Modulation of the tumor microenvironment and mechanism of immunotherapy-based drug resistance in breast cancer.
Breast cancer
Cancer-associated fibroblast
Immune resistance
Therapeutic approach
Tumor microenvironment
Tumor-associated macrophage
Journal
Molecular cancer
ISSN: 1476-4598
Titre abrégé: Mol Cancer
Pays: England
ID NLM: 101147698
Informations de publication
Date de publication:
07 May 2024
07 May 2024
Historique:
received:
12
06
2023
accepted:
02
04
2024
medline:
8
5
2024
pubmed:
8
5
2024
entrez:
7
5
2024
Statut:
epublish
Résumé
Breast cancer, the most frequent female malignancy, is often curable when detected at an early stage. The treatment of metastatic breast cancer is more challenging and may be unresponsive to conventional therapy. Immunotherapy is crucial for treating metastatic breast cancer, but its resistance is a major limitation. The tumor microenvironment (TME) is vital in modulating the immunotherapy response. Various tumor microenvironmental components, such as cancer-associated fibroblasts (CAFs), tumor-associated macrophages (TAMs), and myeloid-derived suppressor cells (MDSCs), are involved in TME modulation to cause immunotherapy resistance. This review highlights the role of stromal cells in modulating the breast tumor microenvironment, including the involvement of CAF-TAM interaction, alteration of tumor metabolism leading to immunotherapy failure, and other latest strategies, including high throughput genomic screening, single-cell and spatial omics techniques for identifying tumor immune genes regulating immunotherapy response. This review emphasizes the therapeutic approach to overcome breast cancer immune resistance through CAF reprogramming, modulation of TAM polarization, tumor metabolism, and genomic alterations.
Identifiants
pubmed: 38715072
doi: 10.1186/s12943-024-01990-4
pii: 10.1186/s12943-024-01990-4
doi:
Types de publication
Journal Article
Review
Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
Langues
eng
Sous-ensembles de citation
IM
Pagination
92Subventions
Organisme : DST INSPIRE Fellowship Program
ID : DST/INSPIRE Fellowship/2021/IF210059
Organisme : DBT-BUILDER Program, Govt. of India
ID : BT/INF/22/SP42155/2021
Organisme : Science and Engineering Research Board (SERB) Program, Govt. of India
ID : Project/Grant No. JCB/2023/000011
Organisme : Department of Biotechnology (DBT) Program, Govt of India
ID : Project/Grant No. BT/PR-32388/TRM/120/242/2019
Informations de copyright
© 2024. The Author(s).
Références
Sung H, Ferlay J, Siegel RL, Laversanne M, Soerjomataram I, Jemal A et al. Global cancer statistics 2020: GLOBOCAN estimates of incidence and mortality worldwide for 36 cancers in 185 countries. CA: a Cancer Journal for Clinicians. 2021;:caac.21660.
Bai R, Chen N, Li L, Du N, Bai L, Lv Z, et al. Mechanisms of Cancer Resistance to Immunotherapy. Front Oncol. 2020;10:1290.
pubmed: 32850400
pmcid: 7425302
doi: 10.3389/fonc.2020.01290
Baghban R, Roshangar L, Jahanban-Esfahlan R, Seidi K, Ebrahimi-Kalan A, Jaymand M, et al. Tumor microenvironment complexity and therapeutic implications at a glance. Cell Commun Signal. 2020;18:59.
pubmed: 32264958
pmcid: 7140346
doi: 10.1186/s12964-020-0530-4
Sarkar S, Horn G, Moulton K, Oza A, Byler S, Kokolus S, et al. Cancer Development, Progression, and Therapy: an epigenetic overview. IJMS. 2013;14:21087–113.
pubmed: 24152442
pmcid: 3821660
doi: 10.3390/ijms141021087
Hanahan D. Hallmarks of Cancer: New dimensions. Cancer Discov. 2022;12:31–46.
pubmed: 35022204
doi: 10.1158/2159-8290.CD-21-1059
Chew V, Toh HC, Abastado J-P. Immune Microenvironment in Tumor Progression: characteristics and challenges for Therapy. J Oncol. 2012;2012:1–10.
doi: 10.1155/2012/608406
Mao X, Xu J, Wang W, Liang C, Hua J, Liu J, et al. Crosstalk between cancer-associated fibroblasts and immune cells in the tumor microenvironment: new findings and future perspectives. Mol Cancer. 2021;20:131.
pubmed: 34635121
pmcid: 8504100
doi: 10.1186/s12943-021-01428-1
Butti R, Kumar TVS, Nimma R, Banerjee P, Kundu IG, Kundu GC. Osteopontin Signaling in shaping Tumor Microenvironment Conducive to Malignant Progression. In: Birbrair A, editor. Tumor Microenvironment. Cham: Springer International Publishing; 2021. pp. 419–41.
doi: 10.1007/978-3-030-73119-9_20
Andersson P, Yang Y, Hosaka K, Zhang Y, Fischer C, Braun H, et al. Molecular mechanisms of IL-33–mediated stromal interactions in cancer metastasis. JCI Insight. 2018;3:e122375.
pubmed: 30333314
pmcid: 6237443
doi: 10.1172/jci.insight.122375
Butti R, Nimma R, Kundu G, Bulbule A, Kumar TVS, Gunasekaran VP, et al. Tumor-derived osteopontin drives the resident fibroblast to myofibroblast differentiation through Twist1 to promote breast cancer progression. Oncogene. 2021;40:2002–17.
pubmed: 33603163
doi: 10.1038/s41388-021-01663-2
Gonzalez H, Hagerling C, Werb Z. Roles of the immune system in cancer: from tumor initiation to metastatic progression. Genes Dev. 2018;32:1267–84.
pubmed: 30275043
pmcid: 6169832
doi: 10.1101/gad.314617.118
Sadeghalvad M, Mohammadi-Motlagh H-R, Rezaei N. Immune microenvironment in different molecular subtypes of ductal breast carcinoma. Breast Cancer Res Treat. 2021;185:261–79.
pubmed: 33011829
doi: 10.1007/s10549-020-05954-2
Del Gil CR, Huh SJ, Ekram MB, Trinh A, Liu LL, Beca F, et al. Immune escape in breast Cancer during in situ to Invasive Carcinoma Transition. Cancer Discov. 2017;7:1098–115.
doi: 10.1158/2159-8290.CD-17-0222
Salemme V, Centonze G, Cavallo F, Defilippi P, Conti L. The Crosstalk between Tumor Cells and the Immune Microenvironment in breast Cancer: implications for Immunotherapy. Front Oncol. 2021;11:610303.
pubmed: 33777750
pmcid: 7991834
doi: 10.3389/fonc.2021.610303
Balkwill F. Cancer and the chemokine network. Nat Rev Cancer. 2004;4:540–50.
pubmed: 15229479
doi: 10.1038/nrc1388
Debien V, De Caluwé A, Wang X, Piccart-Gebhart M, Tuohy VK, Romano E, et al. Immunotherapy in breast cancer: an overview of current strategies and perspectives. npj Breast Cancer. 2023;9:7.
pubmed: 36781869
pmcid: 9925769
doi: 10.1038/s41523-023-00508-3
Binnewies M, Roberts EW, Kersten K, Chan V, Fearon DF, Merad M, et al. Understanding the tumor immune microenvironment (TIME) for effective therapy. Nat Med. 2018;24:541–50.
pubmed: 29686425
pmcid: 5998822
doi: 10.1038/s41591-018-0014-x
Garrido-Castro AC, Lin NU, Polyak K. Insights into Molecular classifications of Triple-negative breast Cancer: improving patient selection for treatment. Cancer Discov. 2019;9:176–98.
pubmed: 30679171
pmcid: 6387871
doi: 10.1158/2159-8290.CD-18-1177
Stark MC, Joubert AM, Visagie MH. Molecular Farming of Pembrolizumab and Nivolumab. IJMS. 2023;24:10045.
pubmed: 37373192
pmcid: 10298108
doi: 10.3390/ijms241210045
Krasniqi E, Barchiesi G, Pizzuti L, Mazzotta M, Venuti A, Maugeri-Saccà M, et al. Immunotherapy in HER2-positive breast cancer: state of the art and future perspectives. J Hematol Oncol. 2019;12:111.
pubmed: 31665051
pmcid: 6820969
doi: 10.1186/s13045-019-0798-2
Schmid P, Cortes J, Pusztai L, McArthur H, Kümmel S, Bergh J, et al. Pembrolizumab for early triple-negative breast Cancer. N Engl J Med. 2020;382:810–21.
pubmed: 32101663
doi: 10.1056/NEJMoa1910549
Adel NG. Current treatment landscape and emerging therapies for metastatic triple-negative breast cancer. Am J Manag Care. 2021;27(Suppl 5):S87–96.
pubmed: 33856160
doi: 10.37765/ajmc.2021.88626
Franzoi MA, Romano E, Piccart M. Immunotherapy for early breast cancer: too soon, too superficial, or just right? Ann Oncol. 2021;32:323–36.
pubmed: 33307202
doi: 10.1016/j.annonc.2020.11.022
Dirix LY, Takacs I, Jerusalem G, Nikolinakos P, Arkenau H-T, Forero-Torres A, et al. Avelumab, an anti-PD-L1 antibody, in patients with locally advanced or metastatic breast cancer: a phase 1b JAVELIN solid tumor study. Breast Cancer Res Treat. 2018;167:671–86.
pubmed: 29063313
doi: 10.1007/s10549-017-4537-5
Pardoll DM. The blockade of immune checkpoints in cancer immunotherapy. Nat Rev Cancer. 2012;12:252–64.
pubmed: 22437870
pmcid: 4856023
doi: 10.1038/nrc3239
Henriques B, Mendes F, Martins D. Immunotherapy in breast Cancer: when, how, and what challenges? Biomedicines. 2021;9:1687.
pubmed: 34829916
pmcid: 8616011
doi: 10.3390/biomedicines9111687
Rowshanravan B, Halliday N, Sansom DM. CTLA-4: a moving target in immunotherapy. Blood. 2018;131:58–67.
pubmed: 29118008
doi: 10.1182/blood-2017-06-741033
Buchbinder EI, Desai A. CTLA-4 and PD-1 pathways: similarities, differences, and implications of their inhibition. Am J Clin Oncol. 2016;39:98–106.
pubmed: 26558876
pmcid: 4892769
doi: 10.1097/COC.0000000000000239
Shimomura A, Fujiwara Y, Kondo S, Kodaira M, Iwasa S, Kitano S, et al. Tremelimumab-associated tumor regression following after initial progression: two case reports. Immunotherapy. 2016;8:9–15.
pubmed: 26427600
doi: 10.2217/imt.15.89
Tarhini A. CTLA-4 blockade: therapeutic potential in cancer treatments. OTT. 2010;3:15–25.
Loi S, Francis PA, Zdenkowski N, Gebski V, Fox SB, White M, et al. Neoadjuvant ipilimumab and nivolumab in combination with paclitaxel following anthracycline-based chemotherapy in patients with treatment resistant early-stage triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC): a single-arm phase 2 trial. JCO. 2022;40 16suppl:602–602.
doi: 10.1200/JCO.2022.40.16_suppl.602
Santa-Maria CA, Kato T, Park J-H, Kiyotani K, Rademaker A, Shah AN, et al. A pilot study of durvalumab and tremelimumab and immunogenomic dynamics in metastatic breast cancer. Oncotarget. 2018;9:18985–96.
pubmed: 29721177
pmcid: 5922371
doi: 10.18632/oncotarget.24867
Hwang WL, Pike LRG, Royce TJ, Mahal BA, Loeffler JS. Safety of combining radiotherapy with immune-checkpoint inhibition. Nat Rev Clin Oncol. 2018;15:477–94.
pubmed: 29872177
doi: 10.1038/s41571-018-0046-7
Barroso-Sousa R, Barry WT, Garrido-Castro AC, Hodi FS, Min L, Krop IE, et al. Incidence of endocrine dysfunction following the use of different Immune checkpoint inhibitor regimens: a systematic review and Meta-analysis. JAMA Oncol. 2018;4:173.
pubmed: 28973656
doi: 10.1001/jamaoncol.2017.3064
Slamon DJ, Leyland-Jones B, Shak S, Fuchs H, Paton V, Bajamonde A, et al. Use of Chemotherapy plus a monoclonal antibody against HER2 for metastatic breast Cancer that overexpresses HER2. N Engl J Med. 2001;344:783–92.
pubmed: 11248153
doi: 10.1056/NEJM200103153441101
Muntasell A, Cabo M, Servitja S, Tusquets I, Martínez-García M, Rovira A, et al. Interplay between natural killer cells and Anti-HER2 antibodies: perspectives for breast Cancer immunotherapy. Front Immunol. 2017;8:1544.
pubmed: 29181007
pmcid: 5694168
doi: 10.3389/fimmu.2017.01544
Early Breast Cancer Trialists’ Collaborative group (EBCTCG). Trastuzumab for early-stage, HER2-positive breast cancer: a meta-analysis of 13 864 women in seven randomised trials. Lancet Oncol. 2021;22:1139–50.
doi: 10.1016/S1470-2045(21)00288-6
Kreutzfeldt J, Rozeboom B, Dey N, De P. The trastuzumab era: current and upcoming targeted HER2 + breast cancer therapies. Am J Cancer Res. 2020;10:1045–67.
pubmed: 32368385
pmcid: 7191090
García-Aranda M, Redondo M, Immunotherapy. A challenge of breast Cancer Treatment. Cancers. 2019;11:1822.
pubmed: 31756919
pmcid: 6966503
doi: 10.3390/cancers11121822
Hunter FW, Barker HR, Lipert B, Rothé F, Gebhart G, Piccart-Gebhart MJ, et al. Mechanisms of resistance to trastuzumab emtansine (T-DM1) in HER2-positive breast cancer. Br J Cancer. 2020;122:603–12.
pubmed: 31839676
doi: 10.1038/s41416-019-0635-y
Nuti M, Bellati F, Visconti V, Napoletano C, Domenici L, Caccetta J, et al. Immune effects of Trastuzumab. J Cancer. 2011;2:317–23.
pubmed: 21716848
pmcid: 3119394
doi: 10.7150/jca.2.317
Klein P. Trastuzumab and cardiac dysfunction: update on preclinical studies. Semin Oncol. 2003;30:49–53.
pubmed: 14613026
doi: 10.1053/j.seminoncol.2003.08.007
Swain SM, Baselga J, Kim S-B, Ro J, Semiglazov V, Campone M, et al. Pertuzumab, Trastuzumab, and Docetaxel in HER2-Positive metastatic breast Cancer. N Engl J Med. 2015;372:724–34.
pubmed: 25693012
pmcid: 5584549
doi: 10.1056/NEJMoa1413513
Loi S, Giobbie-Hurder A, Gombos A, Bachelot T, Hui R, Curigliano G, et al. Pembrolizumab plus Trastuzumab in trastuzumab-resistant, advanced, HER2-positive breast cancer (PANACEA): a single-arm, multicentre, phase 1b–2 trial. Lancet Oncol. 2019;20:371–82.
pubmed: 30765258
doi: 10.1016/S1470-2045(18)30812-X
Royce M, Osgood CL, Amatya AK, Fiero MH, Chang CJG, Ricks TK, et al. FDA approval Summary: Margetuximab plus Chemotherapy for Advanced or metastatic HER2-Positive breast Cancer. Clin Cancer Res. 2022;28:1487–92.
pubmed: 34916216
pmcid: 9012688
doi: 10.1158/1078-0432.CCR-21-3247
Rugo HS, Im S-A, Cardoso F, Cortés J, Curigliano G, Musolino A, et al. Efficacy of Margetuximab vs Trastuzumab in patients with pretreated ERBB2-Positive advanced breast Cancer: a phase 3 Randomized Clinical Trial. JAMA Oncol. 2021;7:573.
pubmed: 33480963
doi: 10.1001/jamaoncol.2020.7932
Tarantino P, Morganti S, Uliano J, Giugliano F, Crimini E, Curigliano G. Margetuximab for the treatment of HER2-positive metastatic breast cancer. Expert Opin Biol Ther. 2021;21:127–33.
pubmed: 33238772
doi: 10.1080/14712598.2021.1856812
Jiao X, Wang M, Zhang Z, Li Z, Ni D, Ashton AW, et al. Leronlimab, a humanized monoclonal antibody to CCR5, blocks breast cancer cellular metastasis and enhances cell death induced by DNA damaging chemotherapy. Breast Cancer Res. 2021;23:11.
pubmed: 33485378
pmcid: 7825185
doi: 10.1186/s13058-021-01391-1
Behl A, Wani ZA, Das NN, Parmar VS, Len C, Malhotra S, et al. Monoclonal antibodies in breast cancer: a critical appraisal. Crit Rev Oncol/Hematol. 2023;183:103915.
pubmed: 36702424
doi: 10.1016/j.critrevonc.2023.103915
Swain SM, Shastry M, Hamilton E. Targeting HER2-positive breast cancer: advances and future directions. Nat Rev Drug Discov. 2023;22:101–26.
pubmed: 36344672
doi: 10.1038/s41573-022-00579-0
Hamilton EP, Petit T, Pistilli B, Goncalves A, Ferreira AA, Dalenc F, et al. Clinical activity of MCLA-128 (zenocutuzumab), trastuzumab, and vinorelbine in HER2 amplified metastatic breast cancer (MBC) patients (pts) who had progressed on anti-HER2 ADCs. JCO. 2020;38 15suppl:3093–3093.
doi: 10.1200/JCO.2020.38.15_suppl.3093
Zhang J, Ji D, Cai L, Yao H, Yan M, Wang X, et al. First-in-human HER2-targeted bispecific antibody KN026 for the treatment of patients with HER2-positive metastatic breast Cancer: results from a phase I study. Clin Cancer Res. 2022;28:618–28.
pubmed: 34844975
doi: 10.1158/1078-0432.CCR-21-2827
Peters C, Brown S. Antibody–drug conjugates as novel anti-cancer chemotherapeutics. Biosci Rep. 2015;35:e00225.
pubmed: 26182432
pmcid: 4613712
doi: 10.1042/BSR20150089
Arab A, Yazdian-Robati R, Behravan J. HER2-Positive breast Cancer Immunotherapy: a focus on Vaccine Development. Arch Immunol Ther Exp. 2020;68:2.
doi: 10.1007/s00005-019-00566-1
Galván Morales MA, Barrera Rodríguez R, Santiago Cruz JR, Teran LM. Overview of new treatments with immunotherapy for breast Cancer and a proposal of a combination therapy. Molecules. 2020;25:5686.
pubmed: 33276556
pmcid: 7730494
doi: 10.3390/molecules25235686
Keam SJ. Trastuzumab Deruxtecan: first approval. Drugs. 2020;80:501–8.
pubmed: 32144719
doi: 10.1007/s40265-020-01281-4
Razavi P, Chang MT, Xu G, Bandlamudi C, Ross DS, Vasan N, et al. The genomic Landscape of Endocrine-Resistant Advanced breast cancers. Cancer Cell. 2018;34:427–e4386.
pubmed: 30205045
pmcid: 6327853
doi: 10.1016/j.ccell.2018.08.008
Rugo HS, Bianchini G, Cortes J, Henning J-W, Untch M. Optimizing treatment management of trastuzumab deruxtecan in clinical practice of breast cancer. ESMO Open. 2022;7:100553.
pubmed: 35964548
pmcid: 9375150
doi: 10.1016/j.esmoop.2022.100553
Chiu JWY, Lee SC, Ho JC, Park YH, Chao T-C, Kim S-B, et al. Clinical Guidance on the monitoring and management of Trastuzumab Deruxtecan (T-DXd)-Related adverse events: insights from an Asia-Pacific Multidisciplinary Panel. Drug Saf. 2023;46:927–49.
pubmed: 37552439
pmcid: 10584766
doi: 10.1007/s40264-023-01328-x
Sussman D, Smith LM, Anderson ME, Duniho S, Hunter JH, Kostner H, et al. SGN–LIV1A: a novel antibody–drug Conjugate Targeting LIV-1 for the treatment of metastatic breast Cancer. Mol Cancer Ther. 2014;13:2991–3000.
pubmed: 25253783
doi: 10.1158/1535-7163.MCT-13-0896
Modi S, Pusztai L, Forero A, Mita M, Miller K, Weise A, et al. Abstract PD3-14: phase 1 study of the antibody-drug conjugate SGN-LIV1A in patients with heavily pretreated triple-negative metastatic breast cancer. Cancer Res. 2018;78(4Supplement):PD3–14.
Cardillo TM, Govindan SV, Sharkey RM, Trisal P, Arrojo R, Liu D, et al. Sacituzumab Govitecan (IMMU-132), an Anti-TROP2/SN-38 antibody–drug conjugate: characterization and efficacy in pancreatic, gastric, and other cancers. Bioconjug Chem. 2015;26:919–31.
pubmed: 25915780
doi: 10.1021/acs.bioconjchem.5b00223
Bardia A, Mayer IA, Diamond JR, Moroose RL, Isakoff SJ, Starodub AN, et al. Efficacy and safety of Anti-TROP2 antibody drug Conjugate Sacituzumab Govitecan (IMMU-132) in heavily pretreated patients with metastatic triple-negative breast Cancer. J Clin Oncol. 2017;35:2141–8.
pubmed: 28291390
pmcid: 5559902
doi: 10.1200/JCO.2016.70.8297
Shastry M, Jacob S, Rugo HS, Hamilton E. Antibody-drug conjugates targeting TROP2: clinical development in metastatic breast cancer. Breast. 2022;66:169–77.
pubmed: 36302269
pmcid: 9614644
doi: 10.1016/j.breast.2022.10.007
Dent RA, Cescon DW, Bachelot T, Jung KH, Shao Z-M, Saji S, et al. TROPION-Breast02: Datopotamab deruxtecan for locally recurrent inoperable or metastatic triple-negative breast cancer. Future Oncol. 2023;19:2349–59.
pubmed: 37526149
doi: 10.2217/fon-2023-0228
Yardley DA, Weaver R, Melisko ME, Saleh MN, Arena FP, Forero A, et al. EMERGE: a randomized phase II study of the antibody-drug Conjugate Glembatumumab Vedotin in Advanced Glycoprotein NMB–Expressing breast Cancer. JCO. 2015;33:1609–19.
doi: 10.1200/JCO.2014.56.2959
Vahdat LT, Schmid P, Forero-Torres A, Blackwell K, Telli ML, Melisko M, et al. Glembatumumab vedotin for patients with metastatic, gpNMB overexpressing, triple-negative breast cancer (METRIC): a randomized multicenter study. npj Breast Cancer. 2021;7:57.
pubmed: 34016993
pmcid: 8137923
doi: 10.1038/s41523-021-00244-6
D’Arienzo A, Verrazzo A, Pagliuca M, Napolitano F, Parola S, Viggiani M, et al. Toxicity profile of antibody-drug conjugates in breast cancer: practical considerations. eClinicalMedicine. 2023;62:102113.
pubmed: 37554126
pmcid: 10404866
doi: 10.1016/j.eclinm.2023.102113
Clifton GT, Peoples GE, Mittendorf EA. The development and use of the E75 (HER2 369–377) peptide vaccine. Future Oncol. 2016;12:1321–9.
pubmed: 27044454
pmcid: 6040084
doi: 10.2217/fon-2015-0054
Clifton GT, Gall V, Peoples GE, Mittendorf EA. Clinical Development of the E75 vaccine in breast Cancer. Breast Care (Basel). 2016;11:116–21.
pubmed: 27239173
doi: 10.1159/000446097
Brown TA, Mittendorf EA, Hale DF, Myers JW, Peace KM, Jackson DO, et al. Prospective, randomized, single-blinded, multi-center phase II trial of two HER2 peptide vaccines, GP2 and AE37, in breast cancer patients to prevent recurrence. Breast Cancer Res Treat. 2020;181:391–401.
pubmed: 32323103
pmcid: 7188712
doi: 10.1007/s10549-020-05638-x
Zhao L, Zhang M, Cong H. Advances in the study of HLA-restricted epitope vaccines. Hum Vaccin Immunother. 2013;9:2566–77.
pubmed: 23955319
pmcid: 4162067
doi: 10.4161/hv.26088
Clifton GT, Mittendorf EA, Peoples GE. Adjuvant HER2/neu peptide cancer vaccines in breast cancer. Immunotherapy. 2015;7:1159–68.
pubmed: 26567563
doi: 10.2217/imt.15.81
Mittendorf EA, Clifton GT, Holmes JP, Schneble E, Van Echo D, Ponniah S, et al. Final report of the phase I/II clinical trial of the E75 (nelipepimut-S) vaccine with booster inoculations to prevent disease recurrence in high-risk breast cancer patients. Ann Oncol. 2014;25:1735–42.
pubmed: 24907636
pmcid: 4143091
doi: 10.1093/annonc/mdu211
Mittendorf EA, Ardavanis A, Symanowski J, Murray JL, Shumway NM, Litton JK, et al. Primary analysis of a prospective, randomized, single-blinded phase II trial evaluating the HER2 peptide AE37 vaccine in breast cancer patients to prevent recurrence. Ann Oncol. 2016;27:1241–8.
pubmed: 27029708
pmcid: 4922316
doi: 10.1093/annonc/mdw150
Thomas R, Al-Khadairi G, Roelands J, Hendrickx W, Dermime S, Bedognetti D, et al. NY-ESO-1 based immunotherapy of Cancer: current perspectives. Front Immunol. 2018;9:947.
pubmed: 29770138
pmcid: 5941317
doi: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.00947
Wang C, Gu Y, Zhang K, Xie K, Zhu M, Dai N, et al. Systematic identification of genes with a cancer-testis expression pattern in 19 cancer types. Nat Commun. 2016;7:10499.
pubmed: 26813108
pmcid: 4737856
doi: 10.1038/ncomms10499
O’Shaughnessy J, Roberts LK, Smith JL, Levin MK, Timis R, Finholt JP, et al. Safety and initial clinical efficacy of a dendritic cell (DC) vaccine in locally advanced, triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) patients (pts). JCO. 2016;34 15suppl:1086–1086.
doi: 10.1200/JCO.2016.34.15_suppl.1086
Higgins M, Curigliano G, Dieras V, Kuemmel S, Kunz G, Fasching PA, et al. Safety and immunogenicity of neoadjuvant treatment using WT1-immunotherapeutic in combination with standard therapy in patients with WT1-positive stage II/III breast cancer: a randomized phase I study. Breast Cancer Res Treat. 2017;162:479–88.
pubmed: 28176175
pmcid: 5332485
doi: 10.1007/s10549-017-4130-y
Chung VM, Kos F, Hardwick N, Yuan Y, Chao J, Li M, et al. A phase 1 study of p53MVA vaccine in combination with pembrolizumab. JCO. 2018;36 5suppl:206–206.
doi: 10.1200/JCO.2018.36.5_suppl.206
Kimura T, Finn OJ. MUC1 immunotherapy is here to stay. Expert Opin Biol Ther. 2013;13:35–49.
pubmed: 22998452
doi: 10.1517/14712598.2012.725719
Hosseini M, Seyedpour S, Khodaei B, Loghman A-H, Seyedpour N, Yazdi M-H, et al. Cancer vaccines for Triple-negative breast Cancer: a systematic review. Vaccines. 2023;11:146.
pubmed: 36679991
pmcid: 9866612
doi: 10.3390/vaccines11010146
Rugo HS, Cortes J, Xu B, Huang C-S, Kim S-B, Melisko ME, et al. A phase 3, randomized, open-label study of the anti-globo H vaccine adagloxad simolenin/obi-821 in the adjuvant treatment of high-risk, early-stage, Globo H-positive triple-negative breast cancer. JCO. 2022;40 16suppl:TPS611–611.
doi: 10.1200/JCO.2022.40.16_suppl.TPS611
Stevens KN, Vachon CM, Couch FJ. Genetic susceptibility to Triple-negative breast Cancer. Cancer Res. 2013;73:2025–30.
pubmed: 23536562
pmcid: 3654815
doi: 10.1158/0008-5472.CAN-12-1699
Gray A, Yan L, Kast WM. Prevention is Better Than cure: the case for clinical trials of Therapeutic Cancer vaccines in the prophylactic setting. Mol Interv. 2010;10:197–203.
pubmed: 20729485
pmcid: 2965609
doi: 10.1124/mi.10.4.2
Brito Baleeiro R, Liu P, Chard Dunmall LS, Di Gioia C, Nagano A, Cutmore L, et al. Personalized neoantigen viro-immunotherapy platform for triple-negative breast cancer. J Immunother Cancer. 2023;11:e007336.
pubmed: 37586771
pmcid: 10432671
doi: 10.1136/jitc-2023-007336
Zhang S, Liu Y, Zhou J, Wang J, Jin G, Wang X. Breast Cancer Vaccine containing a Novel toll-like receptor 7 agonist and an aluminum adjuvant exerts Antitumor effects. IJMS. 2022;23:15130.
pubmed: 36499455
pmcid: 9741412
doi: 10.3390/ijms232315130
Singer CF, Pfeiler G, Hubalek M, Bartsch R, Stöger H, Pichler A, et al. Efficacy and safety of the therapeutic cancer vaccine tecemotide (L-BLP25) in early breast cancer: results from a prospective, randomised, neoadjuvant phase II study (ABCSG 34). Eur J Cancer. 2020;132:43–52.
pubmed: 32325419
doi: 10.1016/j.ejca.2020.03.018
Dehghan-Manshadi M, Nikpoor AR, Hadinedoushan H, Zare F, Sankian M, Fesahat F, et al. Protective immune response against P32 oncogenic peptide-pulsed PBMCs in mouse models of breast cancer. Int Immunopharmacol. 2021;93:107414.
pubmed: 33578183
doi: 10.1016/j.intimp.2021.107414
Basu A, Albert GK, Awshah S, Datta J, Kodumudi KN, Gallen C, et al. Identification of immunogenic MHC class II Human HER3 peptides that mediate Anti-HER3 CD4 + Th1 responses and potential use as a Cancer Vaccine. Cancer Immunol Res. 2022;10:108–25.
pubmed: 34785506
doi: 10.1158/2326-6066.CIR-21-0454
Callmann CE, Cole LE, Kusmierz CD, Huang Z, Horiuchi D, Mirkin CA. Tumor cell lysate-loaded immunostimulatory spherical nucleic acids as therapeutics for triple-negative breast cancer. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 2020;117:17543–50.
pubmed: 32669433
pmcid: 7395518
doi: 10.1073/pnas.2005794117
Huang L, Rong Y, Tang X, Yi K, Qi P, Hou J, et al. Engineered exosomes as an in situ DC-primed vaccine to boost antitumor immunity in breast cancer. Mol Cancer. 2022;21:45.
pubmed: 35148751
pmcid: 8831689
doi: 10.1186/s12943-022-01515-x
Tay AS-MS, Amano T, Edwards LA, Yu JS. CD133 mRNA-transfected dendritic cells induce coordinated cytotoxic and helper T cell responses against breast cancer stem cells. Mol Therapy - Oncolytics. 2021;22:64–71.
doi: 10.1016/j.omto.2021.05.006
Liu L, Wang Y, Miao L, Liu Q, Musetti S, Li J, et al. Combination immunotherapy of MUC1 mRNA Nano-vaccine and CTLA-4 Blockade effectively inhibits growth of Triple negative breast Cancer. Mol Ther. 2018;26:45–55.
pubmed: 29258739
doi: 10.1016/j.ymthe.2017.10.020
Santisteban M, Solans BP, Hato L, Urrizola A, Mejías LD, Salgado E, et al. Final results regarding the addition of dendritic cell vaccines to neoadjuvant chemotherapy in early HER2-negative breast cancer patients: clinical and translational analysis. Ther Adv Med Oncol. 2021;13:175883592110646.
doi: 10.1177/17588359211064653
Maeng HM, Moore BN, Bagheri H, Steinberg SM, Inglefield J, Dunham K, et al. Phase I clinical trial of an autologous dendritic cell vaccine against HER2 shows Safety and preliminary clinical efficacy. Front Oncol. 2021;11:789078.
pubmed: 34976830
pmcid: 8716407
doi: 10.3389/fonc.2021.789078
Lowenfeld L, Mick R, Datta J, Xu S, Fitzpatrick E, Fisher CS, et al. Dendritic cell vaccination enhances Immune responses and induces regression of HER2pos DCIS Independent of Route: results of Randomized Selection Design Trial. Clin Cancer Res. 2017;23:2961–71.
pubmed: 27965306
doi: 10.1158/1078-0432.CCR-16-1924
Lowenfeld L, Zaheer S, Oechsle C, Fracol M, Datta J, Xu S, et al. Addition of anti-estrogen therapy to anti-HER2 dendritic cell vaccination improves regional nodal immune response and pathologic complete response rate in patients with ER
pubmed: 28932627
doi: 10.1080/2162402X.2016.1207032
Bernal-Estévez DA, Ortíz Barbosa MA, Ortíz-Montero P, Cifuentes C, Sánchez R, Parra-López CA. Autologous dendritic cells in Combination with Chemotherapy restore responsiveness of T cells in breast Cancer patients: a single-arm phase I/II trial. Front Immunol. 2021;12:669965.
pubmed: 34489928
pmcid: 8417880
doi: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.669965
Adams S, Kozhaya L, Martiniuk F, Meng T-C, Chiriboga L, Liebes L, et al. Topical TLR7 agonist Imiquimod can induce Immune-mediated rejection of skin metastases in patients with breast Cancer. Clin Cancer Res. 2012;18:6748–57.
pubmed: 22767669
pmcid: 3580198
doi: 10.1158/1078-0432.CCR-12-1149
Salazar LG, Lu H, Reichow JL, Childs JS, Coveler AL, Higgins DM, et al. Topical Imiquimod Plus Nab-paclitaxel for breast Cancer cutaneous metastases: a phase 2 clinical trial. JAMA Oncol. 2017;3:969.
pubmed: 28114604
pmcid: 5824239
doi: 10.1001/jamaoncol.2016.6007
Hammerich L, Marron TU, Upadhyay R, Svensson-Arvelund J, Dhainaut M, Hussein S, et al. Systemic clinical tumor regressions and potentiation of PD1 blockade with in situ vaccination. Nat Med. 2019;25:814–24.
pubmed: 30962585
doi: 10.1038/s41591-019-0410-x
Dees S, Ganesan R, Singh S, Grewal IS. Emerging CAR-T cell therapy for the treatment of Triple-negative breast Cancer. Mol Cancer Ther. 2020;19:2409–21.
pubmed: 33087511
doi: 10.1158/1535-7163.MCT-20-0385
Dey A, Ghosh S, Jha S, Hazra S, Srivastava N, Chakraborty U, et al. Recent advancement in breast cancer treatment using CAR T cell therapy:- a review. Adv Cancer Biology - Metastasis. 2023;7:100090.
doi: 10.1016/j.adcanc.2023.100090
Zhang W, Liu L, Su H, Liu Q, Shen J, Dai H, et al. Chimeric antigen receptor macrophage therapy for breast tumours mediated by targeting the tumour extracellular matrix. Br J Cancer. 2019;121:837–45.
pubmed: 31570753
pmcid: 6889154
doi: 10.1038/s41416-019-0578-3
Schepisi G, Gianni C, Palleschi M, Bleve S, Casadei C, Lolli C, et al. The New Frontier of Immunotherapy: Chimeric Antigen Receptor T (CAR-T) cell and macrophage (CAR-M) therapy against breast Cancer. Cancers. 2023;15:1597.
pubmed: 36900394
pmcid: 10000829
doi: 10.3390/cancers15051597
Raftery MJ, Franzén AS, Radecke C, Boulifa A, Schönrich G, Stintzing S, et al. Next Generation CD44v6-Specific CAR-NK cells effective against Triple negative breast Cancer. IJMS. 2023;24:9038.
pubmed: 37240385
pmcid: 10218876
doi: 10.3390/ijms24109038
Zhang P, Zhang G, Wan X. Challenges and new technologies in adoptive cell therapy. J Hematol Oncol. 2023;16:97.
pubmed: 37596653
pmcid: 10439661
doi: 10.1186/s13045-023-01492-8
Long B, Brem E, Koyfman A. Oncologic emergencies: Immune-Based Cancer therapies and complications. WestJEM. 2020;21:566–80.
Lee DW, Gardner R, Porter DL, Louis CU, Ahmed N, Jensen M, et al. Current concepts in the diagnosis and management of cytokine release syndrome. Blood. 2014;124:188–95.
pubmed: 24876563
pmcid: 4093680
doi: 10.1182/blood-2014-05-552729
Fajgenbaum DC, June CH. Cytokine storm. N Engl J Med. 2020;383:2255–73.
pubmed: 33264547
pmcid: 7727315
doi: 10.1056/NEJMra2026131
Wu F, Yang J, Liu J, Wang Y, Mu J, Zeng Q, et al. Signaling pathways in cancer-associated fibroblasts and targeted therapy for cancer. Sig Transduct Target Ther. 2021;6:218.
doi: 10.1038/s41392-021-00641-0
Simon T, Salhia B. Cancer-Associated fibroblast subpopulations with diverse and dynamic roles in the Tumor Microenvironment. Mol Cancer Res. 2022;20:183–92.
pubmed: 34670861
pmcid: 9306405
doi: 10.1158/1541-7786.MCR-21-0282
Biffi G, Oni TE, Spielman B, Hao Y, Elyada E, Park Y, et al. IL1-Induced JAK/STAT signaling is antagonized by TGFβ to shape CAF heterogeneity in pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma. Cancer Discov. 2019;9:282–301.
pubmed: 30366930
doi: 10.1158/2159-8290.CD-18-0710
Feig C, Jones JO, Kraman M, Wells RJB, Deonarine A, Chan DS, et al. Targeting CXCL12 from FAP-expressing carcinoma-associated fibroblasts synergizes with anti–PD-L1 immunotherapy in pancreatic cancer. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 2013;110:20212–7.
pubmed: 24277834
pmcid: 3864274
doi: 10.1073/pnas.1320318110
Özdemir BC, Pentcheva-Hoang T, Carstens JL, Zheng X, Wu C-C, Simpson TR, et al. Depletion of Carcinoma-Associated fibroblasts and fibrosis induces immunosuppression and accelerates Pancreas Cancer with reduced survival. Cancer Cell. 2014;25:719–34.
pubmed: 24856586
pmcid: 4180632
doi: 10.1016/j.ccr.2014.04.005
Kraman M, Bambrough PJ, Arnold JN, Roberts EW, Magiera L, Jones JO, et al. Suppression of Antitumor immunity by stromal cells expressing fibroblast activation Protein–α. Science. 2010;330:827–30.
pubmed: 21051638
doi: 10.1126/science.1195300
Hu D, Li Z, Zheng B, Lin X, Pan Y, Gong P, et al. Cancer-associated fibroblasts in breast cancer: challenges and opportunities. Cancer Commun. 2022;42:401–34.
doi: 10.1002/cac2.12291
Chen Y, McAndrews KM, Kalluri R. Clinical and therapeutic relevance of cancer-associated fibroblasts. Nat Rev Clin Oncol. 2021;18:792–804.
pubmed: 34489603
pmcid: 8791784
doi: 10.1038/s41571-021-00546-5
Wu SZ, Roden DL, Wang C, Holliday H, Harvey K, Cazet AS et al. Stromal cell diversity associated with immune evasion in human triple-negative breast cancer. EMBO J. 2020;39:e104063.
