An Integrated Testing Strategy (ITS) to assess the environmental compatibility of wood protection techniques.

To quantify the possible impact of different wood protection techniques on the aquatic environment, we applied a tiered Integrated Testing Strategy (ITS) on leachates obtained from untreated (UTW) Norway spruce (Picea abies), specimens treated with a copper-ethanolamine-based preservative solution, complying with the Use Class 3 (UC3), and specimens thermally modified (TM). Different maturation times in water were tested to verify whether toxicant leaching is time-dependent. Tier I tests, addressing acute effects on Aliivibrio fischeri, Raphidocelis subcapitata, and Daphnia magna, evidenced that TM toxicity was comparable or even lower than in UTW. Conversely, UC3 significantly affected all species compared to UTW, also after 30 days of maturation in water, and was not considered an environmentally acceptable wood preservation solution. Tier II (effects on early-life stages of Lymnea auricularia) and III (chronic effects on D. magna and L. auricularia) performed on UTW and TM confirmed the latter as an environmentally acceptable treatment, with increasing maturation times resulting in decreased adverse effects. The ITS allowed for rapid and reliable identification of potentially harmful effects due to preservation treatments, addressed the choice for a less impacting solution, and can be effective for manufacturers in identifying more environmentally friendly solutions while developing their products.

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Declaration of Competing Interest The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper.