Understanding the Interplay Between Skin, Fascia, and Muscles of the Midface in Facial Aging.
3D imaging
Aesthetic facial treatments
Cutometry
Electromyography
Facial aging
Journal
Aesthetic plastic surgery
ISSN: 1432-5241
Titre abrégé: Aesthetic Plast Surg
Pays: United States
ID NLM: 7701756
Informations de publication
Date de publication:
09 May 2024
09 May 2024
Historique:
received:
08
09
2023
accepted:
09
04
2024
medline:
10
5
2024
pubmed:
10
5
2024
entrez:
9
5
2024
Statut:
aheadofprint
Résumé
Surgical, minimally-invasive, and non-invasive aesthetic procedures try to ameliorate the signs of facial aging, but also focus on enhancing various individual features of beauty in each patient. Herein, the midface plays a central role due to its location but also its importance for the aesthetic perception and facial expression. To date, no study has investigated the interplay between facial muscles and its connecting subdermal architecture during facial aging to provide a more comprehensive understanding of the middle face. A total of 76 subjects, consisting of 30 males (39.5%) and 46 females (60.5%) with a mean age of 42.2 (18.7) years [range 19-80] and a mean BMI of 24.6 (3.7) kg/m The results revealed that overall skin firmness increased, and skin elasticity decreased (p < 0.001), sEMG signal of the investigated muscles decreased (p < 0.001), whereas midfacial mobility remained unaltered (p = 0.722). The results of this study indicate that midfacial aging is a measurable effect when utilizing individual measurement modalities for assessing skin, subdermal fascia, and midfacial muscles. The function of midfacial muscles revealed a potential threshold effect, which is not reached during midfacial aging due to the unchanged soft tissue mobility at older age. However, to understand its clinical presentation all midfacial soft tissues need to be factored in and a holistic picture needs to be created. This journal requires that authors assign a level of evidence to each submission to which Evidence-Based Medicine rankings are applicable. This excludes review articles, book reviews, and manuscripts that concern Basic Science, Animal Studies, Cadaver Studies, and Experimental Studies. For a full description of these Evidence-Based Medicine ratings, please refer to the Table of Contents or the online Instructions to authors www.springer.com/00266 .
Sections du résumé
BACKGROUND
BACKGROUND
Surgical, minimally-invasive, and non-invasive aesthetic procedures try to ameliorate the signs of facial aging, but also focus on enhancing various individual features of beauty in each patient. Herein, the midface plays a central role due to its location but also its importance for the aesthetic perception and facial expression.
OBJECTIVE
OBJECTIVE
To date, no study has investigated the interplay between facial muscles and its connecting subdermal architecture during facial aging to provide a more comprehensive understanding of the middle face.
MATERIALS AND METHODS
METHODS
A total of 76 subjects, consisting of 30 males (39.5%) and 46 females (60.5%) with a mean age of 42.2 (18.7) years [range 19-80] and a mean BMI of 24.6 (3.7) kg/m
RESULTS
RESULTS
The results revealed that overall skin firmness increased, and skin elasticity decreased (p < 0.001), sEMG signal of the investigated muscles decreased (p < 0.001), whereas midfacial mobility remained unaltered (p = 0.722).
CONCLUSION
CONCLUSIONS
The results of this study indicate that midfacial aging is a measurable effect when utilizing individual measurement modalities for assessing skin, subdermal fascia, and midfacial muscles. The function of midfacial muscles revealed a potential threshold effect, which is not reached during midfacial aging due to the unchanged soft tissue mobility at older age. However, to understand its clinical presentation all midfacial soft tissues need to be factored in and a holistic picture needs to be created.
NO LEVEL ASSIGNED
METHODS
This journal requires that authors assign a level of evidence to each submission to which Evidence-Based Medicine rankings are applicable. This excludes review articles, book reviews, and manuscripts that concern Basic Science, Animal Studies, Cadaver Studies, and Experimental Studies. For a full description of these Evidence-Based Medicine ratings, please refer to the Table of Contents or the online Instructions to authors www.springer.com/00266 .
Identifiants
pubmed: 38724637
doi: 10.1007/s00266-024-04070-6
pii: 10.1007/s00266-024-04070-6
doi:
Types de publication
Journal Article
Langues
eng
Sous-ensembles de citation
IM
Informations de copyright
© 2024. Springer Science+Business Media, LLC, part of Springer Nature and International Society of Aesthetic Plastic Surgery.