Costa A, Kieffer Y, Scholer-Dahirel A, Pelon F, Bourachot B, Cardon M, et al. Fibroblast heterogeneity and immunosuppressive environment in human breast Cancer. Cancer Cell. 2018;33:463–e47910.
pubmed: 29455927
doi: 10.1016/j.ccell.2018.01.011
Kieffer Y, Hocine HR, Gentric G, Pelon F, Bernard C, Bourachot B, et al. Single-cell analysis reveals fibroblast clusters linked to Immunotherapy Resistance in Cancer. Cancer Discov. 2020;10:1330–51.
pubmed: 32434947
doi: 10.1158/2159-8290.CD-19-1384
Chen L, Qiu X, Wang X, He J. FAP positive fibroblasts induce immune checkpoint blockade resistance in colorectal cancer via promoting immunosuppression. Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 2017;487:8–14.
pubmed: 28302482
doi: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2017.03.039
Yang X, Lin Y, Shi Y, Li B, Liu W, Yin W, et al. FAP promotes immunosuppression by Cancer-Associated fibroblasts in the Tumor Microenvironment via STAT3–CCL2 signaling. Cancer Res. 2016;76:4124–35.
pubmed: 27216177
doi: 10.1158/0008-5472.CAN-15-2973
Cords L, Tietscher S, Anzeneder T, Langwieder C, Rees M, De Souza N, et al. Cancer-associated fibroblast classification in single-cell and spatial proteomics data. Nat Commun. 2023;14:4294.
pubmed: 37463917
pmcid: 10354071
doi: 10.1038/s41467-023-39762-1
Cremasco V, Astarita JL, Grauel AL, Keerthivasan S, MacIsaac K, Woodruff MC, et al. FAP delineates heterogeneous and functionally divergent stromal cells in Immune-excluded breast tumors. Cancer Immunol Res. 2018;6:1472–85.
pubmed: 30266714
pmcid: 6597261
doi: 10.1158/2326-6066.CIR-18-0098
Rivas EI, Linares J, Zwick M, Gómez-Llonin A, Guiu M, Labernadie A, et al. Targeted immunotherapy against distinct cancer-associated fibroblasts overcomes treatment resistance in refractory HER2 + breast tumors. Nat Commun. 2022;13:5310.
pubmed: 36085201
pmcid: 9463158
doi: 10.1038/s41467-022-32782-3
Chakravarthy A, Khan L, Bensler NP, Bose P, De Carvalho DD. TGF-β-associated extracellular matrix genes link cancer-associated fibroblasts to immune evasion and immunotherapy failure. Nat Commun. 2018;9:4692.
pubmed: 30410077
pmcid: 6224529
doi: 10.1038/s41467-018-06654-8
Liu X, Lu Y, Huang J, Xing Y, Dai H, Zhu L, et al. CD16 + fibroblasts foster a trastuzumab-refractory microenvironment that is reversed by VAV2 inhibition. Cancer Cell. 2022;40:1341–e135713.
pubmed: 36379207
doi: 10.1016/j.ccell.2022.10.015
Dominguez CX, Müller S, Keerthivasan S, Koeppen H, Hung J, Gierke S, et al. Single-cell RNA sequencing reveals stromal evolution into LRRC15 + myofibroblasts as a determinant of patient response to Cancer Immunotherapy. Cancer Discov. 2020;10:232–53.
pubmed: 31699795
doi: 10.1158/2159-8290.CD-19-0644
Grauel AL, Nguyen B, Ruddy D, Laszewski T, Schwartz S, Chang J, et al. TGFβ-blockade uncovers stromal plasticity in tumors by revealing the existence of a subset of interferon-licensed fibroblasts. Nat Commun. 2020;11:6315.
pubmed: 33298926
pmcid: 7725805
doi: 10.1038/s41467-020-19920-5
Yoshikawa K, Ishida M, Yanai H, Tsuta K, Sekimoto M, Sugie T. Prognostic significance of PD-L1-positive cancer-associated fibroblasts in patients with triple-negative breast cancer. BMC Cancer. 2021;21:239.
pubmed: 33676425
pmcid: 7937297
doi: 10.1186/s12885-021-07970-x
Yokoyama T, Komori A, Nakamura M, Takii Y, Kamihira T, Shimoda S, et al. Human intrahepatic biliary epithelial cells function in innate immunity by producing IL-6 and IL‐8 via the TLR4‐NF‐κB and ‐MAPK signaling pathways. Liver Int. 2006;26:467–76.
pubmed: 16629651
doi: 10.1111/j.1478-3231.2006.01254.x
Steele NG, Biffi G, Kemp SB, Zhang Y, Drouillard D, Syu L, et al. Inhibition of hedgehog signaling alters fibroblast composition in pancreatic Cancer. Clin Cancer Res. 2021;27:2023–37.
pubmed: 33495315
pmcid: 8026631
doi: 10.1158/1078-0432.CCR-20-3715
Zheng S, Zou Y, Tang Y, Yang A, Liang J-Y, Wu L, et al. Landscape of cancer-associated fibroblasts identifies the secreted biglycan as a protumor and immunosuppressive factor in triple-negative breast cancer. OncoImmunology. 2022;11:2020984.
pubmed: 35003899
pmcid: 8741292
doi: 10.1080/2162402X.2021.2020984
Zheng S, Liang J, Tang Y, Xie J, Zou Y, Yang A et al. Dissecting the role of cancer-associated fibroblast‐derived biglycan as a potential therapeutic target in immunotherapy resistance: a tumor bulk and single‐cell transcriptomic study. Clin Translational Med. 2023;13:e1189.
Deligne C, Midwood KS. Macrophages and extracellular matrix in breast Cancer: partners in crime or protective allies? Front Oncol. 2021;11:620773.
pubmed: 33718177
pmcid: 7943718
doi: 10.3389/fonc.2021.620773
Qiu S-Q, Waaijer SJH, Zwager MC, de Vries EGE, van der Vegt B, Schröder CP. Tumor-associated macrophages in breast cancer: innocent bystander or important player? Cancer Treat Rev. 2018;70:178–89.
pubmed: 30227299
doi: 10.1016/j.ctrv.2018.08.010
Arora S, Dev K, Agarwal B, Das P, Syed MA. Macrophages: their role, activation and polarization in pulmonary diseases. Immunobiology. 2018;223:383–96.
pubmed: 29146235
doi: 10.1016/j.imbio.2017.11.001
Martinez FO, Gordon S. The M1 and M2 paradigm of macrophage activation: time for reassessment. F1000Prime Rep. 2014;6:13.
Biswas SK, Mantovani A. Macrophage plasticity and interaction with lymphocyte subsets: cancer as a paradigm. Nat Immunol. 2010;11:889–96.
pubmed: 20856220
doi: 10.1038/ni.1937
Mantovani A, Sozzani S, Locati M, Allavena P, Sica A. Macrophage polarization: tumor-associated macrophages as a paradigm for polarized M2 mononuclear phagocytes. Trends Immunol. 2002;23:549–55.
pubmed: 12401408
doi: 10.1016/S1471-4906(02)02302-5
Su S, Liu Q, Chen J, Chen J, Chen F, He C, et al. A positive Feedback Loop between Mesenchymal-Like Cancer cells and macrophages is essential to breast Cancer metastasis. Cancer Cell. 2014;25:605–20.
pubmed: 24823638
doi: 10.1016/j.ccr.2014.03.021
Sousa S, Brion R, Lintunen M, Kronqvist P, Sandholm J, Mönkkönen J, et al. Human breast cancer cells educate macrophages toward the M2 activation status. Breast Cancer Res. 2015;17:101.
pubmed: 26243145
pmcid: 4531540
doi: 10.1186/s13058-015-0621-0
Xu M, Liu M, Du X, Li S, Li H, Li X, et al. Intratumoral Delivery of IL-21 overcomes Anti-Her2/Neu resistance through shifting Tumor-Associated macrophages from M2 to M1 phenotype. J Immunol. 2015;194:4997–5006.
pubmed: 25876763
doi: 10.4049/jimmunol.1402603
Ruffell B, Coussens LM. Macrophages and therapeutic resistance in Cancer. Cancer Cell. 2015;27:462–72.
pubmed: 25858805
pmcid: 4400235
doi: 10.1016/j.ccell.2015.02.015
Fu L-Q, Du W-L, Cai M-H, Yao J-Y, Zhao Y-Y, Mou X-Z. The roles of tumor-associated macrophages in tumor angiogenesis and metastasis. Cell Immunol. 2020;353:104119.
pubmed: 32446032
doi: 10.1016/j.cellimm.2020.104119
Dong F, Ruan S, Wang J, Xia Y, Le K, Xiao X, et al. M2 macrophage-induced lncRNA PCAT6 facilitates tumorigenesis and angiogenesis of triple-negative breast cancer through modulation of VEGFR2. Cell Death Dis. 2020;11:728.
pubmed: 32908134
pmcid: 7481779
doi: 10.1038/s41419-020-02926-8
Cendrowicz E, Sas Z, Bremer E, Rygiel TP. The role of macrophages in Cancer Development and Therapy. Cancers. 2021;13:1946.
pubmed: 33919517
pmcid: 8073377
doi: 10.3390/cancers13081946
Mantovani A, Marchesi F, Malesci A, Laghi L, Allavena P. Tumour-associated macrophages as treatment targets in oncology. Nat Rev Clin Oncol. 2017;14:399–416.
pubmed: 28117416
pmcid: 5480600
doi: 10.1038/nrclinonc.2016.217
Ma R-Y, Black A, Qian B-Z. Macrophage diversity in cancer revisited in the era of single-cell omics. Trends Immunol. 2022;43:546–63.
pubmed: 35690521
doi: 10.1016/j.it.2022.04.008
Cheng S, Li Z, Gao R, Xing B, Gao Y, Yang Y, et al. A pan-cancer single-cell transcriptional atlas of tumor infiltrating myeloid cells. Cell. 2021;184:792–e80923.
pubmed: 33545035
doi: 10.1016/j.cell.2021.01.010
Chen Y, Song Y, Du W, Gong L, Chang H, Zou Z. Tumor-associated macrophages: an accomplice in solid tumor progression. J Biomed Sci. 2019;26:78.
pubmed: 31629410
pmcid: 6800990
doi: 10.1186/s12929-019-0568-z
de Boniface J, Mao Y, Schmidt-Mende J, Kiessling R, Poschke I. Expression patterns of the immunomodulatory enzyme arginase 1 in blood, lymph nodes and tumor tissue of early-stage breast cancer patients. OncoImmunology. 2012;1:1305–12.
pubmed: 23243594
pmcid: 3518503
doi: 10.4161/onci.21678
Rath M, Müller I, Kropf P, Closs EI, Munder M. Metabolism via Arginase or nitric oxide synthase: two competing arginine pathways in macrophages. Front Immunol. 2014;5:532.
Movahedi K, Laoui D, Gysemans C, Baeten M, Stangé G, Van den Bossche J, et al. Different tumor microenvironments contain functionally distinct subsets of macrophages derived from Ly6C(high) monocytes. Cancer Res. 2010;70:5728–39.
pubmed: 20570887
doi: 10.1158/0008-5472.CAN-09-4672
Reeves E, James E. Antigen processing and immune regulation in the response to tumours. Immunology. 2017;150:16–24.
pubmed: 27658710
doi: 10.1111/imm.12675
Vitale I, Manic G, Coussens LM, Kroemer G, Galluzzi L. Macrophages and metabolism in the Tumor Microenvironment. Cell Metabol. 2019;30:36–50.
doi: 10.1016/j.cmet.2019.06.001
Viitala M, Virtakoivu R, Tadayon S, Rannikko J, Jalkanen S, Hollmén M. Immunotherapeutic blockade of Macrophage Clever-1 reactivates the CD8 + T-cell response against immunosuppressive tumors. Clin Cancer Res. 2019;25:3289–303.
pubmed: 30755440
doi: 10.1158/1078-0432.CCR-18-3016
Santoni M, Romagnoli E, Saladino T, Foghini L, Guarino S, Capponi M et al. Triple negative breast cancer: key role of Tumor-Associated macrophages in regulating the activity of anti-PD-1/PD-L1 agents. Biochimica et Biophysica Acta (BBA) - reviews on Cancer. 2018;1869:78–84.
Chen L, Flies DB. Molecular mechanisms of T cell co-stimulation and co-inhibition. Nat Rev Immunol. 2013;13:227–42.
pubmed: 23470321
pmcid: 3786574
doi: 10.1038/nri3405
Bingle L, Brown NJ, Lewis CE. The role of tumour-associated macrophages in tumour progression: implications for new anticancer therapies. J Pathol. 2002;196:254–65.
pubmed: 11857487
doi: 10.1002/path.1027
Annacker O, Asseman C, Read S, Powrie F. Interleukin-10 in the regulation of T cell-induced colitis. J Autoimmun. 2003;20:277–9.
pubmed: 12791312
doi: 10.1016/S0896-8411(03)00045-3
Thomas DA, Massagué J. TGF-β directly targets cytotoxic T cell functions during tumor evasion of immune surveillance. Cancer Cell. 2005;8:369–80.
pubmed: 16286245
doi: 10.1016/j.ccr.2005.10.012
Ruffell B, Chang-Strachan D, Chan V, Rosenbusch A, Ho CMT, Pryer N, et al. Macrophage IL-10 blocks CD8 + T cell-dependent responses to Chemotherapy by suppressing IL-12 expression in Intratumoral dendritic cells. Cancer Cell. 2014;26:623–37.
pubmed: 25446896
pmcid: 4254570
doi: 10.1016/j.ccell.2014.09.006
Mittal SK, Roche PA. Suppression of antigen presentation by IL-10. Curr Opin Immunol. 2015;34:22–7.
pubmed: 25597442
pmcid: 4444374
doi: 10.1016/j.coi.2014.12.009
Finetti F, Travelli C, Ercoli J, Colombo G, Buoso E, Trabalzini L. Prostaglandin E2 and Cancer: insight into Tumor Progression and Immunity. Biology. 2020;9:434.
pubmed: 33271839
pmcid: 7760298
doi: 10.3390/biology9120434
Half E, Tang XM, Gwyn K, Sahin A, Wathen K, Sinicrope FA. Cyclooxygenase-2 expression in human breast cancers and adjacent ductal carcinoma in situ. Cancer Res. 2002;62:1676–81.
pubmed: 11912139
Li K, Shi H, Zhang B, Ou X, Ma Q, Chen Y, et al. Myeloid-derived suppressor cells as immunosuppressive regulators and therapeutic targets in cancer. Sig Transduct Target Ther. 2021;6:362.
doi: 10.1038/s41392-021-00670-9
DeNardo DG, Ruffell B. Macrophages as regulators of tumour immunity and immunotherapy. Nat Rev Immunol. 2019;19:369–82.
pubmed: 30718830
pmcid: 7339861
doi: 10.1038/s41577-019-0127-6
Tsukamoto H, Fujieda K, Miyashita A, Fukushima S, Ikeda T, Kubo Y, et al. Combined blockade of IL6 and PD-1/PD-L1 signaling abrogates mutual regulation of their immunosuppressive effects in the Tumor Microenvironment. Cancer Res. 2018;78:5011–22.
pubmed: 29967259
doi: 10.1158/0008-5472.CAN-18-0118
Arlauckas SP, Garris CS, Kohler RH, Kitaoka M, Cuccarese MF, Yang KS et al. In vivo imaging reveals a tumor-associated macrophage–mediated resistance pathway in anti–PD-1 therapy. Sci Transl Med. 2017;9:eaal3604.
