Renal macrophages and NLRP3 inflammasomes in kidney diseases and therapeutics.


Journal

Cell death discovery
ISSN: 2058-7716
Titre abrégé: Cell Death Discov
Pays: United States
ID NLM: 101665035

Informations de publication

Date de publication:
13 May 2024
Historique:
received: 15 02 2024
accepted: 26 04 2024
revised: 22 04 2024
medline: 14 5 2024
pubmed: 14 5 2024
entrez: 13 5 2024
Statut: epublish

Résumé

Macrophages are exceptionally diversified cell types and perform unique features and functions when exposed to different stimuli within the specific microenvironment of various kidney diseases. In instances of kidney tissue necrosis or infection, specific patterns associated with damage or pathogens prompt the development of pro-inflammatory macrophages (M1). These M1 macrophages contribute to exacerbating tissue damage, inflammation, and eventual fibrosis. Conversely, anti-inflammatory macrophages (M2) arise in the same circumstances, contributing to kidney repair and regeneration processes. Impaired tissue repair causes fibrosis, and hence macrophages play a protective and pathogenic role. In response to harmful stimuli within the body, inflammasomes, complex assemblies of multiple proteins, assume a pivotal function in innate immunity. The initiation of inflammasomes triggers the activation of caspase 1, which in turn facilitates the maturation of cytokines, inflammation, and cell death. Macrophages in the kidneys possess the complete elements of the NLRP3 inflammasome, including NLRP3, ASC, and pro-caspase-1. When the NLRP3 inflammasomes are activated, it triggers the activation of caspase-1, resulting in the release of mature proinflammatory cytokines (IL)-1β and IL-18 and cleavage of Gasdermin D (GSDMD). This activation process therefore then induces pyroptosis, leading to renal inflammation, cell death, and renal dysfunction. The NLRP3-ASC-caspase-1-IL-1β-IL-18 pathway has been identified as a factor in the development of the pathophysiology of numerous kidney diseases. In this review, we explore current progress in understanding macrophage behavior concerning inflammation, injury, and fibrosis in kidneys. Emphasizing the pivotal role of activated macrophages in both the advancement and recovery phases of renal diseases, the article delves into potential strategies to modify macrophage functionality and it also discusses emerging approaches to selectively target NLRP3 inflammasomes and their signaling components within the kidney, aiming to facilitate the healing process in kidney diseases.

Identifiants

pubmed: 38740765
doi: 10.1038/s41420-024-01996-3
pii: 10.1038/s41420-024-01996-3
doi:

Types de publication

Journal Article Review

Langues

eng

Pagination

229

Subventions

Organisme : U.S. Department of Health & Human Services | NIH | National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases (National Institute of Diabetes & Digestive & Kidney Diseases)
ID : R01DK129881
Organisme : U.S. Department of Health & Human Services | NIH | National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases (National Institute of Diabetes & Digestive & Kidney Diseases)
ID : R01DK129881

Informations de copyright

© 2024. The Author(s).

Références

Tang PM, Nikolic-Paterson DJ, Lan HY. Macrophages: versatile players in renal inflammation and fibrosis. Nat Rev Nephrol. 2019;15:144–58.
pubmed: 30692665 doi: 10.1038/s41581-019-0110-2
Engel JE, Chade AR. Macrophage polarization in chronic kidney disease: a balancing act between renal recovery and decline? Am J Physiol Ren Physiol. 2019;317:F1409–F1413.
doi: 10.1152/ajprenal.00380.2019
Munro DAD, Hughes J. The origins and functions of tissue-resident macrophages in kidney development. Front Physiol. 2017;8:837.
pubmed: 29118719 pmcid: 5660965 doi: 10.3389/fphys.2017.00837
Murray PJ. Macrophage polarization. Annu Rev. Physiol. 2017;79:541–66.
pubmed: 27813830 doi: 10.1146/annurev-physiol-022516-034339
Zeng J, Zhang Y, Huang C. Macrophages polarization in renal inflammation and fibrosis animal models (Review). Mol Med Rep. 2024. https://doi.org/10.3892/mmr.2023.13152 .
Chen T, Cao Q, Wang Y, Harris DCH. M2 macrophages in kidney disease: biology, therapies, and perspectives. Kidney Int. 2019;95:760–73.
pubmed: 30827512 doi: 10.1016/j.kint.2018.10.041
Lau A, Chung H, Komada T, Platnich JM, Sandall CF, Choudhury SR, et al. Renal immune surveillance and dipeptidase-1 contribute to contrast-induced acute kidney injury. J Clin Invest. 2018;128:2894–913.
pubmed: 29863495 pmcid: 6026009 doi: 10.1172/JCI96640
Ludwig-Portugall I, Bartok E, Dhana E, Evers BD, Primiano MJ, Hall JP, et al. An NLRP3-specific inflammasome inhibitor attenuates crystal-induced kidney fibrosis in mice. Kidney Int. 2016;90:525–39.
pubmed: 27262364 doi: 10.1016/j.kint.2016.03.035
Hutton HL, Ooi JD, Holdsworth SR, Kitching AR. The NLRP3 inflammasome in kidney disease and autoimmunity. Nephrology (Carlton). 2016;21:736–44.
pubmed: 27011059 doi: 10.1111/nep.12785
Shahzad K, Bock F, Dong W, Wang H, Kopf S, Kohli S, et al. Nlrp3-inflammasome activation in non-myeloid-derived cells aggravates diabetic nephropathy. Kidney Int. 2015;87:74–84.
pubmed: 25075770 doi: 10.1038/ki.2014.271
Blevins HM, Xu Y, Biby S, Zhang S. The NLRP3 inflammasome pathway: a review of mechanisms and inhibitors for the treatment of inflammatory diseases. Front Aging Neurosci. 2022;14:879021.
pubmed: 35754962 pmcid: 9226403 doi: 10.3389/fnagi.2022.879021
Zhang H, Wang Z. Effect and regulation of the NLRP3 inflammasome during renal fibrosis. Front Cell Dev Biol. 2019;7:379.
pubmed: 32039201 doi: 10.3389/fcell.2019.00379
Li Z, Wang X, Peng Y, Yin H, Yu S, Zhang W. Ni X Nlrp3 deficiency alleviates lipopolysaccharide-induced acute kidney injury via suppressing renal inflammation and ferroptosis in mice. Biology (Basel). 2023;12:1188. https://doi.org/10.3390/biology12091188 .
Mulay SR. Multifactorial functions of the inflammasome component NLRP3 in pathogenesis of chronic kidney diseases. Kidney Int. 2019;96:58–66.
pubmed: 30922667 doi: 10.1016/j.kint.2019.01.014
Huang G, Zhang Y, Zhang Y, Ma Y. Chronic kidney disease and NLRP3 inflammasome: pathogenesis, development and targeted therapeutic strategies. Biochem Biophys Rep. 2023;33:101417.
pubmed: 36620089
Miller SJ, Yashchenko A, Zimmerman KA. Isolation and flow cytometry analysis of macrophages from the kidney. Methods Mol Biol. 2024;2713:171–81.
pubmed: 37639123 doi: 10.1007/978-1-0716-3437-0_12
Cheung MD, Erman EN, Moore KH, Lever JM, Li Z, LaFontaine JR. et al. Resident macrophage subpopulations occupy distinct microenvironments in the kidney. JCI Insight 2022;7:e161078. https://doi.org/10.1172/jci.insight.161078 .
Liu F, Dai S, Feng D, Qin Z, Peng X, Sakamuri S, et al. Distinct fate, dynamics and niches of renal macrophages of bone marrow or embryonic origins. Nat Commun. 2020;11:2280.
pubmed: 32385245 pmcid: 7210253 doi: 10.1038/s41467-020-16158-z
Schultze JL, Mass E, Schlitzer A. Emerging principles in myelopoiesis at homeostasis and during infection and inflammation. Immunity. 2019;50:288–301.
pubmed: 30784577 doi: 10.1016/j.immuni.2019.01.019
Liu K, Victora GD, Schwickert TA, Guermonprez P, Meredith MM, Yao K, et al. In vivo analysis of dendritic cell development and homeostasis. Science. 2009;324:392–7.
pubmed: 19286519 pmcid: 2803315 doi: 10.1126/science.1170540
Schulz C, Gomez Perdiguero E, Chorro L, Szabo-Rogers H, Cagnard N, Kierdorf K, et al. A lineage of myeloid cells independent of Myb and hematopoietic stem cells. Science. 2012;336:86–90.
pubmed: 22442384 doi: 10.1126/science.1219179
Dick SA, Wong A, Hamidzada H, Nejat S, Nechanitzky R, Vohra S, et al. Three tissue resident macrophage subsets coexist across organs with conserved origins and life cycles. Sci. Immunol. 2022;7:eabf7777.
pubmed: 34995099 doi: 10.1126/sciimmunol.abf7777
Ide S, Yahara Y, Kobayashi Y, Strausser SA, Ide K, Watwe A. et al. Yolk-sac-derived macrophages progressively expand in the mouse kidney with age. Elife 2020;9;eLife.51756. https://doi.org/10.7554/eLife.51756 .
Hoeffel G, Chen J, Lavin Y, Low D, Almeida FF, See P, et al. C-Myb(+) erythro-myeloid progenitor-derived fetal monocytes give rise to adult tissue-resident macrophages. Immunity. 2015;42:665–78.
pubmed: 25902481 pmcid: 4545768 doi: 10.1016/j.immuni.2015.03.011
Gordon S, Taylor PR. Monocyte and macrophage heterogeneity. Nat Rev Immunol. 2005;5:953–64.
pubmed: 16322748 doi: 10.1038/nri1733
Wynn TA, Chawla A, Pollard JW. Macrophage biology in development, homeostasis and disease. Nature. 2013;496:445–55.
pubmed: 23619691 pmcid: 3725458 doi: 10.1038/nature12034
Geissmann F, Manz MG, Jung S, Sieweke MH, Merad M, Ley K. Development of monocytes, macrophages, and dendritic cells. Science. 2010;327:656–61.
pubmed: 20133564 pmcid: 2887389 doi: 10.1126/science.1178331
Huen SC, Cantley LG. Macrophage-mediated injury and repair after ischemic kidney injury. Pediatr Nephrol. 2015;30:199–209.
pubmed: 24442822 doi: 10.1007/s00467-013-2726-y
Micanovic R, Chitteti BR, Dagher PC, Srour EF, Khan S, Hato T, et al. Tamm-horsfall protein regulates granulopoiesis and systemic neutrophil homeostasis. J Am Soc Nephrol. 2015;26:2172–82.
pubmed: 25556169 pmcid: 4552115 doi: 10.1681/ASN.2014070664
Yang H, Cheng H, Dai R, Shang L, Zhang X, Wen H. Macrophage polarization in tissue fibrosis. PeerJ. 2023;11:e16092.
pubmed: 37849830 pmcid: 10578305 doi: 10.7717/peerj.16092
Wang X, Chen J, Xu J, Xie J, Harris DCH, Zheng G. The role of macrophages in kidney fibrosis. Front Physiol. 2021;12:705838.
pubmed: 34421643 pmcid: 8378534 doi: 10.3389/fphys.2021.705838
Cao Q, Wang C, Zheng D, Wang Y, Lee VW, Wang YM, et al. IL-25 induces M2 macrophages and reduces renal injury in proteinuric kidney disease. J Am Soc Nephrol. 2011;22:1229–39.
pubmed: 21719780 pmcid: 3137571 doi: 10.1681/ASN.2010070693
Cao Q, Wang Y, Harris DC. Macrophage heterogeneity, phenotypes, and roles in renal fibrosis. Kidney Int Suppl. 2014;4:16–19.
doi: 10.1038/kisup.2014.4
Lee S, Huen S, Nishio H, Nishio S, Lee HK, Choi BS, et al. Distinct macrophage phenotypes contribute to kidney injury and repair. J Am Soc Nephrol. 2011;22:317–26.
pubmed: 21289217 pmcid: 3029904 doi: 10.1681/ASN.2009060615
Fu H, Chu L, Yuan YS, Liao S, Wang GH, Circular RNA. ACTR2 activates M2 polarization of macrophages through activating Yes-associated protein signalling and contributes to renal fibrosis. Immunology. 2022;167:606–21.
pubmed: 36069177 doi: 10.1111/imm.13558
Kalish SV, Lyamina SV, Usanova EA, Manukhina EB, Larionov NP, Malyshev IY. Macrophages Reprogrammed In Vitro Towards the M1 Phenotype and Activated with LPS Extend Lifespan of Mice with Ehrlich Ascites Carcinoma. Med Sci Monit Basic Res. 2015;21:226–34.
pubmed: 26471744 pmcid: 4612464 doi: 10.12659/MSMBR.895563
Murphy BS, Sundareshan V, Cory TJ, Hayes D Jr., Anstead MI, Feola DJ. Azithromycin alters macrophage phenotype. J Antimicrob Chemother. 2008;61:554–60.
pubmed: 18230686 doi: 10.1093/jac/dkn007
Ishizuka EK, Ferreira MJ, Grund LZ, Coutinho EM, Komegae EN, Cassado AA, et al. Role of interplay between IL-4 and IFN-γ in the in regulating M1 macrophage polarization induced by Nattectin. Int Immunopharmacol. 2012;14:513–22.
pubmed: 22940186 doi: 10.1016/j.intimp.2012.08.009
Venturin GL, Chiku VM, Silva KL, de Almeida BF, de Lima VM. M1 polarization and the effect of PGE(2) on TNF-α production by lymph node cells from dogs with visceral leishmaniasis. Parasite Immunol. 2016;38:698–704.