Références
Alfertshofer M, Engerer N, Frank K, Moellhoff N, Freytag DL, Cotofana S (2023) Multimodal analyses of the aging forehead and their clinical implications. Aesthet Surg J. https://doi.org/10.1093/ASJ/SJAD009
doi: 10.1093/ASJ/SJAD009
pubmed: 37071792
Ghannam S, Sattler S, Frank K et al (2019) Treating the lips and its anatomical correlate in respect to vascular compromise. Facial Plastic Surg. https://doi.org/10.1055/s-0039-1683856
doi: 10.1055/s-0039-1683856
Frank K, Weitgasser L, Redka-Swoboda W, Reumann S, Schenck T, Cotofana S (2014) The neurobiology of facial recognition: a neuroanatomical review of the literature. Kosmetische Medizin 35(6)
Rudolph C, Hladik C, Stroup DF et al (2019) Are cosmetic procedures comparable to antidepressive medication for quality-of-life improvements? A systematic review and controlled meta-analysis. Facial Plast Surg. https://doi.org/10.1055/s-0039-1697030
doi: 10.1055/s-0039-1697030
pubmed: 31563125
Casabona G, Bernardini FP, Skippen B et al (2020) How to best utilize the line of ligaments and the surface volume coefficient in facial soft tissue filler injections. J Cosmet Dermatol. https://doi.org/10.1111/jocd.13245
doi: 10.1111/jocd.13245
pubmed: 32946624
pmcid: 7687073
Freytag DL, Alfertshofer MG, Frank K et al (2022) The difference in facial movement between the medial and the lateral midface: a 3-dimensional skin surface vector analysis. Aesthet Surg J 42(1):1–9. https://doi.org/10.1093/ASJ/SJAB152
doi: 10.1093/ASJ/SJAB152
pubmed: 33784397
Engerer N, Frank K, Moellhoff N et al (2022) Aging of the neck decoded: new insights for minimally invasive treatments. Aesthetic Plast Surg 46(4):1698–1705. https://doi.org/10.1007/S00266-022-02961-0
doi: 10.1007/S00266-022-02961-0
pubmed: 35701594
Alfertshofer M, Engerer N, Frank K, Moellhoff N, Freytag DL, Cotofana S (2023) Multimodal analyses of the aging forehead and their clinical implications. Aesthet Surg J 43(7):NP531–NP540. https://doi.org/10.1093/ASJ/SJAD009
doi: 10.1093/ASJ/SJAD009
pubmed: 36647564
Cotofana S, Assemi-Kabir S, Mardini S et al (2021) Understanding facial muscle aging: a surface electromyography study. Aesthet Surg J 41(9):NP1208–NP1217. https://doi.org/10.1093/asj/sjab202
doi: 10.1093/asj/sjab202
pubmed: 33942051
Schenck TL, Koban KC, Schlattau A et al (2018) The functional anatomy of the superficial fat compartments of the face: a detailed imaging study. Plast Reconstr Surg 141(6):1351–1359. https://doi.org/10.1097/PRS.0000000000004364
doi: 10.1097/PRS.0000000000004364
pubmed: 29750762
Cotofana S, Gotkin RH, Frank K et al (2019) The functional anatomy of the deep facial fat compartments: a detailed imaging-based investigation. Plast Reconstr Surg. https://doi.org/10.1097/PRS.0000000000005080
doi: 10.1097/PRS.0000000000005080
pubmed: 31246807
Frank K, Gotkin RH, Pavicic T et al (2019) Age and gender differences of the frontal bone: a computed tomographic (CT)-based study. Aesthet Surg J. https://doi.org/10.1093/asj/sjy270
doi: 10.1093/asj/sjy270
pubmed: 31056694
Frank K, Assemi-Kabir S, Alfertshofer MG et al (2022) Electrophysiologic frontalis muscle response following neuromodulator injections. Facial Plast Surg Clin North Am 30(2):225–231. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fsc.2022.01.010
doi: 10.1016/j.fsc.2022.01.010
pubmed: 35501060
Frank K, Moellhoff N, Kaiser A et al (2021) Signal-to-noise ratio calculations to validate sensor positioning for facial muscle assessment using noninvasive facial electromyography. Facial Plast Surg 37(5):614–624. https://doi.org/10.1055/S-0041-1725168
doi: 10.1055/S-0041-1725168
pubmed: 33682916
Koban KC, Cotofana S, Frank K et al (2019) Precision in 3-dimensional surface imaging of the face: a handheld scanner comparison performed in a cadaveric model. Aesthet Surg J. https://doi.org/10.1093/asj/sjy242
doi: 10.1093/asj/sjy242
pubmed: 31056694
Casabona G, Frank K, Koban KC et al (2019) Lifting vs volumizing: the difference in facial minimally invasive procedures when respecting the line of ligaments. J Cosmet Dermatol. https://doi.org/10.1111/jocd.13089
doi: 10.1111/jocd.13089
pubmed: 31840373
Cotofana S, Freytag DL, Frank K et al (2020) The bidirectional movement of the frontalis muscle: introducing the line of convergence and its potential clinical relevance. Plast Reconstr Surg 145(5):1155–1162. https://doi.org/10.1097/PRS.0000000000006756
doi: 10.1097/PRS.0000000000006756
pubmed: 32332530
Roberts TJ, Gabaldón AM (2008) Interpreting muscle function from EMG: lessons learned from direct measurements of muscle force. Integr Comp Biol 48(2):312. https://doi.org/10.1093/ICB/ICN056
doi: 10.1093/ICB/ICN056
pubmed: 21669793
pmcid: 4817590
Larsson L, Degens H, Li M et al (2019) Sarcopenia: aging-related loss of muscle mass and function. Physiol Rev 99(1):427–511. https://doi.org/10.1152/PHYSREV.00061.2017
doi: 10.1152/PHYSREV.00061.2017
pubmed: 30427277
Kinney BM, Bernardy J, Jarošová R (2023) Novel technology for facial muscle stimulation combined with synchronized radiofrequency induces structural changes in muscle tissue: porcine histology study. Aesthet Surg J. https://doi.org/10.1093/ASJ/SJAD053
doi: 10.1093/ASJ/SJAD053
pubmed: 36883601
pmcid: 10712423