Krneta T, Gillgrass A, Poznanski S, Chew M, Lee AJ, Kolb M, et al. M2-polarized and tumor-associated macrophages alter NK cell phenotype and function in a contact-dependent manner. J Leukoc Biol. 2017;101:285–95.
pubmed: 27493241
doi: 10.1189/jlb.3A1215-552R
Dandekar RC, Kingaonkar AV, Dhabekar GS. Role of macrophages in malignancy. Ann Maxillofac Surg. 2011;1:150–4.
pubmed: 23482819
pmcid: 3591014
doi: 10.4103/2231-0746.92782
Herrera M, Herrera A, Domínguez G, Silva J, García V, García JM, et al. Cancer-associated fibroblast and M2 macrophage markers together predict outcome in colorectal cancer patients. Cancer Sci. 2013;104:437–44.
pubmed: 23298232
pmcid: 7657228
doi: 10.1111/cas.12096
Mizutani Y, Kobayashi H, Iida T, Asai N, Masamune A, Hara A, et al. Meflin-positive Cancer-Associated fibroblasts inhibit pancreatic carcinogenesis. Cancer Res. 2019;79:5367–81.
pubmed: 31439548
doi: 10.1158/0008-5472.CAN-19-0454
Ksiazkiewicz M, Gottfried E, Kreutz M, Mack M, Hofstaedter F, Kunz-Schughart LA. Importance of CCL2-CCR2A/2B signaling for monocyte migration into spheroids of breast cancer-derived fibroblasts. Immunobiology. 2010;215:737–47.
pubmed: 20605053
doi: 10.1016/j.imbio.2010.05.019
Cohen N, Shani O, Raz Y, Sharon Y, Hoffman D, Abramovitz L, et al. Fibroblasts drive an immunosuppressive and growth-promoting microenvironment in breast cancer via secretion of chitinase 3-like 1. Oncogene. 2017;36:4457–68.
pubmed: 28368410
pmcid: 5507301
doi: 10.1038/onc.2017.65
Martinez-Outschoorn UE, Lisanti MP, Sotgia F. Catabolic cancer-associated fibroblasts transfer energy and biomass to anabolic cancer cells, fueling tumor growth. Sem Cancer Biol. 2014;25:47–60.
doi: 10.1016/j.semcancer.2014.01.005
Fiori ME, Di Franco S, Villanova L, Bianca P, Stassi G, De Maria R. Cancer-associated fibroblasts as abettors of tumor progression at the crossroads of EMT and therapy resistance. Mol Cancer. 2019;18:70.
pubmed: 30927908
pmcid: 6441236
doi: 10.1186/s12943-019-0994-2
Farhood B, Najafi M, Mortezaee K. Cancer-associated fibroblasts: secretions, interactions, and therapy. J Cell Biochem. 2019;120:2791–800.
pubmed: 30260049
doi: 10.1002/jcb.27703
Timperi E, Gueguen P, Molgora M, Magagna I, Kieffer Y, Lopez-Lastra S, et al. Lipid-Associated macrophages Are Induced by Cancer-Associated fibroblasts and mediate Immune suppression in breast Cancer. Cancer Res. 2022;82:3291–306.
pubmed: 35862581
doi: 10.1158/0008-5472.CAN-22-1427
Lei X, Lei Y, Li J-K, Du W-X, Li R-G, Yang J, et al. Immune cells within the tumor microenvironment: Biological functions and roles in cancer immunotherapy. Cancer Lett. 2020;470:126–33.
pubmed: 31730903
doi: 10.1016/j.canlet.2019.11.009
Chen Z, Zhou L, Liu L, Hou Y, Xiong M, Yang Y, et al. Single-cell RNA sequencing highlights the role of inflammatory cancer-associated fibroblasts in bladder urothelial carcinoma. Nat Commun. 2020;11:5077.
pubmed: 33033240
pmcid: 7545162
doi: 10.1038/s41467-020-18916-5
Zhang Y, Liu Q, Liao Q. Long noncoding RNA: a dazzling dancer in tumor immune microenvironment. J Exp Clin Cancer Res. 2020;39:231.
pubmed: 33148302
pmcid: 7641842
doi: 10.1186/s13046-020-01727-3
Qi J, Sun H, Zhang Y, Wang Z, Xun Z, Li Z, et al. Single-cell and spatial analysis reveal interaction of FAP + fibroblasts and SPP1 + macrophages in colorectal cancer. Nat Commun. 2022;13:1742.
pubmed: 35365629
pmcid: 8976074
doi: 10.1038/s41467-022-29366-6
Mazur A, Holthoff E, Vadali S, Kelly T, Post SR. Cleavage of type I collagen by fibroblast activation Protein-α enhances class A scavenger receptor mediated macrophage adhesion. PLoS ONE. 2016;11:e0150287.
pubmed: 26934296
pmcid: 4774960
doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0150287
Ueshima E, Fujimori M, Kodama H, Felsen D, Chen J, Durack JC, et al. Macrophage-secreted TGF-β
doi: 10.1152/ajprenal.00260.2018
Yeh C-R, Slavin S, Da J, Hsu I, Luo J, Xiao G-Q, et al. Estrogen receptor α in cancer associated fibroblasts suppresses prostate cancer invasion via reducing CCL5, IL6 and macrophage infiltration in the tumor microenvironment. Mol Cancer. 2016;15:7.
pubmed: 26790618
pmcid: 4721150
doi: 10.1186/s12943-015-0488-9
Mace TA, Ameen Z, Collins A, Wojcik S, Mair M, Young GS, et al. Pancreatic Cancer-Associated Stellate cells promote differentiation of myeloid-derived suppressor cells in a STAT3-Dependent manner. Cancer Res. 2013;73:3007–18.
pubmed: 23514705
pmcid: 3785672
doi: 10.1158/0008-5472.CAN-12-4601
Hashimoto O, Yoshida M, Koma Y, Yanai T, Hasegawa D, Kosaka Y, et al. Collaboration of cancer-associated fibroblasts and tumour‐associated macrophages for neuroblastoma development. J Pathol. 2016;240:211–23.
pubmed: 27425378
pmcid: 5095779
doi: 10.1002/path.4769
Gunaydin G. CAFs interacting with TAMs in Tumor Microenvironment to Enhance Tumorigenesis and Immune Evasion. Front Oncol. 2021;11:668349.
pubmed: 34336660
pmcid: 8317617
doi: 10.3389/fonc.2021.668349
Bergenfelz C, Roxå A, Mehmeti M, Leandersson K, Larsson A-M. Clinical relevance of systemic monocytic-MDSCs in patients with metastatic breast cancer. Cancer Immunol Immunother. 2020;69:435–48.
pubmed: 31925475
pmcid: 7044142
doi: 10.1007/s00262-019-02472-z
Casbon A-J, Reynaud D, Park C, Khuc E, Gan DD, Schepers K et al. Invasive breast cancer reprograms early myeloid differentiation in the bone marrow to generate immunosuppressive neutrophils. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 2015;112:E566–75.
Shen M, Wang J, Yu W, Zhang C, Liu M, Wang K, et al. A novel MDSC-induced PD-1
pubmed: 29632731
pmcid: 5889195
doi: 10.1080/2162402X.2017.1413520
Christmas BJ, Rafie CI, Hopkins AC, Scott BA, Ma HS, Cruz KA, et al. Entinostat converts Immune-resistant breast and pancreatic cancers into checkpoint-responsive tumors by reprogramming tumor-infiltrating MDSCs. Cancer Immunol Res. 2018;6:1561–77.
pubmed: 30341213
pmcid: 6279584
doi: 10.1158/2326-6066.CIR-18-0070
Oh K, Lee O-Y, Shon SY, Nam O, Ryu PM, Seo MW, et al. A mutual activation loop between breast cancer cells and myeloid-derived suppressor cells facilitates spontaneous metastasis through IL-6 trans-signaling in a murine model. Breast Cancer Res. 2013;15:R79.
pubmed: 24021059
pmcid: 3979084
doi: 10.1186/bcr3473
Segovia-Mendoza M, Morales-Montor J. Immune Tumor Microenvironment in breast Cancer and the participation of Estrogen and its receptors in Cancer Physiopathology. Front Immunol. 2019;10:348.
pubmed: 30881360
pmcid: 6407672
doi: 10.3389/fimmu.2019.00348
Gelao L, Criscitiello C, Esposito A, Laurentiis MD, Fumagalli L, Locatelli MA, et al. Dendritic cell-based vaccines: clinical applications in breast cancer. Immunotherapy. 2014;6:349–60.
pubmed: 24762078
doi: 10.2217/imt.13.169
Zheng Y, Li S, Tang H, Meng X, Zheng Q. Molecular mechanisms of immunotherapy resistance in triple-negative breast cancer. Front Immunol. 2023;14:1153990.
pubmed: 37426654
pmcid: 10327275
doi: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1153990
Liang X, Fu C, Cui W, Ober-Blöbaum JL, Zahner SP, Shrikant PA, et al. β-Catenin mediates tumor-induced immunosuppression by inhibiting cross-priming of CD8 + T cells. J Leukoc Biol. 2013;95:179–90.
pubmed: 24023259
doi: 10.1189/jlb.0613330
Vu SH, Vetrivel P, Kim J, Lee M-S. Cancer Resistance to Immunotherapy: Molecular mechanisms and tackling strategies. IJMS. 2022;23:10906.
pubmed: 36142818
pmcid: 9513751
doi: 10.3390/ijms231810906
Lin Y, Cai Q, Chen Y, Shi T, Liu W, Mao L, et al. CAFs shape myeloid-derived suppressor cells to promote stemness of intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma through 5‐lipoxygenase. Hepatology. 2022;75:28–42.
pubmed: 34387870
doi: 10.1002/hep.32099
Zelenay S, van der Veen AG, Böttcher JP, Snelgrove KJ, Rogers N, Acton SE, et al. Cyclooxygenase-dependent Tumor Growth through Evasion of Immunity. Cell. 2015;162:1257–70.
pubmed: 26343581
pmcid: 4597191
doi: 10.1016/j.cell.2015.08.015
Liberti MV, Locasale JW. The Warburg Effect: how does it Benefit Cancer cells? Trends Biochem Sci. 2016;41:211–8.
pubmed: 26778478
pmcid: 4783224
doi: 10.1016/j.tibs.2015.12.001
Zappasodi R, Serganova I, Cohen IJ, Maeda M, Shindo M, Senbabaoglu Y, et al. CTLA-4 blockade drives loss of Treg stability in glycolysis-low tumours. Nature. 2021;591:652–8.
pubmed: 33588426
pmcid: 8057670
doi: 10.1038/s41586-021-03326-4
Chang C-H, Qiu J, O’Sullivan D, Buck MD, Noguchi T, Curtis JD, et al. Metabolic competition in the Tumor Microenvironment is a driver of Cancer Progression. Cell. 2015;162:1229–41.
pubmed: 26321679
pmcid: 4864363
doi: 10.1016/j.cell.2015.08.016
Gu J, Zhou J, Chen Q, Xu X, Gao J, Li X, et al. Tumor metabolite lactate promotes tumorigenesis by modulating MOESIN lactylation and enhancing TGF-β signaling in regulatory T cells. Cell Rep. 2022;39:110986.
pubmed: 35732125
doi: 10.1016/j.celrep.2022.110986
Comito G, Iscaro A, Bacci M, Morandi A, Ippolito L, Parri M, et al. Lactate modulates CD4 + T-cell polarization and induces an immunosuppressive environment, which sustains prostate carcinoma progression via TLR8/miR21 axis. Oncogene. 2019;38:3681–95.
pubmed: 30664688
doi: 10.1038/s41388-019-0688-7
Michalek RD, Gerriets VA, Jacobs SR, Macintyre AN, MacIver NJ, Mason EF, et al. Cutting Edge: distinct glycolytic and Lipid Oxidative Metabolic Programs Are Essential for Effector and Regulatory CD4 + T cell subsets. J Immunol. 2011;186:3299–303.
pubmed: 21317389
doi: 10.4049/jimmunol.1003613
Wang H, Franco F, Tsui Y-C, Xie X, Trefny MP, Zappasodi R, et al. CD36-mediated metabolic adaptation supports regulatory T cell survival and function in tumors. Nat Immunol. 2020;21:298–308.
pubmed: 32066953
pmcid: 7043937
doi: 10.1038/s41590-019-0589-5
Papandreou I, Cairns RA, Fontana L, Lim AL, Denko NC. HIF-1 mediates adaptation to hypoxia by actively downregulating mitochondrial oxygen consumption. Cell Metabol. 2006;3:187–97.
doi: 10.1016/j.cmet.2006.01.012
Lu H, Forbes RA, Verma A. Hypoxia-inducible factor 1 activation by aerobic glycolysis implicates the Warburg Effect in Carcinogenesis. J Biol Chem. 2002;277:23111–5.
pubmed: 11943784
doi: 10.1074/jbc.M202487200
Kozlov AM, Lone A, Betts DH, Cumming RC. Lactate preconditioning promotes a HIF-1α-mediated metabolic shift from OXPHOS to glycolysis in normal human diploid fibroblasts. Sci Rep. 2020;10:8388.