pubmed: 27506591 doi: 10.1111/pim.12353
Melo JM, Falcão LFM, da Ponte LCT, Silva CC, Martins LC, Chiang JO, et al. Emergence of new immunopathogenic factors in human yellow fever: polarisation of the M1/M2 macrophage response in the renal parenchyma. Viruses 2022;14:1725. https://doi.org/10.3390/v14081725 .
Karuppagounder V, Arumugam S, Thandavarayan RA, Sreedhar R, Giridharan VV, Afrin R, et al. Curcumin alleviates renal dysfunction and suppresses inflammation by shifting from M1 to M2 macrophage polarization in daunorubicin induced nephrotoxicity in rats. Cytokine. 2016;84:1–9.
pubmed: 27203664 doi: 10.1016/j.cyto.2016.05.001
Lv LL, Tang PM, Li CJ, You YK, Li J, Huang XR, et al. The pattern recognition receptor, Mincle, is essential for maintaining the M1 macrophage phenotype in acute renal inflammation. Kidney Int. 2017;91:587–602.
pubmed: 28017324 doi: 10.1016/j.kint.2016.10.020
Onore CE, Careaga M, Babineau BA, Schwartzer JJ, Berman RF, Ashwood P. Inflammatory macrophage phenotype in BTBR T+tf/J mice. Front Neurosci. 2013;7:158.
pubmed: 24062633 pmcid: 3774991 doi: 10.3389/fnins.2013.00158
Luo L, Wang S, Hu Y, Wang L, Jiang X, Zhang J, et al. Precisely regulating M2 subtype macrophages for renal fibrosis resolution. ACS Nano. 2023;17:22508–26.
pubmed: 37948096 doi: 10.1021/acsnano.3c05998
Wang Y, Wang YP, Zheng G, Lee VW, Ouyang L, Chang DH, et al. Ex vivo programmed macrophages ameliorate experimental chronic inflammatory renal disease. Kidney Int. 2007;72:290–9.
pubmed: 17440493 doi: 10.1038/sj.ki.5002275
Mosser DM. The many faces of macrophage activation. J Leukoc Biol. 2003;73:209–12.
pubmed: 12554797 doi: 10.1189/jlb.0602325
Gordon S. Alternative activation of macrophages. Nat Rev Immunol. 2003;3:23–35.
pubmed: 12511873 doi: 10.1038/nri978
Wilson HM, Walbaum D, Rees AJ. Macrophages and the kidney. Curr Opin Nephrol Hypertens. 2004;13:285–90.
pubmed: 15073486 doi: 10.1097/00041552-200405000-00004
Chen S, Saeed AFUH, Liu Q, Jiang Q, Xu H, Xiao GG, et al. Macrophages in immunoregulation and therapeutics. Signal Transduct Target Ther. 2023;8:207.
pubmed: 37211559 pmcid: 10200802 doi: 10.1038/s41392-023-01452-1
Zhang MZ, Wang X, Wang Y, Niu A, Wang S, Zou C, Harris RC. IL-4/IL-13-mediated polarization of renal macrophages/dendritic cells to an M2a phenotype is essential for recovery from acute kidney injury. Kidney Int. 2017;91:375–86.
pubmed: 27745702 doi: 10.1016/j.kint.2016.08.020
Zhao X, Dai J, Xiao X, Wu L, Zeng J, Sheng J, et al. PI3K/Akt signaling pathway modulates influenza virus induced mouse alveolar macrophage polarization to M1/M2b. PLoS One. 2014;9:e104506.
pubmed: 25105760 pmcid: 4126709 doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0104506
Lisi L, Stigliano E, Lauriola L, Navarra P, Dello Russo C. Proinflammatory-activated glioma cells induce a switch in microglial polarization and activation status, from a predominant M2b phenotype to a mixture of M1 and M2a/B polarized cells. ASN Neuro. 2014;6:171–83.
pubmed: 24689533 doi: 10.1042/AN20130045
Kim MG, Kim SC, Ko YS, Lee HY, Jo SK, Cho W. The role of M2 macrophages in the progression of chronic kidney disease following acute kidney injury. PLoS One. 2015;10:e0143961.
pubmed: 26630505 pmcid: 4667939 doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0143961
Spiller KL, Anfang RR, Spiller KJ, Ng J, Nakazawa KR, Daulton JW, Vunjak-Novakovic G. The role of macrophage phenotype in vascularization of tissue engineering scaffolds. Biomaterials. 2014;35:4477–88.
pubmed: 24589361 pmcid: 4000280 doi: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2014.02.012
Lu J, Cao Q, Zheng D, Sun Y, Wang C, Yu X, et al. Discrete functions of M2a and M2c macrophage subsets determine their relative efficacy in treating chronic kidney disease. Kidney Int. 2013;84:745–55.
pubmed: 23636175 doi: 10.1038/ki.2013.135
Zhou X, Chen H, Hu Y, Ma X, Li J, Shi Y, et al. Enhancer of zeste homolog 2 promotes renal fibrosis after acute kidney injury by inducing epithelial-mesenchymal transition and activation of M2 macrophage polarization. Cell Death Dis. 2023;14:253.
pubmed: 37029114 pmcid: 10081989 doi: 10.1038/s41419-023-05782-4
Tang L, Zhang H, Wang C, Li H, Zhang Q, Bai J. M2A and M2C macrophage subsets ameliorate inflammation and fibroproliferation in acute lung injury through interleukin 10 pathway. Shock. 2017;48:119–29.
pubmed: 27941591 doi: 10.1097/SHK.0000000000000820
Yang N, Isbel NM, Nikolic-Paterson DJ, Li Y, Ye R, Atkins RC, Lan HY. Local macrophage proliferation in human glomerulonephritis. Kidney Int. 1998;54:143–51.
pubmed: 9648072 doi: 10.1046/j.1523-1755.1998.00978.x
Magil AB. Monocytes/macrophages in renal allograft rejection. Transpl Rev (Orlando). 2009;23:199–208.
doi: 10.1016/j.trre.2009.06.005
Inoue T. M1 macrophage triggered by mincle leads to a deterioration of acute kidney injury. Kidney Int. 2017;91:526–9.
pubmed: 28202166 doi: 10.1016/j.kint.2016.11.026
Jia L, Wang Y, Ma X, Wang H, Fu R. A study on the role of Wip1 in renal fibrosis by modulating macrophage phenotype. Arch. Med Res. 2023;54:332–8.
pubmed: 37193620 doi: 10.1016/j.arcmed.2023.04.003
Komada T, Muruve DA. The role of inflammasomes in kidney disease. Nat Rev Nephrol. 2019;15:501–20.
pubmed: 31164720 doi: 10.1038/s41581-019-0158-z
Tian S, Zhang L, Tang J, Guo X, Dong K, Chen SY. HMGB1 exacerbates renal tubulointerstitial fibrosis through facilitating M1 macrophage phenotype at the early stage of obstructive injury. Am J Physiol Ren Physiol. 2015;308:F69–75.
doi: 10.1152/ajprenal.00484.2014
Trial J, Potempa LA, Entman ML. The role of C-reactive protein in innate and acquired inflammation: new perspectives. Inflamm Cell Signal. 2016;3:e1409.
You YK, Huang XR, Chen HY, Lyu XF, Liu HF, Lan HY. C-Reactive protein promotes diabetic kidney disease in db/db mice via the CD32b-Smad3-mTOR signaling pathway. Sci Rep. 2016;6:26740.
pubmed: 27221338 pmcid: 4879671 doi: 10.1038/srep26740
Ryu M, Kulkarni OP, Radomska E, Miosge N, Gross O, Anders HJ. Bacterial CpG-DNA accelerates alport glomerulosclerosis by inducing an M1 macrophage phenotype and tumor necrosis factor-α-mediated podocyte loss. Kidney Int. 2011;79:189–98.
pubmed: 20962742 doi: 10.1038/ki.2010.373
Tomosugi NI, Cashman SJ, Hay H, Pusey CD, Evans DJ, Shaw A, Rees AJ. Modulation of antibody-mediated glomerular injury in vivo by bacterial lipopolysaccharide, tumor necrosis factor, and IL-1. J Immunol. 1989;142:3083–90.
pubmed: 2785133 doi: 10.4049/jimmunol.142.9.3083
Ikezumi Y, Atkins RC, Nikolic-Paterson DJ. Interferon-gamma augments acute macrophage-mediated renal injury via a glucocorticoid-sensitive mechanism. J Am Soc Nephrol. 2003;14:888–98.
pubmed: 12660323 doi: 10.1097/01.ASN.0000056604.13964.62
Tomita N, Morishita R, Lan HY, Yamamoto K, Hashizume M, Notake M, et al. In vivo administration of a nuclear transcription factor-kappaB decoy suppresses experimental crescentic glomerulonephritis. J Am Soc Nephrol. 2000;11:1244–52.
pubmed: 10864580 doi: 10.1681/ASN.V1171244
Wilson HM, Chettibi S, Jobin C, Walbaum D, Rees AJ, Kluth DC. Inhibition of macrophage nuclear factor-kappaB leads to a dominant anti-inflammatory phenotype that attenuates glomerular inflammation in vivo. Am J Pathol. 2005;167:27–37.
pubmed: 15972949 pmcid: 1603438 doi: 10.1016/S0002-9440(10)62950-1
Ko GJ, Boo CS, Jo SK, Cho WY, Kim HK. Macrophages contribute to the development of renal fibrosis following ischaemia/reperfusion-induced acute kidney injury. Nephrol Dial Transpl. 2008;23:842–52.
doi: 10.1093/ndt/gfm694
Zhang C, Yu S, Zheng B, Liu D, Wan F, Ma Y, et al. miR-30c-5p reduces renal ischemia-reperfusion involving macrophage. Med Sci Monit. 2019;25:4362–9.
pubmed: 31185006 pmcid: 6582680 doi: 10.12659/MSM.914579
Guo C, Ye FX, Jian YH, Liu CH, Tu ZH, Yang DP. MicroRNA-214-5p aggravates sepsis-related acute kidney injury in mice. Drug Dev Res. 2022;83:339–50.
pubmed: 34370322 doi: 10.1002/ddr.21863
Viel EC, Lemarié CA, Benkirane K, Paradis P, Schiffrin EL. Immune regulation and vascular inflammation in genetic hypertension. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol. 2010;298:H938–944.
pubmed: 20044442 doi: 10.1152/ajpheart.00707.2009
