A. et al. Influence of solvent on the antioxidant and antimicrobial properties of walnut (Juglans regia L.) green husk extracts. Ind. Crop Prod. 42, 126–132 (2013).
doi: 10.1016/j.indcrop.2012.05.021
Tian, B. et al. Gastroprotective effects of ganoderma lucidum polysaccharides with different molecular weights on ethanol-induced acute gastric injury in rats. Nutrients 14, 1476. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu14071476 (2022).
doi: 10.3390/nu14071476
pubmed: 35406089
pmcid: 9002462
Liu, N., Qin, L., Lu, X., Zhao, Y. & Miao, S. Fortified fermented rice-acid can regulate the gut microbiota in mice and improve the antioxidant capacity. Nutrients 13, 4219. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu13124219 (2021).
doi: 10.3390/nu13124219
pubmed: 34959769
pmcid: 8704394
Tomalin, L. E. et al. Increasing extracellular H
doi: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2016.02.035
Oelrichs, P. B., Calanasan, C. A., Macleod, J. K., Seawright, A. A. & Ng, J. C. Isolation of a compound from Eupatorium adenophorum (Spreng.) [Ageratina adenophora (Spreng.)] causing hepatotoxicity in mice. Nat. Toxins 3, 350–354 (1995).
pubmed: 8581319
doi: 10.1002/nt.2620030505
Thapa, L. B., Kaewchumnong, K., Sinkkonen, A. & Sridith, K. Soaked in rainwater effect of Ageratina adenophora on seedling growth and development of native tree species in Nepal. Flora 263, 151554. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.flora.2020.151554 (2020).
doi: 10.1016/j.flora.2020.151554
Kluge, R. L. Biological control of crofton weed, Ageratina adenophora (Asteraceae) South Africa. Agr. Ecosyst. Environ. 37, 187–191 (1991).
doi: 10.1016/0167-8809(91)90146-O
Chen, H. et al. Essential oil derived from Eupatorium adenophorum Spreng. Mediates anticancer effect by inhibiting STAT3 and AKT activation to induce apoptosis in hepatocellular carcinoma. Front. Pharmacol. 9, 483. https://doi.org/10.3389/fphar.2018.00483 (2018).
doi: 10.3389/fphar.2018.00483
pubmed: 29867489
pmcid: 5963395
Tiwary, B. K., Bihani, S., Kumar, A., Chakraborty, R. & Ghosh, R. The in vitro cytotoxic activity of ethno-pharmacological important plants of Darjeeling district of West Bengal against different human cancer cell lines. BMC Complem. Altern M. 15, 22. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12906-015-0543-5 (2015).
doi: 10.1186/s12906-015-0543-5
Sharma, O. P., Dawra, R. K., Kurade, N. P. & Sharma, P. D. A review of the toxicosis and biological properties of the genus Eupatorium. Nat. Toxins 6, 1–14 (1998).
pubmed: 9851506
doi: 10.1002/(SICI)1522-7189(199802)6:1<1::AID-NT3>3.0.CO;2-E
Awah, F. M. et al. Free radical scavenging activity, phenolic contents and cytotoxicity of selected Nigerian medicinal plants. Food Chem. 131, 1279–1286 (2012).
doi: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2011.09.118
Al-Sayyed, H. F. et al. Developing a database for total phenolic content, total flavonoid content, and antioxidant activity of Jordanian crops. Int. J. Food Prop. 25, 1290–1301 (2022).
doi: 10.1080/10942912.2022.2077369
Manandhar, S., Luitel, S. & Dahal, R. K. In Vitro antimicrobial activity of some medicinal plants against human pathogenic bacteria. J. Trop. Med.-US 2019, 1–5 (2019).
Mani, S., Natesan, K., Shivaji, K., Balasubramanian, M. G. & Ponnusamy, P. Cytotoxic effect induced apoptosis in lung cancer cell line on Ageratina adenophora leaf extract. Biocatal. Agricult. Biotechnol. 22, 101381. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bcab.2019.101381 (2019).
doi: 10.1016/j.bcab.2019.101381
Garg, V. & Paliwal, S. Wound-healing activity of ethanolic and aqueous extracts of Ficus benghalensis. J. adv. pharm. technol. 2, 110–114 (2011).
doi: 10.4103/2231-4040.82957
MandaI, S. K., Boominathan, R., Parimaladevi, B. & Mandal, S. C. Analgesic activity of methanol extract of Eupatorium adenophorum Spreng leaves. Indian J. Exp. Biol. 43, 662–663 (2005).