pubmed: 32433492
pmcid: 7239882
doi: 10.1038/s41598-020-65193-9
Neumeister VM, Sullivan CA, Lindner R, Lezon-Geyda K, Li J, Zavada J, et al. Hypoxia-induced protein CAIX is associated with somatic loss of BRCA1 protein and pathway activity in triple negative breast cancer. Breast Cancer Res Treat. 2012;136:67–75.
pubmed: 22976806
doi: 10.1007/s10549-012-2232-0
Panisova E, Kery M, Sedlakova O, Brisson L, Debreova M, Sboarina M, et al. Lactate stimulates CA IX expression in normoxic cancer cells. Oncotarget. 2017;8:77819–35.
pubmed: 29100428
pmcid: 5652817
doi: 10.18632/oncotarget.20836
Serganova I, Cohen IJ, Vemuri K, Shindo M, Maeda M, Mane M, et al. LDH-A regulates the tumor microenvironment via HIF-signaling and modulates the immune response. PLoS ONE. 2018;13:e0203965.
pubmed: 30248111
pmcid: 6153000
doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0203965
Siddiqui A, Ceppi P. A non-proliferative role of pyrimidine metabolism in cancer. Mol Metabolism. 2020;35:100962.
doi: 10.1016/j.molmet.2020.02.005
Luo Y, Tian W, Lu X, Zhang C, Xie J, Deng X, et al. Prognosis stratification in breast cancer and characterization of immunosuppressive microenvironment through a pyrimidine metabolism-related signature. Front Immunol. 2022;13:1–19.
doi: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.1056680
Huseni MA, Wang L, Klementowicz JE, Yuen K, Breart B, Orr C, et al. CD8 + T cell-intrinsic IL-6 signaling promotes resistance to anti-PD-L1 immunotherapy. Cell Rep Med. 2023;4:100878.
pubmed: 36599350
pmcid: 9873827
doi: 10.1016/j.xcrm.2022.100878
Mao M, Chen Y, Jia Y, Yang J, Wei Q, Li Z, et al. PLCA8 suppresses breast cancer apoptosis by activating the PI3k/AKT/NF-κB pathway. J Cell Mol Med. 2019;23:6930–41.
pubmed: 31448883
pmcid: 6787500
doi: 10.1111/jcmm.14578
Mao M, Hu D, Yang J, Chen Y, Zhang X, Shen J, et al. Regulation of tamoxifen sensitivity by the PLAC8/MAPK pathway axis is antagonized by curcumin-induced protein stability change. J Mol Med. 2021;99:845–58.
pubmed: 33611659
doi: 10.1007/s00109-021-02047-5
Chen Y, Jia Y, Mao M, Gu Y, Xu C, Yang J, et al. PLAC8 promotes adriamycin resistance via blocking autophagy in breast cancer. J Cell Mol Med. 2021;25:6948–62.
pubmed: 34117724
pmcid: 8278087
doi: 10.1111/jcmm.16706
Mao M, Cheng Y, Yang J, Chen Y, Xu L, Zhang X, et al. Multifaced roles of PLAC8 in cancer. Biomark Res. 2021;9:73.
pubmed: 34627411
pmcid: 8501656
doi: 10.1186/s40364-021-00329-1
Komatsu M, Chiba T, Tatsumi K, Iemura S, Tanida I, Okazaki N, et al. A novel protein-conjugating system for Ufm1, a ubiquitin-fold modifier. EMBO J. 2004;23:1977–86.
pubmed: 15071506
pmcid: 404325
doi: 10.1038/sj.emboj.7600205
Yoo HM, Park JH, Jeon YJ, Chung CH. Ubiquitin-fold modifier 1 acts as a positive Regulator of breast Cancer. Front Endocrinol. 2015;6:36.
Mao M, Chen Y, Yang J, Cheng Y, Xu L, Ji F, et al. Modification of PLAC8 by UFM1 affects tumorous proliferation and immune response by impacting PD-L1 levels in triple-negative breast cancer. J Immunother Cancer. 2022;10:e005668.
pubmed: 36543379
pmcid: 9772693
doi: 10.1136/jitc-2022-005668
Qin G, Wang X, Ye S, Li Y, Chen M, Wang S, et al. NPM1 upregulates the transcription of PD-L1 and suppresses T cell activity in triple-negative breast cancer. Nat Commun. 2020;11:1669.
pubmed: 32245950
pmcid: 7125142
doi: 10.1038/s41467-020-15364-z
Wang Y, Chen Y, Zhang J, Yang Y, Fleishman JS, Wang Y, et al. Cuproptosis: a novel therapeutic target for overcoming cancer drug resistance. Drug Resist Updates. 2024;72:101018.
doi: 10.1016/j.drup.2023.101018
Song S, Zhang M, Xie P, Wang S, Wang Y. Comprehensive analysis of cuproptosis-related genes and tumor microenvironment infiltration characterization in breast cancer. Front Immunol. 2022;13:1–18.
doi: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.978909
Fortis SP, Sofopoulos M, Goulielmaki M, Arnogiannaki N, Ardavanis A, Perez SA, et al. Association between Intratumoral CD8 + T cells with FoxP3 + and CD163 + cells: a potential Immune intrinsic negative feedback mechanism for Acquired Immune Resistance. Cancers. 2022;14:6208.
pubmed: 36551693
pmcid: 9777444
doi: 10.3390/cancers14246208
Chabanon RM, Pedrero M, Lefebvre C, Marabelle A, Soria J-C, Postel-Vinay S. Mutational Landscape and Sensitivity to Immune Checkpoint blockers. Clin Cancer Res. 2016;22:4309–21.
pubmed: 27390348
doi: 10.1158/1078-0432.CCR-16-0903
Goodman AM, Kato S, Bazhenova L, Patel SP, Frampton GM, Miller V, et al. Tumor Mutational Burden as an independent predictor of response to Immunotherapy in Diverse Cancers. Mol Cancer Ther. 2017;16:2598–608.
pubmed: 28835386
pmcid: 5670009
doi: 10.1158/1535-7163.MCT-17-0386
Schumacher TN, Schreiber RD. Neoantigens in cancer immunotherapy. Science. 2015;348:69–74.
pubmed: 25838375
doi: 10.1126/science.aaa4971
Matsushita H, Vesely MD, Koboldt DC, Rickert CG, Uppaluri R, Magrini VJ, et al. Cancer exome analysis reveals a T-cell-dependent mechanism of cancer immunoediting. Nature. 2012;482:400–4.
pubmed: 22318521
pmcid: 3874809
doi: 10.1038/nature10755
Blank CU, Haanen JB, Ribas A, Schumacher TN. CANCER IMMUNOLOGY. The cancer immunogram. Science. 2016;352:658–60.
pubmed: 27151852
doi: 10.1126/science.aaf2834
Yoo CB, Jones PA. Epigenetic therapy of cancer: past, present and future. Nat Rev Drug Discov. 2006;5:37–50.
pubmed: 16485345
doi: 10.1038/nrd1930
Cheng CJ, Bahal R, Babar IA, Pincus Z, Barrera F, Liu C, et al. MicroRNA silencing for cancer therapy targeted to the tumour microenvironment. Nature. 2015;518:107–10.
pubmed: 25409146
doi: 10.1038/nature13905
Zhang Y, Chen J, Liu H, Mi R, Huang R, Li X, et al. The role of histone methylase and demethylase in antitumor immunity: a new direction for immunotherapy. Front Immunol. 2023;13:1–16.
doi: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.1099892
Dunn J, Rao S. Epigenetics and immunotherapy: the current state of play. Mol Immunol. 2017;87:227–39.
pubmed: 28511092
doi: 10.1016/j.molimm.2017.04.012
Khodayari S, Khodayari H, Saeedi E, Mahmoodzadeh H, Sadrkhah A, Nayernia K. Single-cell transcriptomics for unlocking Personalized Cancer Immunotherapy: toward targeting the origin of Tumor Development Immunogenicity. Cancers. 2023;15:3615.
pubmed: 37509276
pmcid: 10377122
doi: 10.3390/cancers15143615
Kim E-J, Liu P, Zhang S, Donahue K, Wang Y, Schehr JL, et al. BAF155 methylation drives metastasis by hijacking super-enhancers and subverting anti-tumor immunity. Nucleic Acids Res. 2021;49:12211–33.
pubmed: 34865122
pmcid: 8643633
doi: 10.1093/nar/gkab1122
Lee DY, Salahuddin T, Iqbal J. Lysine-specific demethylase 1 (LSD1)-Mediated Epigenetic Modification of Immunogenicity and Immunomodulatory effects in breast cancers. Curr Oncol. 2023;30:2127–43.
pubmed: 36826125
pmcid: 9955398
doi: 10.3390/curroncol30020164
Nguyen EM, Taniguchi H, Chan JM, Zhan YA, Chen X, Qiu J, et al. Targeting lysine-specific demethylase 1 rescues major histocompatibility Complex Class I Antigen Presentation and overcomes programmed death-ligand 1 Blockade Resistance in SCLC. J Thorac Oncol. 2022;17:1014–31.
pubmed: 35691495
pmcid: 9357096
doi: 10.1016/j.jtho.2022.05.014
Yu B, Luo F, Sun B, Liu W, Shi Q, Cheng S-Y, et al. KAT6A acetylation of SMAD3 regulates myeloid-derived suppressor cell recruitment, metastasis, and Immunotherapy in Triple-negative breast Cancer. Adv Sci (Weinh). 2022;9:e2105793.
pubmed: 35075800
doi: 10.1002/advs.202105793
Wong KK. DNMT1: a key drug target in triple-negative breast cancer. Sem Cancer Biol. 2021;72:198–213.
doi: 10.1016/j.semcancer.2020.05.010
Zhang Z-G, Zhang H-S, Sun H-L, Liu H-Y, Liu M-Y, Zhou Z. KDM5B promotes breast cancer cell proliferation and migration via AMPK-mediated lipid metabolism reprogramming. Exp Cell Res. 2019;379:182–90.
pubmed: 30978340
doi: 10.1016/j.yexcr.2019.04.006
Perrier A, Didelot A, Laurent-Puig P, Blons H, Garinet S. Epigenetic Mechanisms of Resistance to Immune Checkpoint Inhibitors. Biomolecules. 2020;10:1061
Goswami S, Apostolou I, Zhang J, Skepner J, Anandhan S, Zhang X, et al. Modulation of EZH2 expression in T cells improves efficacy of anti–CTLA-4 therapy. J Clin Invest. 2018;128:3813–8.
pubmed: 29905573
pmcid: 6118570
doi: 10.1172/JCI99760
Sun H-Y, Du S-T, Li Y-Y, Deng G-T, Zeng F-R. Bromodomain and extra-terminal inhibitors emerge as potential therapeutic avenues for gastrointestinal cancers. World J Gastrointest Oncol. 2022;14:75–89.
pubmed: 35116104
pmcid: 8790409
doi: 10.4251/wjgo.v14.i1.75
Noblejas-López MDM, Nieto-Jimenez C, Burgos M, Gómez-Juárez M, Montero JC, Esparís-Ogando A, et al. Activity of BET-proteolysis targeting chimeric (PROTAC) compounds in triple negative breast cancer. J Exp Clin Cancer Res. 2019;38:383.
pubmed: 31470872
pmcid: 6717344
doi: 10.1186/s13046-019-1387-5
Qiao J, Chen Y, Mi Y, Jin H, Wang L, Huang T, et al. Macrophages confer resistance to BET inhibition in triple-negative breast cancer by upregulating IKBKE. Biochem Pharmacol. 2020;180:114126.
pubmed: 32603665
doi: 10.1016/j.bcp.2020.114126
Hicks KC, Knudson KM, Lee KL, Hamilton DH, Hodge JW, Figg WD, et al. Cooperative Immune-mediated mechanisms of the HDAC inhibitor Entinostat, an IL15 superagonist, and a Cancer Vaccine effectively synergize as a Novel Cancer Therapy. Clin Cancer Res. 2020;26(3):704–16.
pubmed: 31645354
doi: 10.1158/1078-0432.CCR-19-0727
Joyce OS, et al. Results of ENCORE 602 (TRIO025), a phase II, randomized, placebo-controlled, double-blinded, multicenter study of atezolizumab with or without entinostat in patients with advanced triple-negative breast cancer (aTNBC). JCO. 2020;38:1014–1014.
doi: 10.1200/JCO.2020.38.15_suppl.1014
Roussos Torres ET, Ho WJ, Danilova L, Tandurella JA, Leatherman J, Rafie C et al. Entinostat, Nivolumab and Ipilimumab for women with advanced HER2-negative breast cancer: a phase ib trial. Nat Cancer. 2024 Feb 14. Epub ahead of print.
Jiang X, Qian Z, Chen Y, Zhou T, Zhao C, Yin Y. CMTM7 recognizes an immune-hot tumor microenvironment and predicts therapeutic response of immunotherapy in breast cancer well. Front Genet. 2022;13:1–15.
doi: 10.3389/fgene.2022.1051269
Wu C, Zhong R, Sun X, Shi J. PSME2 identifies immune-hot tumors in breast cancer and associates with well therapeutic response to immunotherapy. Front Genet. 2022;13:1–12.
doi: 10.3389/fgene.2022.1071270
Li RQ, Wang W, Yan L, Song LY, Guan X, Zhang W, et al. Identification of tumor antigens and immune subtypes in breast cancer for mRNA vaccine development. Front Oncol. 2022;12:1–17.