Rickard AJ, Morgan J, Tesch G, Funder JW, Fuller PJ, Young MJ. Deletion of mineralocorticoid receptors from macrophages protects against deoxycorticosterone/salt-induced cardiac fibrosis and increased blood pressure. Hypertension. 2009;54:537–43.
pubmed: 19635989 doi: 10.1161/HYPERTENSIONAHA.109.131110
Nguyen Dinh Cat A, Griol-Charhbili V, Loufrani L, Labat C, Benjamin L, Farman N, et al. The endothelial mineralocorticoid receptor regulates vasoconstrictor tone and blood pressure. Faseb J. 2010;24:2454–63.
pubmed: 20299606 doi: 10.1096/fj.09-147926
Gomez-Sanchez EP, Ahmad N, Romero DG, Gomez-Sanchez CE. Is aldosterone synthesized within the rat brain? Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab. 2005;288:E342–346.
pubmed: 15479953 doi: 10.1152/ajpendo.00355.2004
Masuda I, Ishikawa K. Clinical features of pseudogout attack. A survey of 50 cases. Clin Orthop Relat Res. 1988;229:173–81.
doi: 10.1097/00003086-198804000-00023
Martín-Fernández B, Rubio-Navarro A, Cortegano I, Ballesteros S, Alía M, Cannata-Ortiz P, et al. Aldosterone induces renal fibrosis and inflammatory M1-macrophage subtype via mineralocorticoid receptor in rats. PLoS One. 2016;11:e0145946.
pubmed: 26730742 pmcid: 4701403 doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0145946
Huang LL, Nikolic-Paterson DJ, Han Y, Ozols E, Ma FY, Young MJ, Tesch GH. Myeloid mineralocorticoid receptor activation contributes to progressive kidney disease. J. Am. Soc. Nephrol. 2014;25:2231–40.
pubmed: 24700867 pmcid: 4178428 doi: 10.1681/ASN.2012111094
Huang WC, Sala-Newby GB, Susana A, Johnson JL, Newby AC. Classical macrophage activation up-regulates several matrix metalloproteinases through mitogen activated protein kinases and nuclear factor-κB. PLoS One. 2012;7:e42507.
pubmed: 22880008 pmcid: 3411745 doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0042507
Kunugi S, Shimizu A, Kuwahara N, Du X, Takahashi M, Terasaki Y, et al. Inhibition of matrix metalloproteinases reduces ischemia-reperfusion acute kidney injury. Lab Invest. 2011;91:170–80.
pubmed: 20956976 doi: 10.1038/labinvest.2010.174
Tan TK, Zheng G, Hsu TT, Wang Y, Lee VW, Tian X, et al. Macrophage matrix metalloproteinase-9 mediates epithelial-mesenchymal transition in vitro in murine renal tubular cells. Am J Pathol. 2010;176:1256–70.
pubmed: 20075196 pmcid: 2832147 doi: 10.2353/ajpath.2010.090188
Karsdal MA, Larsen L, Engsig MT, Lou H, Ferreras M, Lochter A, et al. Matrix metalloproteinase-dependent activation of latent transforming growth factor-beta controls the conversion of osteoblasts into osteocytes by blocking osteoblast apoptosis. J Biol Chem. 2002;277:44061–7.
pubmed: 12226090 doi: 10.1074/jbc.M207205200
Ma FY, Flanc RS, Tesch GH, Bennett BL, Friedman GC, Nikolic-Paterson DJ. Blockade of the c-Jun amino terminal kinase prevents crescent formation and halts established anti-GBM glomerulonephritis in the rat. Lab Invest. 2009;89:470–84.
pubmed: 19188913 doi: 10.1038/labinvest.2009.2
Abraham AP, Ma FY, Mulley WR, Nikolic-Paterson DJ, Tesch GH. Matrix metalloproteinase-12 deficiency attenuates experimental crescentic anti-glomerular basement membrane glomerulonephritis. Nephrol (Carlton). 2018;23:183–9.
doi: 10.1111/nep.12964
Sica A, Mantovani A. Macrophage plasticity and polarization: in vivo veritas. J Clin Invest. 2012;122:787–95.
pubmed: 22378047 pmcid: 3287223 doi: 10.1172/JCI59643
Hu W, Lin J, Lian X, Yu F, Liu W, Wu Y, et al. M2a and M2b macrophages predominate in kidney tissues and M2 subpopulations were associated with the severity of disease of IgAN patients. Clin Immunol. 2019;205:8–15.
pubmed: 31078708 doi: 10.1016/j.clim.2019.05.005
Ikezumi Y, Yoshikane M, Kondoh T, Matsumoto Y, Kumagai N, Kaneko M, et al. Mizoribine halts kidney fibrosis in childhood IgA nephropathy: association with modulation of M2-type macrophages. Pediatr Nephrol. 2023;38:1831–42.
pubmed: 36357635 doi: 10.1007/s00467-022-05786-w
Klessens CQF, Zandbergen M, Wolterbeek R, Bruijn JA, Rabelink TJ, Bajema IM. DHT IJ. macrophages in diabetic nephropathy in patients with type 2 diabetes. Nephrol Dial Transpl. 2017;32:1322–9.
Wu W, Wang X, Yu X, Lan HY. Smad3 signatures in renal inflammation and fibrosis. Int J Biol. Sci. 2022;18:2795–806.
pubmed: 35541902 pmcid: 9066101 doi: 10.7150/ijbs.71595
Bellón T, Martínez V, Lucendo B, del Peso G, Castro MJ, Aroeira LS, et al. Alternative activation of macrophages in human peritoneum: implications for peritoneal fibrosis. Nephrol Dial Transpl. 2011;26:2995–3005.
doi: 10.1093/ndt/gfq771
Shen B, Liu X, Fan Y, Qiu J. Macrophages regulate renal fibrosis through modulating TGFβ superfamily signaling. Inflammation. 2014;37:2076–84.
pubmed: 24929555 doi: 10.1007/s10753-014-9941-y
Meng XM, Nikolic-Paterson DJ, Lan HY. TGF-β: the master regulator of fibrosis. Nat Rev Nephrol. 2016;12:325–38.
pubmed: 27108839 doi: 10.1038/nrneph.2016.48
Tang PM, Zhang YY, Mak TS, Tang PC, Huang XR, Lan HY. Transforming growth factor-β signalling in renal fibrosis: from smads to non-coding RNAs. J Physiol. 2018;596:3493–503.
pubmed: 29781524 pmcid: 6092283 doi: 10.1113/JP274492
Liu S, Fu S, Jin Y, Geng R, Li Y, Zhang Y, et al. Tartary buckwheat flavonoids alleviates high-fat diet induced kidney fibrosis in mice by inhibiting MAPK and TGF-β1/Smad signaling pathway. Chem Biol. Interact. 2023;379:110533.
pubmed: 37150497 doi: 10.1016/j.cbi.2023.110533
Schena FP, Gesualdo L. Pathogenetic mechanisms of diabetic nephropathy. J Am Soc. Nephrol. 2005;16:S30–33.
pubmed: 15938030 doi: 10.1681/ASN.2004110970
Brennan EP, Morine MJ, Walsh DW, Roxburgh SA, Lindenmeyer MT, Brazil DP, et al. Next-generation sequencing identifies TGF-β1-associated gene expression profiles in renal epithelial cells reiterated in human diabetic nephropathy. Biochim Biophys Acta. 2012;1822:589–99.
pubmed: 22266139 pmcid: 3351834 doi: 10.1016/j.bbadis.2012.01.008
Meng XM, Tang PM, Li J, Lan HY. Macrophage phenotype in kidney injury and repair. Kidney Dis (Basel). 2015;1:138–46.
pubmed: 27536674 doi: 10.1159/000431214
Anders HJ, Ryu M. Renal microenvironments and macrophage phenotypes determine progression or resolution of renal inflammation and fibrosis. Kidney Int. 2011;80:915–25.
pubmed: 21814171 doi: 10.1038/ki.2011.217
LeBleu VS, Taduri G, O’Connell J, Teng Y, Cooke VG, Woda C, et al. Origin and function of myofibroblasts in kidney fibrosis. Nat Med. 2013;19:1047–53.
pubmed: 23817022 pmcid: 4067127 doi: 10.1038/nm.3218
Wang YY, Jiang H, Pan J, Huang XR, Wang YC, Huang HF, et al. Macrophage-to-myofibroblast transition contributes to interstitial fibrosis in chronic renal allograft injury. J Am Soc Nephrol. 2017;28:2053–67.
pubmed: 28209809 pmcid: 5491278 doi: 10.1681/ASN.2016050573
Yang Y, Wang H, Kouadir M, Song H, Shi F. Recent advances in the mechanisms of NLRP3 inflammasome activation and its inhibitors. Cell Death Dis. 2019;10:128.
pubmed: 30755589 pmcid: 6372664 doi: 10.1038/s41419-019-1413-8
Cao Q, Harris DC, Wang Y. Macrophages in kidney injury, inflammation, and fibrosis. Physiol (Bethesda). 2015;30:183–94.
Williams JW, Giannarelli C, Rahman A, Randolph GJ, Kovacic JC. Macrophage biology, classification, and phenotype in cardiovascular disease: JACC macrophage in CVD series (Part 1). J Am Coll Cardiol. 2018;72:2166–80.
pubmed: 30360826 pmcid: 6209330 doi: 10.1016/j.jacc.2018.08.2148
Rosin DL, Okusa MD. Dangers within: DAMP responses to damage and cell death in kidney disease. J Am Soc Nephrol. 2011;22:416–25.
pubmed: 21335516 pmcid: 4493973 doi: 10.1681/ASN.2010040430
Zhang MZ, Yao B, Yang S, Jiang L, Wang S, Fan X, et al. CSF-1 signaling mediates recovery from acute kidney injury. J Clin Invest. 2012;122:4519–32.
pubmed: 23143303 pmcid: 3533529 doi: 10.1172/JCI60363
Han Y, Ma FY, Tesch GH, Manthey CL, Nikolic-Paterson DJ. Role of macrophages in the fibrotic phase of rat crescentic glomerulonephritis. Am J Physiol Ren Physiol. 2013;304:F1043–1053.
doi: 10.1152/ajprenal.00389.2012
Huen SC, Cantley LG. Macrophages in renal injury and repair. Annu Rev Physiol. 2017;79:449–69.
pubmed: 28192060 doi: 10.1146/annurev-physiol-022516-034219
Clements M, Gershenovich M, Chaber C, Campos-Rivera J, Du P, Zhang M, et al. Differential Ly6C expression after renal ischemia-reperfusion identifies unique macrophage populations. J Am Soc Nephrol. 2016;27:159–70.
pubmed: 26015452 doi: 10.1681/ASN.2014111138