Ringmichon, C. L. & Gopalkrishnan, B. Antipyretic activity of Eupatorium adenophorum leaves. Int. J. Appl. Biol. Pharm. Technol. 8, 1–4 (2017).
Shi, Z. et al. Chemical separation product of Ageratina adenophora essential oil (AAEO) inhibits the inflammation of RAW264.7 cells induced by lipopolysaccharide. Xi Bao Yu Fen Zi Mian Yi Xue Za Zhi 35, 302–306 (2019).
pubmed: 31167688
Miller, P. J. O., Biassoni, N., Samuels, A. & Tyack, P. L. Whale songs lengthen in response to sonar. Nature 405, 903–903 (2000).
pubmed: 10879521
doi: 10.1038/35016148
Armstrong, L. et al. Optimizing the extraction of bioactive compounds from pu-erh tea (Camellia sinensis var assamica) and evaluation of antioxidant, cytotoxic, antimicrobial, antihemolytic, and inhibition of α-amylase and α-glucosidase activities. Food Res. Int. 137, 109430. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodres.2020.109430 (2020).
doi: 10.1016/j.foodres.2020.109430
pubmed: 33233112
Borges, T. H., Cabrera-Vique, C. & Seiquer, I. Antioxidant properties of chemical extracts and bioaccessible fractions obtained from six Spanish monovarietal extra virgin olive oils: Assays in Caco-2 cells. Food Func. 6, 2375–2383 (2015).
doi: 10.1039/C5FO00529A
Seiquer, I., Rueda, A., Olalla, M. & Cabrera-Vique, C. Assessing the bioavailability of polyphenols and antioxidant properties of extra virgin argan oil by simulated digestion and Caco-2 cell assays. Food Chem. 188, 496–503 (2015).
pubmed: 26041223
doi: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2015.05.006
Yousr, M., Aloqbi, A., Omar, U. & Howell, N. K. Antioxidant effect of egg yolk peptides against tert-butyl hydroperoxide induced oxidative stress in Caco-2 colon cancer cells. Food Sci. Technol. 4, 36–41 (2016).
doi: 10.13189/fst.2016.040302
Guo, Y. et al. The effects of an antioxidative pentapeptide derived from chickpea protein hydrolysates on oxidative stress in Caco-2 and HT-29 cell lines. J. Funct. Foods 7, 719–726 (2014).
doi: 10.1016/j.jff.2013.12.013
Jun, N. et al. Antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and anticancer function of Engleromyces goetzei Henn aqueous extract on human intestinal Caco-2 cells treated with t-BHP. Food Sci. Nutr. 11, 3450–3463 (2023).
pubmed: 37324905
pmcid: 10261740
doi: 10.1002/fsn3.3335
Ernst, W. H. O. Sampling of plant material for chemical analysis. Sci. Total Environ. 176, 15–24 (1995).
doi: 10.1016/0048-9697(95)04826-X
Capes-Davis, A. et al. Check your cultures! A list of cross-contaminated or misidentified cell lines. Int. J. Cancer 127, 1–8 (2010).
pubmed: 20143388
doi: 10.1002/ijc.25242
Sylvester, P. W. Optimization of the tetrazolium dye (MTT) colorimetric assay for cellular growth and viability in Drug Design and Discovery. Methods and Protocols(eds Satyanarayanajois, S.), vol 716. 157–168 (Springer protocols 2011).
Brand-Williams, W., Cuvelier, M. E. & Berset, C. Use of a free radical method to evaluate antioxidant activity. Food Sci. Technol. 28, 25–30 (1995).
Re, R. et al. Antioxidant activity applying an improved ABTS radical cation decolorization assay. Free Radical Bio. Med. 26, 1231–1237 (1999).
doi: 10.1016/S0891-5849(98)00315-3
Singleton, V. L. & Rossi, J. A. Colorimetry of total phenolics with phosphomolybdic-phosphotungstic acid reagents. Am. J. Enol. Viticult. 16(3), 144–158 (1965).
doi: 10.5344/ajev.1965.16.3.144
Jia, Z., Tang, M. & Wu, J. The determination of flavonoid contents in mulberry and their scavenging effects on superoxide radicals. Food chem. 64, 555–559 (1999).
doi: 10.1016/S0308-8146(98)00102-2
Dubois, M., Gilles, K. A., Hamilton, J. K., Rebers, P. A. & Simth, F. A colorimetric method for the determination of sugars. Nature 168, 167–167 (1951).