Zavareh RB, Spangenberg SH, Woods A, Martínez-Peña F, Lairson LL. HSP90 inhibition enhances Cancer Immunotherapy by modulating the Surface expression of multiple Immune Checkpoint proteins. Cell Chem Biology. 2021;28:158–e1685.
doi: 10.1016/j.chembiol.2020.10.005
Rahmy S, Mishra SJ, Murphy S, Blagg BSJ, Lu X. Hsp90β inhibition upregulates interferon response and enhances immune checkpoint blockade therapy in murine tumors. Front Immunol. 2022;13:1005045.
Modi S, Stopeck A, Linden H, Solit D, Chandarlapaty S, Rosen N, et al. HSP90 inhibition is effective in breast Cancer: a phase II trial of Tanespimycin (17-AAG) plus trastuzumab in patients with HER2-Positive metastatic breast Cancer progressing on Trastuzumab. Clin Cancer Res. 2011;17:5132–9.
pubmed: 21558407
doi: 10.1158/1078-0432.CCR-11-0072
Ramanathan RK, Trump DL, Eiseman JL, Belani CP, Agarwala SS, Zuhowski EG, et al. Phase I pharmacokinetic-pharmacodynamic study of 17-(Allylamino)-17-Demethoxygeldanamycin (17AAG, NSC 330507), a Novel inhibitor of heat shock protein 90, in patients with Refractory Advanced cancers. Clin Cancer Res. 2005;11:3385–91.
pubmed: 15867239
doi: 10.1158/1078-0432.CCR-04-2322
Mercogliano MF, De Martino M, Venturutti L, Rivas MA, Proietti CJ, Inurrigarro G, et al. TNFα-Induced Mucin 4 expression elicits Trastuzumab Resistance in HER2-Positive breast Cancer. Clin Cancer Res. 2017;23:636–48.
pubmed: 27698002
doi: 10.1158/1078-0432.CCR-16-0970
Carraway KL, Rossi EA, Komatsu M, Price-Schiavi SA, Huang D, Guy PM, et al. An intramembrane modulator of the ErbB2 receptor tyrosine kinase that potentiates Neuregulin Signaling. J Biol Chem. 1999;274:5263–6.
pubmed: 10026131
doi: 10.1074/jbc.274.9.5263
Price-Schiavi SA, Jepson S, Li P, Arango M, Rudland PS, Yee L, et al. Rat Muc4 (sialomucin complex) reduces binding of anti-ErbB2 antibodies to tumor cell surfaces, a potential mechanism for herceptin resistance. Int J Cancer. 2002;99:783–91.
pubmed: 12115478
doi: 10.1002/ijc.10410
Bruni S, Mauro FL, Proietti CJ, Cordo-Russo RI, Rivas MA, Inurrigarro G, et al. Blocking soluble TNFα sensitizes HER2-positive breast cancer to trastuzumab through MUC4 downregulation and subverts immunosuppression. J Immunother Cancer. 2023;11:e005325.
pubmed: 36889811
pmcid: 10016294
doi: 10.1136/jitc-2022-005325
Yi M, Niu M, Wu Y, Ge H, Jiao D, Zhu S, et al. Combination of oral STING agonist MSA-2 and anti-TGF-β/PD-L1 bispecific antibody YM101: a novel immune cocktail therapy for non-inflamed tumors. J Hematol Oncol. 2022;15:142.
pubmed: 36209176
pmcid: 9548169
doi: 10.1186/s13045-022-01363-8
Santinon F, Ezzahra BF, Bachais M, Sarabia Pacis A, Rudd CE. Direct AKT activation in tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes markedly increases interferon-γ (IFN-γ) for the regression of tumors resistant to PD-1 checkpoint blockade. Sci Rep. 2022;12:18509.
pubmed: 36323740
pmcid: 9630443
doi: 10.1038/s41598-022-23016-z
Jiao S, Xia W, Yamaguchi H, Wei Y, Chen M-K, Hsu J-M, et al. PARP inhibitor upregulates PD-L1 expression and enhances Cancer-Associated Immunosuppression. Clin Cancer Res. 2017;23:3711–20.
pubmed: 28167507
pmcid: 5511572
doi: 10.1158/1078-0432.CCR-16-3215
Li B, Tao W, Shao-hua Z, Ze-rui Q, Fu-quan J, Fan L, et al. Remarkable response with pembrolizumab plus albumin-bound paclitaxel in 2 cases of HER2-positive metastatic breast cancer who have failed to multi-anti-HER2 targeted therapy. Cancer Biol Ther. 2018;19:292–5.
pubmed: 29333945
pmcid: 5902233
doi: 10.1080/15384047.2017.1414761
Mishra A, Kumar D, Gupta K, Lofland G, Sharma AK, Banka DS, et al. Gallium-68–labeled peptide PET quantifies Tumor exposure of PD-L1 therapeutics. Clin Cancer Res. 2023;29:581–91.
pubmed: 36449662
doi: 10.1158/1078-0432.CCR-22-1931
Main SC, Cescon DW, Bratman SV. Liquid biopsies to predict CDK4/6 inhibitor efficacy and resistance in breast cancer. Cancer Drug Resist. 2022;5:727–48.
pubmed: 36176758
pmcid: 9511796
doi: 10.20517/cdr.2022.37
Chin YM, Shibayama T, Chan HT, Otaki M, Hara F, Kobayashi T, et al. Serial circulating tumor DNA monitoring of CDK4/6 inhibitors response in metastatic breast cancer. Cancer Sci. 2022;113:1808–20.
pubmed: 35201661
pmcid: 9128178
doi: 10.1111/cas.15304
Ford K, Hanley CJ, Mellone M, Szyndralewiez C, Heitz F, Wiesel P, et al. NOX4 inhibition potentiates immunotherapy by overcoming Cancer-Associated fibroblast-mediated CD8 T-cell exclusion from tumors. Cancer Res. 2020;80:1846–60.
pubmed: 32122909
pmcid: 7611230
doi: 10.1158/0008-5472.CAN-19-3158
Hanley CJ, Mellone M, Ford K, Thirdborough SM, Mellows T, Frampton SJ, et al. Targeting the Myofibroblastic Cancer-Associated Fibroblast phenotype through inhibition of NOX4. JNCI: J Natl Cancer Inst. 2018;110:109–20.
pubmed: 28922779
doi: 10.1093/jnci/djx121
Hanley CJ, Thomas GJ. T-cell tumour exclusion and immunotherapy resistance: a role for CAF targeting. Br J Cancer. 2020;123:1353–5.
pubmed: 32830198
pmcid: 7591574
doi: 10.1038/s41416-020-1020-6
Chakravarthy A, Khan L, Bensler NP, Bose P, De Carvalho DD. TGF-β-associated extracellular matrix genes link cancer-associated fibroblasts to immune evasion and immunotherapy failure. Nat Commun. 2018;9(1):4692.
pubmed: 30410077
pmcid: 6224529
doi: 10.1038/s41467-018-06654-8
Mhaidly R, Mechta-Grigoriou F. Role of cancer‐associated fibroblast subpopulations in immune infiltration, as a new means of treatment in cancer. Immunol Rev. 2021;302:259–72.
pubmed: 34013544
pmcid: 8360036
doi: 10.1111/imr.12978
Chen IX, Chauhan VP, Posada J, Ng MR, Wu MW, Adstamongkonkul P, et al. Blocking CXCR4 alleviates desmoplasia, increases T-lymphocyte infiltration, and improves immunotherapy in metastatic breast cancer. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 2019;116:4558–66.
pubmed: 30700545
pmcid: 6410779
doi: 10.1073/pnas.1815515116
Glabman RA, Choyke PL, Sato N. Cancer-Associated fibroblasts: Tumorigenicity and Targeting for Cancer Therapy. Cancers. 2022;14:3906.
pubmed: 36010899
pmcid: 9405783
doi: 10.3390/cancers14163906
Rizzolio S, Giordano S, Corso S. The importance of being CAFs (in cancer resistance to targeted therapies). J Exp Clin Cancer Res. 2022;41:319.
pubmed: 36324182
pmcid: 9632140
doi: 10.1186/s13046-022-02524-w
Monteran L, Erez N. The Dark side of fibroblasts: Cancer-Associated fibroblasts as mediators of Immunosuppression in the Tumor Microenvironment. Front Immunol. 2019;10:1835.
pubmed: 31428105
pmcid: 6688105
doi: 10.3389/fimmu.2019.01835
Binnewies M, Pollack JL, Rudolph J, Dash S, Abushawish M, Lee T, et al. Targeting TREM2 on tumor-associated macrophages enhances immunotherapy. Cell Rep. 2021;37:109844.
pubmed: 34686340
doi: 10.1016/j.celrep.2021.109844
Flores-Toro JA, Luo D, Gopinath A, Sarkisian MR, Campbell JJ, Charo IF et al. CCR2 inhibition reduces tumor myeloid cells and unmasks a checkpoint inhibitor effect to slow progression of resistant murine gliomas. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 2020;117:1129–38.
Zhu Y, Herndon JM, Sojka DK, Kim K-W, Knolhoff BL, Zuo C, et al. Tissue-Resident macrophages in Pancreatic Ductal Adenocarcinoma Originate from embryonic hematopoiesis and promote Tumor Progression. Immunity. 2017;47:323–e3386.
pubmed: 28813661
pmcid: 5578409
doi: 10.1016/j.immuni.2017.07.014
Soncin I, Sheng J, Chen Q, Foo S, Duan K, Lum J, et al. The tumour microenvironment creates a niche for the self-renewal of tumour-promoting macrophages in colon adenoma. Nat Commun. 2018;9:582.
pubmed: 29422500
pmcid: 5805689
doi: 10.1038/s41467-018-02834-8
Bassez A, Vos H, Van Dyck L, Floris G, Arijs I, Desmedt C, et al. A single-cell map of intratumoral changes during anti-PD1 treatment of patients with breast cancer. Nat Med. 2021;27:820–32.
pubmed: 33958794
doi: 10.1038/s41591-021-01323-8
Nalio Ramos R, Missolo-Koussou Y, Gerber-Ferder Y, Bromley CP, Bugatti M, Núñez NG, et al. Tissue-resident FOLR2 + macrophages associate with CD8 + T cell infiltration in human breast cancer. Cell. 2022;185:1189–e120725.
pubmed: 35325594
doi: 10.1016/j.cell.2022.02.021
Ries CH, Cannarile MA, Hoves S, Benz J, Wartha K, Runza V, et al. Targeting Tumor-Associated macrophages with Anti-CSF-1R antibody reveals a strategy for Cancer Therapy. Cancer Cell. 2014;25:846–59.
pubmed: 24898549
doi: 10.1016/j.ccr.2014.05.016
Uhlik MT, Harrison B, Gorden K, Leonardo S, Walsh R, Ertelt K, et al. Abstract LB-129: Imprime PGG, a soluble yeast β-glucan PAMP, in combination with Pembrolizumab induces infiltration and activation of both innate and adaptive immune cells within tumor sites in melanoma and triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) patients. Cancer Res. 2018;78(13Supplement):LB–129.
Anfray U. Andón, Allavena. Current strategies to Target Tumor-Associated-macrophages to improve Anti-tumor Immune responses. Cells. 2019;9:46.
pubmed: 31878087
pmcid: 7017001
doi: 10.3390/cells9010046
Zhu J, Zhang Y, Zhang A, He K, Liu P, Xu LX. Cryo-thermal therapy elicits potent anti-tumor immunity by inducing extracellular Hsp70-dependent MDSC differentiation. Sci Rep. 2016;6:27136.
pubmed: 27256519
pmcid: 4891716
doi: 10.1038/srep27136
Lou Y, Peng P, Wang S, Wang J, Du P, Zhang Z, et al. Combining all-trans retinoid acid treatment targeting myeloid-derived suppressive cells with cryo-thermal therapy enhances antitumor immunity in breast cancer. Front Immunol. 2022;13:1–14.
doi: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.1016776
Colligan SH, Amitrano AM, Zollo RA, Peresie J, Kramer ED, Morreale B, et al. Inhibiting the biogenesis of myeloid-derived suppressor cells enhances immunotherapy efficacy against mammary tumor progression. J Clin Invest. 2022;132:1–17.
doi: 10.1172/JCI158661
Horvat NK, Lesinski GB. Bring on the brequinar: an approach to enforce the differentiation of myeloid-derived suppressor cells. J Clin Invest. 2022;132:1–3.
doi: 10.1172/JCI165506
Mendaza S, Ulazia-Garmendia A, Monreal-Santesteban I, Córdoba A, de Azúa YR, Aguiar B, et al. ADAM12 is a potential therapeutic target regulated by Hypomethylation in Triple-negative breast Cancer. IJMS. 2020;21:903.
pubmed: 32019179
pmcid: 7036924
doi: 10.3390/ijms21030903
Wang G, Romero Y, Thevarajan I, Zolkiewska A. ADAM12 abrogation alters immune cell infiltration and improves response to checkpoint blockade therapy in the T11 murine model of triple-negative breast cancer. OncoImmunology. 2023;12:2158006.
pubmed: 36545255
doi: 10.1080/2162402X.2022.2158006
Leone RD, Powell JD. Metabolism of immune cells in cancer. Nat Rev Cancer. 2020;20:516–31.
pubmed: 32632251
pmcid: 8041116
doi: 10.1038/s41568-020-0273-y
Kishton RJ, Sukumar M, Restifo NP. Metabolic regulation of T cell longevity and function in Tumor Immunotherapy. Cell Metabol. 2017;26:94–109.
doi: 10.1016/j.cmet.2017.06.016
Hartley GP, Chow L, Ammons DT, Wheat WH, Dow SW. Programmed cell death Ligand 1 (PD-L1) signaling regulates macrophage proliferation and activation. Cancer Immunol Res. 2018;6:1260–73.