Jo SK, Sung SA, Cho WY, Go KJ, Kim HK. Macrophages contribute to the initiation of ischaemic acute renal failure in rats. Nephrol Dial Transpl. 2006;21:1231–9.
doi: 10.1093/ndt/gfk047
Day YJ, Huang L, Ye H, Linden J, Okusa MD. Renal ischemia-reperfusion injury and adenosine 2A receptor-mediated tissue protection: role of macrophages. Am J Physiol Ren Physiol. 2005;288:F722–731.
doi: 10.1152/ajprenal.00378.2004
Diamond JR, Pesek-Diamond I. Sublethal X-irradiation during acute puromycin nephrosis prevents late renal injury: role of macrophages. Am J Physiol. 1991;260:F779–786.
pubmed: 2058701
van Goor H, van der Horst ML, Fidler V, Grond J. Glomerular macrophage modulation affects mesangial expansion in the rat after renal ablation. Lab Invest. 1992;66:564–71.
pubmed: 1573851
Sun H, Tian J, Xian W, Xie T, Yang X. Pentraxin-3 attenuates renal damage in diabetic nephropathy by promoting M2 macrophage differentiation. Inflammation. 2015;38:1739–47.
pubmed: 25761429 doi: 10.1007/s10753-015-0151-z
Yan J, Li X, Liu N, He JC, Zhong Y. Relationship between macrophages and tissue microenvironments in diabetic kidneys. Biomedicines 2023;11:1889. https://doi.org/10.3390/biomedicines11071889 .
Nelson PJ, Rees AJ, Griffin MD, Hughes J, Kurts C, Duffield J. The renal mononuclear phagocytic system. J Am Soc Nephrol. 2012;23:194–203.
pubmed: 22135312 pmcid: 3269181 doi: 10.1681/ASN.2011070680
Wang Y, Harris DC. Macrophages in renal disease. J Am Soc Nephrol. 2011;22:21–27.
pubmed: 21209251 doi: 10.1681/ASN.2010030269
Tan RJ, Zhou D, Liu Y. Signaling crosstalk between tubular epithelial cells and interstitial fibroblasts after kidney injury. Kidney Dis (Basel). 2016;2:136–44.
pubmed: 27921041 doi: 10.1159/000446336
Lv LL, Feng Y, Wu M, Wang B, Li ZL, Zhong X, et al. Exosomal miRNA-19b-3p of tubular epithelial cells promotes M1 macrophage activation in kidney injury. Cell Death Differ. 2020;27:210–26.
pubmed: 31097789 doi: 10.1038/s41418-019-0349-y
Satoh T, Kidoya H, Naito H, Yamamoto M, Takemura N, Nakagawa K, et al. Critical role of Trib1 in differentiation of tissue-resident M2-like macrophages. Nature. 2013;495:524–8.
pubmed: 23515163 doi: 10.1038/nature11930
Xie X, Yang X, Wu J, Ma J, Wei W, Fei X, Wang M. Trib1 contributes to recovery from ischemia/reperfusion-induced acute kidney injury by regulating the polarization of renal macrophages. Front Immunol. 2020;11:473.
pubmed: 32265926 pmcid: 7098949 doi: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.00473
Coca SG, Singanamala S, Parikh CR. Chronic kidney disease after acute kidney injury: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Kidney Int. 2012;81:442–8.
pubmed: 22113526 doi: 10.1038/ki.2011.379
Legouis D, Galichon P, Bataille A, Chevret S, Provenchère S, Boutten A, et al. Rapid occurrence of chronic kidney disease in patients experiencing reversible acute kidney injury after cardiac surgery. Anesthesiology. 2017;126:39–46.
pubmed: 27755064 doi: 10.1097/ALN.0000000000001400
Hsu CY, Chertow GM, McCulloch CE, Fan D, Ordoñez JD, Go AS. Nonrecovery of kidney function and death after acute on chronic renal failure. Clin J Am Soc Nephrol. 2009;4:891–8.
pubmed: 19406959 pmcid: 2676192 doi: 10.2215/CJN.05571008
Hoste EAJ, Kellum JA, Selby NM, Zarbock A, Palevsky PM, Bagshaw SM, et al. Global epidemiology and outcomes of acute kidney injury. Nat Rev Nephrol. 2018;14:607–25.
pubmed: 30135570 doi: 10.1038/s41581-018-0052-0
Lever JM, Hull TD, Boddu R, Pepin ME, Black LM, Adedoyin OO. et al. Resident macrophages reprogram toward a developmental state after acute kidney injury. JCI Insight. 2019;4:e125503. https://doi.org/10.1172/jci.insight.125503 .
Kim MG, Lim K, Lee YJ, Yang J, Oh SW, Cho WY, Jo SK. M2 macrophages predict worse long-term outcomes in human acute tubular necrosis. Sci Rep. 2020;10:2122.
pubmed: 32034190 pmcid: 7005727 doi: 10.1038/s41598-020-58725-w
Song J, Ke B, Tu W, Fang X. Roles of interferon regulatory factor 4 in the AKI-CKD transition, glomerular diseases and kidney allograft rejection. Ren Fail. 2023;45:2259228.
pubmed: 37755331 pmcid: 10538460 doi: 10.1080/0886022X.2023.2259228
Rodríguez-Pascual F, Busnadiego O, González-Santamaría J. The profibrotic role of endothelin-1: is the door still open for the treatment of fibrotic diseases? Life Sci. 2014;118:156–64.
pubmed: 24378671 doi: 10.1016/j.lfs.2013.12.024
Budu A, Freitas-Lima LC, Arruda AC, Perilhão MS, Barrera-Chimal J, Araújo RC, Estrela GR. Renal fibrosis due to multiple cisplatin treatment is exacerbated by kinin B1 receptor antagonism. Braz J Med Biol Res. 2021;54:e11353.
pubmed: 34669782 pmcid: 8521536 doi: 10.1590/1414-431x2021e11353
Sellarés J, de Freitas DG, Mengel M, Reeve J, Einecke G, Sis B, et al. Understanding the causes of kidney transplant failure: the dominant role of antibody-mediated rejection and nonadherence. Am J Transpl. 2012;12:388–99.
doi: 10.1111/j.1600-6143.2011.03840.x
Kim SM, Kim YG, Kim DJ, Park SH, Jeong KH, Lee YH, et al. Inflammasome-independent role of NLRP3 mediates mitochondrial regulation in renal injury. Front Immunol. 2018;9:2563.
pubmed: 30483252 pmcid: 6240646 doi: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.02563
Paulus P, Holfeld J, Urbschat A, Mutlak H, Ockelmann PA, Tacke S, et al. Prednisolone as preservation additive prevents from ischemia reperfusion injury in a rat model of orthotopic lung transplantation. PLoS One. 2013;8:e73298.
pubmed: 24009745 pmcid: 3756949 doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0073298
Kumar S. Cellular and molecular pathways of renal repair after acute kidney injury. Kidney Int. 2018;93:27–40.
pubmed: 29291820 doi: 10.1016/j.kint.2017.07.030
Jang HR, Rabb H. Immune cells in experimental acute kidney injury. Nat Rev Nephrol. 2015;11:88–101.
pubmed: 25331787 doi: 10.1038/nrneph.2014.180
Dekkema GJ, Abdulahad WH, Bijma T, Moran SM, Ryan L, Little MA, et al. Urinary and serum soluble CD25 complements urinary soluble CD163 to detect active renal anti-neutrophil cytoplasmic autoantibody-associated vasculitis: a cohort study. Nephrol Dial Transpl. 2019;34:234–42.
doi: 10.1093/ndt/gfy018
Oishi Y, Manabe I. Macrophages in inflammation, repair and regeneration. Int Immunol. 2018;30:511–28.
pubmed: 30165385 doi: 10.1093/intimm/dxy054
Li J, Liu CH, Xu DL, Gao B. Significance of CD163-positive macrophages in proliferative glomerulonephritis. Am J Med Sci. 2015;350:387–92.
pubmed: 26379042 doi: 10.1097/MAJ.0000000000000569
Li J, Yu YF, Liu CH, Wang CM. Significance of M2 macrophages in glomerulonephritis with crescents. Pathol Res Pr. 2017;213:1215–20.
doi: 10.1016/j.prp.2017.04.011
Arai M, Mii A, Kashiwagi T, Shimizu A, Sakai Y. The severity of glomerular endothelial cell injury is associated with infiltrating macrophage heterogeneity in endocapillary proliferative glomerulonephritis. Sci Rep. 2021;11:13339.
pubmed: 34172770 pmcid: 8233400 doi: 10.1038/s41598-021-92655-5
Chalmers SA, Wen J, Shum J, Doerner J, Herlitz L, Putterman C. CSF-1R inhibition attenuates renal and neuropsychiatric disease in murine lupus. Clin Immunol. 2017;185:100–8.
pubmed: 27570219 doi: 10.1016/j.clim.2016.08.019
Tsai YL, Hua KF, Chen A, Wei CW, Chen WS, Wu CY, et al. NLRP3 inflammasome: pathogenic role and potential therapeutic target for IgA nephropathy. Sci Rep. 2017;7:41123.
pubmed: 28117341 pmcid: 5259731 doi: 10.1038/srep41123
Sun PP, Zhou XJ, Su JQ, Wang C, Yu XJ, Su T, et al. Urine macrophages reflect kidney macrophage content during acute tubular interstitial and glomerular injury. Clin Immunol. 2019;205:65–74.
pubmed: 31212026 doi: 10.1016/j.clim.2019.06.005
Swenson-Fields KI, Vivian CJ, Salah SM, Peda JD, Davis BM, van Rooijen N, et al. Macrophages promote polycystic kidney disease progression. Kidney Int. 2013;83:855–64.
pubmed: 23423256 pmcid: 4028685 doi: 10.1038/ki.2012.446
Alvarado-Vazquez PA, Bernal L, Paige CA, Grosick RL, Moracho Vilrriales C, Ferreira DW, et al. Macrophage-specific nanotechnology-driven CD163 overexpression in human macrophages results in an M2 phenotype under inflammatory conditions. Immunobiology. 2017;222:900–12.
pubmed: 28545809 pmcid: 5718187 doi: 10.1016/j.imbio.2017.05.011
Cantero-Navarro E, Rayego-Mateos S, Orejudo M, Tejedor-Santamaria L, Tejera-Muñoz A, Sanz AB, et al. Role of macrophages and related cytokines in kidney disease. Front Med (Lausanne). 2021;8:688060.
pubmed: 34307414 doi: 10.3389/fmed.2021.688060
Hou J, Zhang M, Ding Y, Wang X, Li T, Gao P, Jiang Y. Circulating CD14(+)CD163(+)CD206(+) M2 monocytes are increased in patients with early stage of idiopathic membranous nephropathy. Mediators Inflamm. 2018;2018:5270657.
pubmed: 30034290 pmcid: 6032654 doi: 10.1155/2018/5270657
Olmes G, Büttner-Herold M, Ferrazzi F, Distel L, Amann K, Daniel C. CD163+ M2c-like macrophages predominate in renal biopsies from patients with lupus nephritis. Arthritis Res Ther. 2016;18:90.
pubmed: 27091114 pmcid: 4835936 doi: 10.1186/s13075-016-0989-y
Yokoe Y, Tsuboi N, Imaizumi T, Kitagawa A, Karasawa M, Ozeki T, et al. Clinical impact of urinary CD11b and CD163 on the renal outcomes of anti-neutrophil cytoplasmic antibody-associated glomerulonephritis. Nephrol Dial Transpl. 2021;36:1452–63.
doi: 10.1093/ndt/gfaa097
Moll S, Angeletti A, Scapozza L, Cavalli A, Ghiggeri GM, Prunotto M. Glomerular macrophages in human auto- and allo-immune nephritis. Cells. 2021;10:603. https://doi.org/10.3390/cells10030603 .
Furuta T, Saito T, Ootaka T, Soma J, Obara K, Abe K, Yoshinaga K. The role of macrophages in diabetic glomerulosclerosis. Am J Kidney Dis. 1993;21:480–5.
pubmed: 8488815 doi: 10.1016/S0272-6386(12)80393-3
Zhou W, Liu Y, Hu Q, Zhou J, Lin H. The landscape of immune cell infiltration in the glomerulus of diabetic nephropathy: evidence based on bioinformatics. BMC Nephrol. 2022;23:303.
pubmed: 36064366 pmcid: 9442983 doi: 10.1186/s12882-022-02906-4
Lamkanfi M, Dixit VM. Mechanisms and functions of inflammasomes. Cell. 2014;157:1013–22.
pubmed: 24855941 doi: 10.1016/j.cell.2014.04.007
Mehta JP, Jang CQH, Fahim P, Nguyen MK, Zuckerman J, Mamita R, Kamgar M. Hypocomplementemic urticarial vasculitis syndrome masquerading as systemic lupus erythematosus: a case report. Glomerular Dis. 2022;2:189–93.
pubmed: 36817292 pmcid: 9936762 doi: 10.1159/000525942
Mulay SR, Linkermann A, Anders HJ. Necroinflammation in kidney disease. J Am Soc Nephrol. 2016;27:27–39.
pubmed: 26334031 doi: 10.1681/ASN.2015040405
Meng XM, Li HD, Wu WF, Ming-Kuen Tang P, Ren GL, Gao L, et al. Wogonin protects against cisplatin-induced acute kidney injury by targeting RIPK1-mediated necroptosis. Lab Invest. 2018;98:79–94.
pubmed: 29200200 doi: 10.1038/labinvest.2017.115
Gao L, Liu MM, Zang HM, Ma QY, Yang Q, Jiang L, et al. Restoration of E-cadherin by PPBICA protects against cisplatin-induced acute kidney injury by attenuating inflammation and programmed cell death. Lab Invest. 2018;98:911–23.
pubmed: 29581579 doi: 10.1038/s41374-018-0052-5
Seo J, Nam YW, Kim S, Oh DB, Song J. Necroptosis molecular mechanisms: recent findings regarding novel necroptosis regulators. Exp Mol Med. 2021;53:1007–17.
pubmed: 34075202 pmcid: 8166896 doi: 10.1038/s12276-021-00634-7
Liu C, Shen Y, Huang L, Wang J. TLR2/caspase-5/Panx1 pathway mediates necrosis-induced NLRP3 inflammasome activation in macrophages during acute kidney injury. Cell Death Discov. 2022;8:232.
pubmed: 35473933 pmcid: 9042857 doi: 10.1038/s41420-022-01032-2
Broz P, Dixit VM. Inflammasomes: mechanism of assembly, regulation and signalling. Nat Rev Immunol. 2016;16:407–20.
pubmed: 27291964 doi: 10.1038/nri.2016.58
Conforti-Andreoni C, Ricciardi-Castagnoli P, Mortellaro A. The inflammasomes in health and disease: from genetics to molecular mechanisms of autoinflammation and beyond. Cell Mol Immunol. 2011;8:135–45.
pubmed: 21258359 pmcid: 4003142 doi: 10.1038/cmi.2010.81
Kayagaki N, Warming S, Lamkanfi M, Vande Walle L, Louie S, Dong J, et al. Non-canonical inflammasome activation targets caspase-11. Nature. 2011;479:117–21.
pubmed: 22002608 doi: 10.1038/nature10558
Ikezumi Y, Suzuki T, Karasawa T, Hasegawa H, Kawachi H, Nikolic-Paterson DJ, Uchiyama M. Contrasting effects of steroids and mizoribine on macrophage activation and glomerular lesions in rat thy-1 mesangial proliferative glomerulonephritis. Am J Nephrol. 2010;31:273–82.
pubmed: 20110667 doi: 10.1159/000279163
Kovacs SB, Miao EA. Gasdermins: effectors of pyroptosis. Trends Cell Biol. 2017;27:673–84.
pubmed: 28619472 pmcid: 5565696 doi: 10.1016/j.tcb.2017.05.005
Bergsbaken T, Fink SL, Cookson BT. Pyroptosis: host cell death and inflammation. Nat Rev Microbiol. 2009;7:99–109.
pubmed: 19148178 pmcid: 2910423 doi: 10.1038/nrmicro2070
Vande Walle L, Lamkanfi M. Pyroptosis. Curr Biol. 2016;26:R568–r572.
pubmed: 27404251 doi: 10.1016/j.cub.2016.02.019
Belavgeni A, Meyer C, Stumpf J, Hugo C, Linkermann A. Ferroptosis and necroptosis in the kidney. Cell Chem Biol. 2020;27:448–62.
pubmed: 32302582 doi: 10.1016/j.chembiol.2020.03.016
Ding J, Wang K, Liu W, She Y, Sun Q, Shi J, et al. Pore-forming activity and structural autoinhibition of the gasdermin family. Nature. 2016;535:111–6.
pubmed: 27281216 doi: 10.1038/nature18590
Johnson AG, Mayer ML, Schaefer SL, McNamara-Bordewick NK, Hummer G, Kranzusch PJ. Structure and assembly of a bacterial gasdermin pore. Nature 2024;628:657–663. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41586-024-07216-3 .
Ruan J, Xia S, Liu X, Lieberman J, Wu H. Cryo-EM structure of the gasdermin A3 membrane pore. Nature. 2018;557:62–67.
pubmed: 29695864 pmcid: 6007975 doi: 10.1038/s41586-018-0058-6
Krautwald S, Linkermann A. The fire within: pyroptosis in the kidney. Am J Physiol Ren Physiol. 2014;306:F168–169.
doi: 10.1152/ajprenal.00552.2013
Miao N, Yin F, Xie H, Wang Y, Xu Y, Shen Y, et al. The cleavage of gasdermin D by caspase-11 promotes tubular epithelial cell pyroptosis and urinary IL-18 excretion in acute kidney injury. Kidney Int. 2019;96:1105–20.
pubmed: 31405732 doi: 10.1016/j.kint.2019.04.035
Li Y, Xia W, Wu M, Yin J, Wang Q, Li S, et al. Activation of GSDMD contributes to acute kidney injury induced by cisplatin. Am J Physiol Ren Physiol. 2020;318:F96–F106.
doi: 10.1152/ajprenal.00351.2019
Tonnus W, Linkermann A. Gasdermin D and pyroptosis in acute kidney injury. Kidney Int. 2019;96:1061–3.
pubmed: 31648694 doi: 10.1016/j.kint.2019.07.002
Tonnus W, Maremonti F, Belavgeni A, Latk M, Kusunoki Y, Brucker A, et al. Gasdermin D-deficient mice are hypersensitive to acute kidney injury. Cell Death Dis. 2022;13:792.
pubmed: 36109515 pmcid: 9478139 doi: 10.1038/s41419-022-05230-9
Liu Y, Lei H, Zhang W, Xing Q, Liu R, Wu S, et al. Pyroptosis in renal inflammation and fibrosis: current knowledge and clinical significance. Cell Death Dis. 2023;14:472.
pubmed: 37500614 pmcid: 10374588 doi: 10.1038/s41419-023-06005-6
Abdelkarim GE, Gertz K, Harms C, Katchanov J, Dirnagl U, Szabó C, Endres M. Protective effects of PJ34, a novel, potent inhibitor of poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase (PARP) in in vitro and in vivo models of stroke. Int J Mol Med. 2001;7:255–60.
pubmed: 11179503
Baatarjav C, Komada T, Karasawa T, Yamada N, Sampilvanjil A, Matsumura T, Takahashi M. dsDNA-induced AIM2 pyroptosis halts aberrant inflammation during rhabdomyolysis-induced acute kidney injury. Cell Death Differ. 2022;29:2487–502.
pubmed: 35739254 pmcid: 9750976 doi: 10.1038/s41418-022-01033-9
Vilaysane A, Chun J, Seamone ME, Wang W, Chin R, Hirota S, et al. The NLRP3 inflammasome promotes renal inflammation and contributes to CKD. J Am Soc Nephrol. 2010;21:1732–44.
pubmed: 20688930 pmcid: 3013544 doi: 10.1681/ASN.2010020143
Krishnan SM, Ling YH, Huuskes BM, Ferens DM, Saini N, Chan CT, et al. Pharmacological inhibition of the NLRP3 inflammasome reduces blood pressure, renal damage, and dysfunction in salt-sensitive hypertension. Cardiovasc Res. 2019;115:776–87.
pubmed: 30357309 doi: 10.1093/cvr/cvy252
Faubel S, Ljubanovic D, Reznikov L, Somerset H, Dinarello CA, Edelstein CL. Caspase-1-deficient mice are protected against cisplatin-induced apoptosis and acute tubular necrosis. Kidney Int. 2004;66:2202–13.
pubmed: 15569309 doi: 10.1111/j.1523-1755.2004.66010.x
Gong ZG, Zhao Y, Wang ZY, Fan RF, Liu ZP, Wang L. Epigenetic regulator BRD4 is involved in cadmium-induced acute kidney injury via contributing to lysosomal dysfunction, autophagy blockade and oxidative stress. J Hazard Mater. 2022;423:127110.
pubmed: 34523489 doi: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2021.127110
Matsumoto K, Kanmatsuse K. Augmented interleukin-18 production by peripheral blood monocytes in patients with minimal-change nephrotic syndrome. Am J Nephrol. 2001;21:20–27.
pubmed: 11275628 doi: 10.1159/000046214
Gauer S, Sichler O, Obermüller N, Holzmann Y, Kiss E, Sobkowiak E, et al. IL-18 is expressed in the intercalated cell of human kidney. Kidney Int. 2007;72:1081–7.
pubmed: 17687255 doi: 10.1038/sj.ki.5002473
Shigeoka AA, Mueller JL, Kambo A, Mathison JC, King AJ, Hall WF, et al. An inflammasome-independent role for epithelial-expressed Nlrp3 in renal ischemia-reperfusion injury. J Immunol. 2010;185:6277–85.
pubmed: 20962258 doi: 10.4049/jimmunol.1002330
Ting JP, Willingham SB, Bergstralh DT. NLRs at the intersection of cell death and immunity. Nat Rev Immunol. 2008;8:372–9.
pubmed: 18362948 doi: 10.1038/nri2296
Fu R, Guo C, Wang S, Huang Y, Jin O, Hu H, et al. Podocyte activation of NLRP3 inflammasomes contributes to the development of proteinuria in lupus nephritis. Arthritis Rheumatol. 2017;69:1636–46.
pubmed: 28544564 pmcid: 5568813 doi: 10.1002/art.40155
Pulskens WP, Butter LM, Teske GJ, Claessen N, Dessing MC, Flavell RA, et al. Nlrp3 prevents early renal interstitial edema and vascular permeability in unilateral ureteral obstruction. PLoS One. 2014;9:e85775.
pubmed: 24454932 pmcid: 3893260 doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0085775
Wang W, Wang X, Chun J, Vilaysane A, Clark S, French G, et al. Inflammasome-independent NLRP3 augments TGF-β signaling in kidney epithelium. J Immunol. 2013;190:1239–49.
pubmed: 23264657 doi: 10.4049/jimmunol.1201959
Andrade-Oliveira V, Foresto-Neto O, Watanabe IKM, Zatz R, Câmara NOS. Inflammation in renal diseases: new and old players. Front Pharm. 2019;10:1192.
doi: 10.3389/fphar.2019.01192
Pang Q, Wang P, Pan Y, Dong X, Zhou T, Song X, Zhang A. Irisin protects against vascular calcification by activating autophagy and inhibiting NLRP3-mediated vascular smooth muscle cell pyroptosis in chronic kidney disease. Cell Death Dis. 2022;13:283.
pubmed: 35354793 pmcid: 8967887 doi: 10.1038/s41419-022-04735-7
Anders HJ, Suarez-Alvarez B, Grigorescu M, Foresto-Neto O, Steiger S, Desai J, et al. The macrophage phenotype and inflammasome component NLRP3 contributes to nephrocalcinosis-related chronic kidney disease independent from IL-1-mediated tissue injury. Kidney Int. 2018;93:656–69.
pubmed: 29241624 doi: 10.1016/j.kint.2017.09.022
Wang B, Wang Y, Zhang J, Hu C, Jiang J, Li Y, Peng Z. ROS-induced lipid peroxidation modulates cell death outcome: mechanisms behind apoptosis, autophagy, and ferroptosis. Arch Toxicol. 2023;97:1439–51.
pubmed: 37127681 doi: 10.1007/s00204-023-03476-6
Wu M, Han W, Song S, Du Y, Liu C, Chen N, et al. NLRP3 deficiency ameliorates renal inflammation and fibrosis in diabetic mice. Mol Cell Endocrinol. 2018;478:115–25.
pubmed: 30098377 doi: 10.1016/j.mce.2018.08.002
Guo H, Bi X, Zhou P, Zhu S, Ding W. NLRP3 deficiency attenuates renal fibrosis and ameliorates mitochondrial dysfunction in a mouse unilateral ureteral obstruction model of chronic kidney disease. Mediators Inflamm. 2017;2017:8316560.
pubmed: 28348462 pmcid: 5350413 doi: 10.1155/2017/8316560
Komada T, Chung H, Lau A, Platnich JM, Beck PL, Benediktsson H, et al. Macrophage uptake of necrotic cell DNA activates the AIM2 inflammasome to regulate a proinflammatory phenotype in CKD. J Am Soc Nephrol. 2018;29:1165–81.
pubmed: 29439156 pmcid: 5875955 doi: 10.1681/ASN.2017080863
Muruve DA, Mann MC, Chapman K, Wong JF, Ravani P, Page SA, Benediktsson H. The biobank for the molecular classification of kidney disease: research translation and precision medicine in nephrology. BMC Nephrol. 2017;18:252.
pubmed: 28747168 pmcid: 5530477 doi: 10.1186/s12882-017-0669-4
Conte E. Targeting monocytes/macrophages in fibrosis and cancer diseases: therapeutic approaches. Pharm Ther. 2022;234:108031.
doi: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2021.108031
Baeck C, Wehr A, Karlmark KR, Heymann F, Vucur M, Gassler N, et al. Pharmacological inhibition of the chemokine CCL2 (MCP-1) diminishes liver macrophage infiltration and steatohepatitis in chronic hepatic injury. Gut. 2012;61:416–26.
pubmed: 21813474 doi: 10.1136/gutjnl-2011-300304
Baeck C, Wei X, Bartneck M, Fech V, Heymann F, Gassler N, et al. Pharmacological inhibition of the chemokine C-C motif chemokine ligand 2 (monocyte chemoattractant protein 1) accelerates liver fibrosis regression by suppressing Ly-6C(+) macrophage infiltration in mice. Hepatology. 2014;59:1060–72.
pubmed: 24481979 doi: 10.1002/hep.26783
Chen L, Zhou X, Fan LX, Yao Y, Swenson-Fields KI, Gadjeva M, et al. Macrophage migration inhibitory factor promotes cyst growth in polycystic kidney disease. J Clin Invest. 2015;125:2399–412.
pubmed: 25961459 pmcid: 4497763 doi: 10.1172/JCI80467
He S, Yao L, Li J. Role of MCP-1/CCR2 axis in renal fibrosis: mechanisms and therapeutic targeting. Med (Baltim). 2023;102:e35613.
doi: 10.1097/MD.0000000000035613
Rayego-Mateos S, Morgado-Pascual JL, Opazo-Ríos L, Guerrero-Hue M, García-Caballero C, Vázquez-Carballo C. et al. Pathogenic pathways and therapeutic approaches targeting inflammation in diabetic nephropathy. Int J Mol Sci. 2020;21:3798. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms21113798 .
Lin SL, Castaño AP, Nowlin BT, Lupher ML Jr., Duffield JS. Bone marrow Ly6Chigh monocytes are selectively recruited to injured kidney and differentiate into functionally distinct populations. J Immunol. 2009;183:6733–43.
pubmed: 19864592 doi: 10.4049/jimmunol.0901473
Carlin LM, Stamatiades EG, Auffray C, Hanna RN, Glover L, Vizcay-Barrena G, et al. Nr4a1-dependent Ly6C(low) monocytes monitor endothelial cells and orchestrate their disposal. Cell. 2013;153:362–75.
pubmed: 23582326 pmcid: 3898614 doi: 10.1016/j.cell.2013.03.010
Tesch GH. Diabetic nephropathy - is this an immune disorder? Clin Sci (Lond). 2017;131:2183–99.
pubmed: 28760771 doi: 10.1042/CS20160636
Kanamori H, Matsubara T, Mima A, Sumi E, Nagai K, Takahashi T, et al. Inhibition of MCP-1/CCR2 pathway ameliorates the development of diabetic nephropathy. Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 2007;360:772–7.
pubmed: 17631861 doi: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2007.06.148
Sayyed SG, Ryu M, Kulkarni OP, Schmid H, Lichtnekert J, Grüner S, et al. An orally active chemokine receptor CCR2 antagonist prevents glomerulosclerosis and renal failure in type 2 diabetes. Kidney Int. 2011;80:68–78.
pubmed: 21508925 doi: 10.1038/ki.2011.102
Xu L, Sharkey D, Cantley LG. Tubular GM-CSF promotes late MCP-1/CCR2-mediated fibrosis and inflammation after ischemia/reperfusion injury. J Am Soc Nephrol. 2019;30:1825–40.
pubmed: 31315923 pmcid: 6779361 doi: 10.1681/ASN.2019010068
de Zeeuw D, Bekker P, Henkel E, Hasslacher C, Gouni-Berthold I, Mehling H, et al. The effect of CCR2 inhibitor CCX140-B on residual albuminuria in patients with type 2 diabetes and nephropathy: a randomised trial. Lancet Diabetes Endocrinol. 2015;3:687–96.
pubmed: 26268910 doi: 10.1016/S2213-8587(15)00261-2
Cao Q, Wang Y, Zheng D, Sun Y, Wang Y, Lee VW, et al. IL-10/TGF-beta-modified macrophages induce regulatory T cells and protect against adriamycin nephrosis. J Am Soc Nephrol. 2010;21:933–42.
pubmed: 20299353 pmcid: 2900959 doi: 10.1681/ASN.2009060592
Chen J, Tang Y, Zhong Y, Wei B, Huang XR, Tang PM, et al. P2Y12 inhibitor clopidogrel inhibits renal fibrosis by blocking macrophage-to-myofibroblast transition. Mol Ther. 2022;30:3017–33.
pubmed: 35791881 pmcid: 9481993 doi: 10.1016/j.ymthe.2022.06.019
Ferenbach DA, Ramdas V, Spencer N, Marson L, Anegon I, Hughes J, Kluth DC. Macrophages expressing heme oxygenase-1 improve renal function in ischemia/reperfusion injury. Mol Ther. 2010;18:1706–13.
pubmed: 20551909 pmcid: 2956932 doi: 10.1038/mt.2010.100
Ranganathan P, Jayakumar C, Ramesh G. Proximal tubule-specific overexpression of netrin-1 suppresses acute kidney injury-induced interstitial fibrosis and glomerulosclerosis through suppression of IL-6/STAT3 signaling. Am J Physiol Ren Physiol. 2013;304:F1054–1065.
doi: 10.1152/ajprenal.00650.2012
Yang Y, Feng X, Liu X, Wang Y, Hu M, Cao Q, et al. Fate alteration of bone marrow-derived macrophages ameliorates kidney fibrosis in murine model of unilateral ureteral obstruction. Nephrol Dial Transpl. 2019;34:1657–68.