pubmed: 14875032
doi: 10.1038/168167a0
Xu, D. P. et al. Natural antioxidants in foods and medicinal plants: extraction, assessment and resources. Int. J. Mol. Sci. 18, 96. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms18010096 (2017).
doi: 10.3390/ijms18010096
pubmed: 28067795
pmcid: 5297730
Bartkiene, E. et al. The quality of wheat bread with ultrasonicated and fermented by-products from plant drinks production. Front. Microbiol. 12, 652548. https://doi.org/10.3389/fmicb.2021.652548 (2021).
doi: 10.3389/fmicb.2021.652548
pubmed: 33815341
pmcid: 8009971
Zhou, Z., Paine, M. F., Spindle, T. R., Huang, S. & Zhang, L. Cannabis for medical use: clinical pharmacology perspectives on scientific and regulatory challenges. Clin Pharmacol. Ther. 111, 732–735 (2022).
pubmed: 34784423
doi: 10.1002/cpt.2470
Aoki, K. & Saito, N. Biocompatibility and carcinogenicity of carbon nanotubes as biomaterials. Nanomaterials 10, 264. https://doi.org/10.3390/nano10020264 (2020).
doi: 10.3390/nano10020264
pubmed: 32033249
pmcid: 7075247
Mastrogiovanni, F. et al. Anti-inflammatory effects of pomegranate peel extracts on in vitro human intestinal Caco-2 cells and ex vivo porcine colonic tissue explants. Nutrients 11, 548. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu11030548 (2019).
doi: 10.3390/nu11030548
pubmed: 30841512
pmcid: 6471410
Stan, M. S. et al. Antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties of a thuja occidentalis mother tincture for the treatment of ulcerative colitis. Antioxidants 8, 416. https://doi.org/10.3390/antiox8090416 (2019).
doi: 10.3390/antiox8090416
pubmed: 31546840
pmcid: 6770683
Bedoya-Ramírez, D., Cilla, A., Contreras-Calderón, J. & Alegría-Torán, A. Evaluation of the antioxidant capacity, furan compounds and cytoprotective/cytotoxic effects upon Caco-2 cells of commercial Colombian coffee. Food Chem. 219, 364–372 (2017).
pubmed: 27765239
doi: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2016.09.159
Dai, M. et al. The astaxanthin aggregation pattern greatly influences its antioxidant activity: A comparative study in Caco-2 cells. Antioxidants 9, 126. https://doi.org/10.3390/antiox9020126 (2020).
doi: 10.3390/antiox9020126
pubmed: 32024215
pmcid: 7070916
Chanu, K. D. et al. Phytochemically analysed extract of Ageratina adenophora (Sprengel) RM King & H. Rob. initiates caspase 3-dependant apoptosis in colorectal cancer cell: A synergistic approach with chemotherapeutic drugs. J. Ethnopharmacol 322, 117591. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jep.2023.117591 (2024).
doi: 10.1016/j.jep.2023.117591
pubmed: 38104872
Sun, W. et al. Ageratina adenophora causes spleen toxicity by inducing oxidative stress and pyroptosis in mice. Roy. Soc. Open Sci. 6, 190127. https://doi.org/10.1098/rsos.190127 (2019).
doi: 10.1098/rsos.190127
Ren, Z. et al. An overview: the toxicity of Ageratina adenophora on animals and its possible interventions. Int. J. Mol. Sci. 22, 11581. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms222111581 (2021).
doi: 10.3390/ijms222111581
pubmed: 34769012
pmcid: 8584174
Zhang, L.-Q. et al. 5-HT1F receptor agonist ameliorates mechanical allodynia in neuropathic pain via induction of mitochondrial biogenesis and suppression of neuroinflammation. Front. Pharmacol. 13, 834570. https://doi.org/10.3389/fphar.2022.834570 (2022).
doi: 10.3389/fphar.2022.834570
pubmed: 35308244
pmcid: 8927783
Lin, J. et al. RIPK1 counteracts ZBP1-mediated necroptosis to inhibit inflammation. Nature 540, 124–128 (2016).
pubmed: 27819681
pmcid: 5755685
doi: 10.1038/nature20558
Thayyullathil, F. et al. Acid sphingomyelinase-dependent autophagic degradation of GPX4 is critical for the execution of ferroptosis. Cell Death Dis. 12, 26. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41419-020-03297-w (2021).