pubmed: 30012633
doi: 10.1158/2326-6066.CIR-17-0537
Wang Y, Wang Y, Ren Y, Zhang Q, Yi P, Cheng C. Metabolic modulation of immune checkpoints and novel therapeutic strategies in cancer. Sem Cancer Biol. 2022;86:542–65.
doi: 10.1016/j.semcancer.2022.02.010
Sansom DM. CD28, CTLA-4 and their ligands: who does what and to whom? The effects of CD28 and CTLA-4 ligands. Immunology. 2000;101:169–77.
pubmed: 11012769
pmcid: 2327073
doi: 10.1046/j.1365-2567.2000.00121.x
Frauwirth KA, Riley JL, Harris MH, Parry RV, Rathmell JC, Plas DR, et al. The CD28 Signaling Pathway regulates glucose metabolism. Immunity. 2002;16:769–77.
pubmed: 12121659
doi: 10.1016/S1074-7613(02)00323-0
Parry RV, Chemnitz JM, Frauwirth KA, Lanfranco AR, Braunstein I, Kobayashi SV, et al. CTLA-4 and PD-1 receptors inhibit T-Cell activation by distinct mechanisms. Mol Cell Biol. 2005;25:9543–53.
pubmed: 16227604
pmcid: 1265804
doi: 10.1128/MCB.25.21.9543-9553.2005
Plitas G, Konopacki C, Wu K, Bos PD, Morrow M, Putintseva EV, et al. Regulatory T cells exhibit distinct features in human breast Cancer. Immunity. 2016;45:1122–34.
pubmed: 27851913
pmcid: 5134901
doi: 10.1016/j.immuni.2016.10.032
Li W, Tanikawa T, Kryczek I, Xia H, Li G, Wu K, et al. Aerobic glycolysis controls myeloid-derived suppressor cells and Tumor Immunity via a specific CEBPB isoform in Triple-negative breast Cancer. Cell Metabol. 2018;28:87–e1036.
doi: 10.1016/j.cmet.2018.04.022
Rizwan A, Serganova I, Khanin R, Karabeber H, Ni X, Thakur S, et al. Relationships between LDH-A, Lactate, and metastases in 4T1 breast tumors. Clin Cancer Res. 2013;19:5158–69.
pubmed: 23833310
doi: 10.1158/1078-0432.CCR-12-3300
Gong Y, Ji P, Yang Y-S, Xie S, Yu T-J, Xiao Y, et al. Metabolic-pathway-based subtyping of Triple-negative breast Cancer reveals potential therapeutic targets. Cell Metabol. 2021;33:51–e649.
doi: 10.1016/j.cmet.2020.10.012
Chafe SC, McDonald PC, Saberi S, Nemirovsky O, Venkateswaran G, Burugu S, et al. Targeting Hypoxia-Induced Carbonic anhydrase IX enhances Immune-Checkpoint Blockade locally and systemically. Cancer Immunol Res. 2019;7:1064–78.
pubmed: 31088846
doi: 10.1158/2326-6066.CIR-18-0657
Hedlund MD. Nemirovsky, Awrey, Jensen, Dedhar. Harnessing Induced Essentiality: Targeting Carbonic anhydrase IX and Angiogenesis reduces Lung Metastasis of Triple negative breast Cancer xenografts. Cancers. 2019;11:1002.
pubmed: 31319613
pmcid: 6678951
doi: 10.3390/cancers11071002
Jin H, Liao S, Yao F, Li J, Xu Z, Zhao K, et al. Insight into the crosstalk between photodynamic therapy and immunotherapy in breast Cancer. Cancers. 2023;15:1532.
pubmed: 36900322
pmcid: 10000400
doi: 10.3390/cancers15051532
Taber SW, Fingar VH, Coots CT, Wieman TJ. Photodynamic therapy using mono-L-aspartyl chlorin e6 (Npe6) for the treatment of cutaneous disease: a phase I clinical study. Clin Cancer Res. 1998;4:2741–6.
pubmed: 9829737
Vrouenraets MB, Visser GWM, Snow GB, van Dongen GAMS. Basic principles, applications in oncology and improved selectivity of photodynamic therapy. Anticancer Res. 2003;23:505–22.
pubmed: 12680139
Anzengruber F, Avci P, De Freitas LF, Hamblin MR. T-cell mediated anti-tumor immunity after photodynamic therapy: why does it not always work and how can we improve it? Photochem Photobiol Sci. 2015;14:1492–509.
pubmed: 26062987
pmcid: 4547550
doi: 10.1039/c4pp00455h
Wachowska M, Gabrysiak M, Muchowicz A, Bednarek W, Barankiewicz J, Rygiel T, et al. 5-Aza-2′-deoxycytidine potentiates antitumour immune response induced by photodynamic therapy. Eur J Cancer. 2014;50:1370–81.
pubmed: 24559534
pmcid: 4136636
doi: 10.1016/j.ejca.2014.01.017
Soman S, Kulkarni S, Pandey A, Dhas N, Subramanian S, Mukherjee A, et al. 2D hetero-nanoconstructs of black phosphorus for breast Cancer theragnosis: Technological advancements. Biosensors. 2022;12:1009.
pubmed: 36421127
pmcid: 9688887
doi: 10.3390/bios12111009
Gogoi M, Sarma HD, Bahadur D, Banerjee R. Biphasic magnetic nanoparticles–nanovesicle hybrids for chemotherapy and self-controlled hyperthermia. Nanomedicine. 2014;9:955–70.
pubmed: 24102326
doi: 10.2217/nnm.13.90
Li Z, Hu Y, Fu Q, Liu Y, Wang J, Song J, et al. NIR/ROS-Responsive Black Phosphorus QD Vesicles as immunoadjuvant carrier for specific Cancer photodynamic immunotherapy. Adv Funct Mater. 2020;30:1905758.
doi: 10.1002/adfm.201905758
Liang X, Ye X, Wang C, Xing C, Miao Q, Xie Z, et al. Photothermal cancer immunotherapy by erythrocyte membrane-coated black phosphorus formulation. J Controlled Release. 2019;296:150–61.
doi: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2019.01.027
Zhao P, Xu Y, Ji W, Zhou S, Li L, Qiu L, et al. Biomimetic black phosphorus quantum dots-based photothermal therapy combined with anti-PD-L1 treatment inhibits recurrence and metastasis in triple-negative breast cancer. J Nanobiotechnol. 2021;19:181.
doi: 10.1186/s12951-021-00932-2
Zhang X, Tang J, Li C, Lu Y, Cheng L, Liu J. A targeting black phosphorus nanoparticle based immune cells nano-regulator for photodynamic/photothermal and photo-immunotherapy. Bioactive Mater. 2021;6:472–89.
doi: 10.1016/j.bioactmat.2020.08.024
Wang X, Tokheim C, Gu SS, Wang B, Tang Q, Li Y, et al. In vivo CRISPR screens identify the E3 ligase Cop1 as a modulator of macrophage infiltration and cancer immunotherapy target. Cell. 2021;184:5357–e537422.
pubmed: 34582788
pmcid: 9136996
doi: 10.1016/j.cell.2021.09.006
Ji P, Gong Y, Jin ML, Wu HL, Guo LW, Pei YC et al. In Vivo multidimensional CRISPR screens identify Lgals2 as an immunotherapy target in triple-negative breast cancer. Sci Adv. 2022;8:eabl8247.
Dong MB, Wang G, Chow RD, Ye L, Zhu L, Dai X, et al. Systematic Immunotherapy Target Discovery using genome-scale in vivo CRISPR screens in CD8 T cells. Cell. 2019;178:1189–e120423.
pubmed: 31442407
pmcid: 6719679
doi: 10.1016/j.cell.2019.07.044
Manguso RT, Pope HW, Zimmer MD, Brown FD, Yates KB, Miller BC, et al. In vivo CRISPR screening identifies Ptpn2 as a cancer immunotherapy target. Nature. 2017;547:413–8.
pubmed: 28723893
pmcid: 5924693
doi: 10.1038/nature23270
Kim S-S, Harford JB, Moghe M, Rait A, Chang EH. Combination with SGT-53 overcomes tumor resistance to a checkpoint inhibitor. OncoImmunology. 2018;7:e1484982.
pubmed: 30288347
pmcid: 6169574
doi: 10.1080/2162402X.2018.1484982
Schmid P, Adams S, Rugo HS, Schneeweiss A, Barrios CH, Iwata H, et al. Atezolizumab and Nab-Paclitaxel in Advanced Triple-negative breast Cancer. N Engl J Med. 2018;379:2108–21.
pubmed: 30345906
doi: 10.1056/NEJMoa1809615
Dai L, Li K, Li M, Zhao X, Luo Z, Lu L, et al. Size/Charge changeable acidity-responsive micelleplex for photodynamic‐improved PD‐L1 immunotherapy with enhanced tumor penetration. Adv Funct Mater. 2018;28:1707249.
doi: 10.1002/adfm.201707249
Kang T, Li Y, Wang Y, Zhu J, Yang L, Huang Y, et al. Modular Engineering of targeted dual-drug nanoassemblies for Cancer Chemoimmunotherapy. ACS Appl Mater Interfaces. 2019;11:36371–82.
pubmed: 31490057
doi: 10.1021/acsami.9b11881
Zanganeh S, Hutter G, Spitler R, Lenkov O, Mahmoudi M, Shaw A, et al. Iron oxide nanoparticles inhibit tumour growth by inducing pro-inflammatory macrophage polarization in tumour tissues. Nat Nanotechnol. 2016;11:986–94.
pubmed: 27668795
pmcid: 5198777
doi: 10.1038/nnano.2016.168
Pal R, Chakraborty B, Nath A, Singh LM, Ali M, Rahman DS, et al. Noble metal nanoparticle-induced oxidative stress modulates tumor associated macrophages (TAMs) from an M2 to M1 phenotype: an in vitro approach. Int Immunopharmacol. 2016;38:332–41.
pubmed: 27344639
doi: 10.1016/j.intimp.2016.06.006
Zhang Y, Chen H, Mo H, Hu X, Gao R, Zhao Y, et al. Single-cell analyses reveal key immune cell subsets associated with response to PD-L1 blockade in triple-negative breast cancer. Cancer Cell. 2021;39:1578–e15938.
pubmed: 34653365
doi: 10.1016/j.ccell.2021.09.010
Tietscher S, Wagner J, Anzeneder T, Langwieder C, Rees M, Sobottka B, et al. A comprehensive single-cell map of T cell exhaustion-associated immune environments in human breast cancer. Nat Commun. 2023;14:98.
pubmed: 36609566
pmcid: 9822999
doi: 10.1038/s41467-022-35238-w
Ma C, Yang C, Peng A, Sun T, Ji X, Mi J, et al. Pan-cancer spatially resolved single-cell analysis reveals the crosstalk between cancer-associated fibroblasts and tumor microenvironment. Mol Cancer. 2023;22(1):170.
doi: 10.1186/s12943-023-01876-x
pubmed: 37833788
pmcid: 10571470
Li C, Yang L, Zhang Y, Hou Q, Wang S, et al. Integrating single-cell and bulk transcriptomic analyses to develop a cancer-associated fibroblast-derived biomarker for predicting prognosis and therapeutic response in breast cancer. Front Immunol. 2024;14:1307588.
pubmed: 38235137
pmcid: 10791883
doi: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1307588
Rodriguez-Garcia A, Lynn RC, Poussin M, Eiva MA, Shaw LC, O’Connor RS, et al. CAR-T cell-mediated depletion of immunosuppressive tumor-associated macrophages promotes endogenous antitumor immunity and augments adoptive immunotherapy. Nat Commun. 2021;12(1):877.
pubmed: 33563975
pmcid: 7873057
doi: 10.1038/s41467-021-20893-2
Chuangchot N, Jamjuntra P, Yangngam S, Luangwattananun P, Thongchot S, Junking M, et al. Enhancement of PD-L1-attenuated CAR-T cell function through breast cancer-associated fibroblasts-derived IL-6 signaling via STAT3/AKT pathways. Breast Cancer Res. 2023;25(1):86.
pubmed: 37480115
pmcid: 10362675
doi: 10.1186/s13058-023-01684-7
Chen Y, Shu X, Guo JY, Xiang Y, Liang SY, Lai JM, et al. Nanodrugs mediate TAMs-related arginine metabolism interference to boost photodynamic immunotherapy. J Control Release. 2024;367:248–64.
pubmed: 38272398
doi: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2024.01.045
Marta Warszyńska JM, Dąbrowski. Photodynamic therapy combined with immunotherapy: Recent advances and future research directions. Coordination Chemistry Reviews, 495, 2023, 215350.
Johnson DB, Reynolds KL, Sullivan RJ, Balko JM, Patrinely JR, et al. Immune checkpoint inhibitor toxicities: systems-based approaches to improve patient care and research. Lancet Oncol. 2020;21(8):e398–404.
pubmed: 32758477
doi: 10.1016/S1470-2045(20)30107-8
Oliver AJ, Lau PKH, Unsworth AS, Loi S, Darcy PK, Kershaw MH, et al. Tissue-dependent tumor microenvironments and their impact on immunotherapy responses. Front Immunol. 2018;9:70.
pubmed: 29445373
pmcid: 5797771
doi: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.00070
Chaudhuri S, Thomas S, Munster P. Immunotherapy in breast cancer: a clinician’s perspective. J Natl Cancer Cent. 2021;1:47–57.
doi: 10.1016/j.jncc.2021.01.001
Gui C-P, Wei J-H, Zhang C, Tang Y-M, Shu G-N, Wu R-P, et al. Single-cell and spatial transcriptomics reveal 5-methylcytosine RNA methylation regulators immunologically reprograms tumor microenvironment characterizations, immunotherapy response and precision treatment of clear cell renal cell carcinoma. Translational Oncol. 2023;35:101726.
doi: 10.1016/j.tranon.2023.101726