doi: 10.1038/s41419-020-03297-w
pubmed: 33414455
pmcid: 7791123
Fan, M.-X., Chen, G.-L. & Guo, M.-Q. Potential antioxidative components in azadirachta indica revealed by bio-affinity ultrafiltration with SOD and XOD. Antioxidants 11, 658. https://doi.org/10.3390/antiox11040658 (2022).
doi: 10.3390/antiox11040658
pubmed: 35453343
pmcid: 9030372
Xiao, Z. et al. Hemicellulosic polysaccharides from bamboo leaves promoted by phosphotungstic acids and its attenuation of oxidative stress in HepG2 cells. Front. Neurosci. 9, 917432. https://doi.org/10.3389/fnut.2022.917432 (2022).
doi: 10.3389/fnut.2022.917432
Chen, H. et al. High hydrostatic pressure and co-fermentation by Lactobacillus rhamnosus and Gluconacetobacter xylinus improve flavor of yacon-litchi-longan juice. Foods 8, 308. https://doi.org/10.3390/foods8080308 (2019).
doi: 10.3390/foods8080308
pubmed: 31374950
pmcid: 6722649
Karimi, P. et al. Crocetin prevents RPE cells from oxidative stress through protection of cellular metabolic function and activation of ERK1/2. Int. J. Mol. Sci. 21, 2949. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms22010244 (2020).
doi: 10.3390/ijms22010244
pubmed: 32331354
pmcid: 7215651
Hou, Z. et al. Global microRNAs expression profile analysis reveals possible regulatory mechanisms of brain injury induced by toxoplasma gondii infection. Front. Neurosci. 16, 827570. https://doi.org/10.3389/fnins.2022.827570 (2022).
doi: 10.3389/fnins.2022.827570
pubmed: 35360170
pmcid: 8961362
Khan, M. et al. Hydrogen sulfide-mediated activation of O-acetylserine (thiol) lyase and
doi: 10.3390/ijms19123981
pubmed: 30544896
pmcid: 6321631
Feng, C. et al. Cyclic mechanical tension reinforces DNA damage and activates the p53–p21-Rb pathway to induce premature senescence of nucleus pulposus cells. Int. J. Mol. Med. 41, 3316–3326 (2018).
pubmed: 29512682
pmcid: 5881642
Yang, Q. et al. Protective effects of Ulva lactuca polysaccharide extract on oxidative stress and kidney injury induced by d-galactose in mice. Mar. Drugs 19, 539. https://doi.org/10.3390/md19100539 (2021).
doi: 10.3390/md19100539
pubmed: 34677438
pmcid: 8538648
Huang, Y. T. et al. Resveratrol alleviates the cytotoxicity induced by the radiocontrast agent, ioxitalamate, by reducing the production of reactive oxygen species in HK-2 human renal proximal tubule epithelial cells in vitro. Int. J. Mol. Med. 37, 83–91 (2016).
pubmed: 26573558
doi: 10.3892/ijmm.2015.2404
Hasanuzzaman, M., Inafuku, M., Nahar, K., Fujita, M. & Oku, H. Nitric oxide regulates plant growth, physiology, antioxidant defense, and ion homeostasis to confer salt tolerance in the mangrove species, Kandelia obovata. Antioxidants 10, 611. https://doi.org/10.3390/antiox10040611 (2021).
doi: 10.3390/antiox10040611
pubmed: 33923816
pmcid: 8073094
Fernando, P. D. S. M. et al. Hesperidin Protects Human HaCaT keratinocytes from particulate matter 2.5-induced apoptosis via the inhibition of oxidative stress and autophagy. Antioxidants 11, 1363. https://doi.org/10.3390/antiox11071363 (2022).
doi: 10.3390/antiox11071363
pubmed: 35883854
pmcid: 9312010
Matsuura, E., Lopez, L. R., Shoenfeld, Y. & Ames, P. R. J. β2-glycoprotein I and oxidative inflammation in early atherogenesis: A progression from innate to adaptive immunity?. Autoimmun. Rev. 12, 241–249 (2012).
pubmed: 22569463
doi: 10.1016/j.autrev.2012.04.003
Garcia-Gonzalez, N., Battista, N., Prete, R. & Corsetti, A. health-promoting role of Lactiplantibacillus plantarum isolated from fermented foods. Microorganisms 9, 349. https://doi.org/10.3390/microorganisms9020349 (2021).
doi: 10.3390/microorganisms9020349
pubmed: 33578806
pmcid: 7916596
Han, Y. et al. Maltol, a food flavoring agent, attenuates acute alcohol-induced oxidative damage in mice. Nutrients 7, 682–696 (2015).
pubmed: 25608939
pmcid: 4303861
doi: 10.3390/nu7010682
Jiang, T. et al. Electroacupuncture attenuated cerebral ischemic injury and neuroinflammation through α7nAChR-mediated inhibition of NLRP3 inflammasome in stroke rats. Mol. Med. 25, 1–13 (2019).
doi: 10.1186/s10020-019-0091-4
Albasher, G., Almeer, R., Al-Otibi, F. O., Al-Kubaisi, N. & Mahmoud, A. M. Ameliorative effect of beta vulgaris root extract on chlorpyrifos-induced oxidative stress, inflammation and liver injury in rats. Biomolecules 9, 261. https://doi.org/10.3390/biom9070261 (2019).
doi: 10.3390/biom9070261
pubmed: 31284640
pmcid: 6681196
Xie, Y., Chen, Z. & Wu, Z. Four-octyl itaconate attenuates uvb-induced melanocytes and keratinocytes apoptosis by Nrf2 activation-dependent ros inhibition. Oxid. Med. Cell. Longev. 2022, 1–13 (2022).
Mohamed, M. E., Elmorsy, M. A. & Younis, N. S. Renal ischemia/reperfusion mitigation via geraniol: the role of Nrf-2/HO-1/NQO-1 and TLR2,4/MYD88/NFκB pathway. Antioxidants 11, 1568. https://doi.org/10.3390/antiox11081568 (2022).
doi: 10.3390/antiox11081568
pubmed: 36009287
pmcid: 9405463
Li, Y. R. et al. Ingredients from Litsea garrettii as potential preventive agents against oxidative insult and inflammatory response. Oxid. Med. Cell. Longev. 2018, 1–13 (2018).
Changlek, S. et al. Curcumin suppresses lead-induced inflammation and memory loss in mouse model and in silico molecular docking. Foods 11, 856. https://doi.org/10.3390/foods11060856 (2022).
doi: 10.3390/foods11060856
pubmed: 35327278
pmcid: 8954391
Browne, E. P. An interleukin-1 beta-encoding retrovirus exhibits enhanced replication in vivo. J. Virol. 89, 155–164 (2015).
pubmed: 25320301
doi: 10.1128/JVI.02314-14
Kim, D. H. et al. Anti-inflammatory action of β-hydroxybutyrate via modulation of PGC-1α and FoxO1, mimicking calorie restriction. Aging 11, 1283–1304 (2019).
pubmed: 30811347
pmcid: 6402511
doi: 10.18632/aging.101838
Gülçin, İ. Comparison of in vitro antioxidant and antiradical activities of L-tyrosine and L-Dopa. Amino Acids 32, 431–438 (2007).
pubmed: 16932840
doi: 10.1007/s00726-006-0379-x
Joshi, R., Gangabhagirathi, R., Venu, S., Adhikari, S. & Mukherjee, T. Antioxidant activity and free radical scavenging reactions of gentisic acid: in-vitro and pulse radiolysis studies. Free Radical Res. 46, 11–20 (2012).
doi: 10.3109/10715762.2011.633518
Hinz, B., Kraus, V., Pahl, A. & Brune, K. Salicylate metabolites inhibit cyclooxygenase-2-dependent prostaglandin E2 synthesis in murine macrophages. Biochem. Bioph. Res. Co. 274, 197–202 (2000).
doi: 10.1006/bbrc.2000.3123
Luchini, A. C. et al. Intestinal anti-inflammatory activity of coumarin and 4-hydroxycoumarin in the trinitrobenzenesulphonic acid model of rat colitis. Biol. Pharm. Bull. 31, 1343–1350 (2008).
pubmed: 18591772
doi: 10.1248/bpb.31.1343
Qiang, Z., Yu, W. & Yu, Y. Design and development of novel 1,3,5-triazine-procaine derivatives as protective agent against myocardial ischemia/reperfusion injury via inhibitor of nuclear factor-κB. Pharmacology 104, 126–138 (2019).
pubmed: 31212291
doi: 10.1159/000500702
Li, H. et al. Design, synthesis and characterization of lysozyme-gentisic acid dual-functional conjugates with antibacterial/antioxidant activities. Food Chem. 370, 131032. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodchem.2021.131032 (2022).
doi: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2021.131032
pubmed: 34500294
Ma, C. et al. Antimicrobial mechanism of hydroquinone. Appl. Biochem. Biotech. 189, 1291–1303 (2019).
doi: 10.1007/s12010-019-03067-1