doi: 10.1093/ndt/gfy381
Meng X, Jin J, Lan HY. Driving role of macrophages in transition from acute kidney injury to chronic kidney disease. Chin Med J (Engl). 2022;135:757–66.
pubmed: 35671177 doi: 10.1097/CM9.0000000000002100
Chung S, Overstreet JM, Li Y, Wang Y, Niu A, Wang S, et al. TGF-β promotes fibrosis after severe acute kidney injury by enhancing renal macrophage infiltration. JCI Insight 2018;3:e123563. https://doi.org/10.1172/jci.insight.123563 .
Feng Y, Liang Y, Zhu X, Wang M, Gui Y, Lu Q, et al. The signaling protein Wnt5a promotes TGFβ1-mediated macrophage polarization and kidney fibrosis by inducing the transcriptional regulators Yap/Taz. J Biol Chem. 2018;293:19290–302.
pubmed: 30333225 pmcid: 6302175 doi: 10.1074/jbc.RA118.005457
McAdoo SP, Bhangal G, Page T, Cook HT, Pusey CD, Tam FW. Correlation of disease activity in proliferative glomerulonephritis with glomerular spleen tyrosine kinase expression. Kidney Int. 2015;88:52–60.
pubmed: 25715120 pmcid: 4488852 doi: 10.1038/ki.2015.29
Ryan J, Ma FY, Han Y, Ozols E, Kanellis J, Tesch GH, Nikolic-Paterson DJ. Myeloid cell-mediated renal injury in rapidly progressive glomerulonephritis depends upon spleen tyrosine kinase. J Pathol. 2016;238:10–20.
pubmed: 26251216 doi: 10.1002/path.4598
Ma ZZ, Sun HS, Lv JC, Guo L, Yang QR. Expression and clinical significance of the NEK7-NLRP3 inflammasome signaling pathway in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus. J Inflamm (Lond). 2018;15:16.
pubmed: 30202244 doi: 10.1186/s12950-018-0192-9
McAdoo SP, Prendecki M, Tanna A, Bhatt T, Bhangal G, McDaid J, et al. Spleen tyrosine kinase inhibition is an effective treatment for established vasculitis in a pre-clinical model. Kidney Int. 2020;97:1196–207.
pubmed: 32305129 pmcid: 7242903 doi: 10.1016/j.kint.2019.12.014
Bell RMB, Conway BR. Macrophages in the kidney in health, injury and repair. Int Rev Cell Mol Biol. 2022;367:101–47.
pubmed: 35461656 doi: 10.1016/bs.ircmb.2022.01.005
Lei Y, Devarapu SK, Motrapu M, Cohen CD, Lindenmeyer MT, Moll S, et al. Interleukin-1β inhibition for chronic kidney disease in obese mice with type 2 diabetes. Front Immunol. 2019;10:1223.
pubmed: 31191559 pmcid: 6549251 doi: 10.3389/fimmu.2019.01223
Nowak KL, Chonchol M, Ikizler TA, Farmer-Bailey H, Salas N, Chaudhry R, et al. IL-1 inhibition and vascular function in CKD. J Am Soc Nephrol. 2017;28:971–80.
pubmed: 27647856 doi: 10.1681/ASN.2016040453
Ridker PM, MacFadyen JG, Glynn RJ, Koenig W, Libby P, Everett BM, et al. Inhibition of interleukin-1β by canakinumab and cardiovascular outcomes in patients with chronic kidney disease. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2018;71:2405–14.
pubmed: 29793629 doi: 10.1016/j.jacc.2018.03.490
Perez-Gomez MV, Sanchez-Niño MD, Sanz AB, Martín-Cleary C, Ruiz-Ortega M, Egido J, et al. Horizon 2020 in diabetic kidney disease: the clinical trial pipeline for add-on therapies on top of renin angiotensin system blockade. J Clin Med. 2015;4:1325–47.
pubmed: 26239562 pmcid: 4485003 doi: 10.3390/jcm4061325
Hueber AJ, Tunc A, Schett G, Manger B. Anti-tumour necrosis factor alpha therapy in patients with impaired renal function. Ann Rheum Dis. 2007;66:981–2.
pubmed: 17337474 pmcid: 1955094 doi: 10.1136/ard.2006.069211
Stokes MB, Foster K, Markowitz GS, Ebrahimi F, Hines W, Kaufman D, et al. Development of glomerulonephritis during anti-TNF-alpha therapy for rheumatoid arthritis. Nephrol Dial Transpl. 2005;20:1400–6.
doi: 10.1093/ndt/gfh832
Yarkan Tuğsal H, Zengin B, Kenar G, Can G, Ünlü M, Önen F, Birlik M. Infliximab-associated focal segmental glomerulosclerosis in a patient with ankylosing spondylitis. Rheumatol Int. 2019;39:561–7.
pubmed: 30673815 doi: 10.1007/s00296-019-04241-8
Premužić V, Padjen I, Cerovec M, Laganović M, Željković-Vrkić T, Kos J, et al. The association of TNF-alpha inhibitors and development of IgA nephropathy in patients with rheumatoid arthritis and diabetes. Case Rep Nephrol. 2020;2020:9480860.
pubmed: 32373375 pmcid: 7191367
Strobel T, Ahmed W, De la Sancha C, Bohm M, Fischer M. IgA nephropathy in the setting of anti-TNF-α therapy for inflammatory bowel disease. ACG Case Rep J. 2020;7:e00462.
pubmed: 33062795 pmcid: 7526714 doi: 10.14309/crj.0000000000000462
Essandoh K, Li Y, Huo J, Fan GC. MiRNA-mediated macrophage polarization and its potential role in the regulation of inflammatory response. Shock. 2016;46:122–31.
pubmed: 26954942 pmcid: 4949115 doi: 10.1097/SHK.0000000000000604
Lu A, Li H, Niu J, Wu S, Xue G, Yao X, et al. Hyperactivation of the NLRP3 inflammasome in myeloid cells leads to severe organ damage in experimental lupus. J Immunol. 2017;198:1119–29.
pubmed: 28039299 doi: 10.4049/jimmunol.1600659
Li Z, Guo J, Bi L. Role of the NLRP3 inflammasome in autoimmune diseases. Biomed Pharmacother. 2020;130:110542.
pubmed: 32738636 doi: 10.1016/j.biopha.2020.110542
Lech M, Lorenz G, Kulkarni OP, Grosser MO, Stigrot N, Darisipudi MN, et al. NLRP3 and ASC suppress lupus-like autoimmunity by driving the immunosuppressive effects of TGF-β receptor signalling. Ann Rheum Dis. 2015;74:2224–35.
pubmed: 25135254 doi: 10.1136/annrheumdis-2014-205496
Yang Q, Yu C, Yang Z, Wei Q, Mu K, Zhang Y, et al. Deregulated NLRP3 and NLRP1 inflammasomes and their correlations with disease activity in systemic lupus erythematosus. J Rheumatol. 2014;41:444–52.
pubmed: 24334646 doi: 10.3899/jrheum.130310
Franzetti M, Pozzetti U, Carugati M, Pandolfo A, Molteni C, Faccioli P, et al. Interleukin-1 receptor antagonist anakinra in association with remdesivir in severe COVID-19: a case report. Int J Infect Dis. 2020;97:215–8.
pubmed: 32422376 pmcid: 7228890 doi: 10.1016/j.ijid.2020.05.050
Shi Y, Chen W, Jalal D, Li Z, Chen W, Mao H, et al. Clinical outcome of hyperuricemia in IgA nephropathy: a retrospective cohort study and randomized controlled trial. Kidney Blood Press Res. 2012;35:153–60.
pubmed: 22116196 doi: 10.1159/000331453
Doria A, Galecki AT, Spino C, Pop-Busui R, Cherney DZ, Lingvay I, et al. Serum urate lowering with alopurinol and kidney function in type 1 diabetes. N Engl J Med. 2020;382:2493–503.
pubmed: 32579810 pmcid: 7375708 doi: 10.1056/NEJMoa1916624
Badve SV, Pascoe EM, Tiku A, Boudville N, Brown FG, Cass A, et al. Effects of allopurinol on the progression of chronic kidney disease. N Engl J Med. 2020;382:2504–13.
pubmed: 32579811 doi: 10.1056/NEJMoa1915833
Fan J, Xie K, Wang L, Zheng N, Yu X. Roles of inflammasomes in inflammatory kidney diseases. Mediators Inflamm. 2019;2019:2923072.
pubmed: 31427885 pmcid: 6679869 doi: 10.1155/2019/2923072
Leung YY, Yao Hui LL, Kraus VB. Colchicine–update on mechanisms of action and therapeutic uses. Semin Arthritis Rheum. 2015;45:341–50.
pubmed: 26228647 pmcid: 4656054 doi: 10.1016/j.semarthrit.2015.06.013
Qu X, Gao H, Tao L, Zhang Y, Zhai J, Sun J, et al. Astragaloside IV protects against cisplatin-induced liver and kidney injury via autophagy-mediated inhibition of NLRP3 in rats. J Toxicol Sci. 2019;44:167–75.
pubmed: 30842369 doi: 10.2131/jts.44.167
Yuan X, Zheng Y, Chen C, Wang C. Anisodamine inhibits endoplasmic reticulum stress-associated TXNIP/NLRP3 inflammasome activation in rhabdomyolysis-induced acute kidney injury. Apoptosis. 2017;22:1524–31.
pubmed: 28918467 doi: 10.1007/s10495-017-1414-y
Cao Y, Fei D, Chen M, Sun M, Xu J, Kang K, et al. Role of the nucleotide-binding domain-like receptor protein 3 inflammasome in acute kidney injury. Febs J. 2015;282:3799–807.
pubmed: 26198480 doi: 10.1111/febs.13379
Sogawa Y, Nagasu H, Iwase S, Ihoriya C, Itano S, Uchida A, et al. Infiltration of M1, but not M2, macrophages is impaired after unilateral ureter obstruction in Nrf2-deficient mice. Sci Rep. 2017;7:8801.
pubmed: 28821730 pmcid: 5562821 doi: 10.1038/s41598-017-08054-2
Zaki MH, Vogel P, Body-Malapel M, Lamkanfi M, Kanneganti TD. IL-18 production downstream of the Nlrp3 inflammasome confers protection against colorectal tumor formation. J Immunol. 2010;185:4912–20.
pubmed: 20855874 doi: 10.4049/jimmunol.1002046
Bialer M, Johannessen SI, Levy RH, Perucca E, Tomson T, White HS. Progress report on new antiepileptic drugs: a summary of the eleventh Eilat conference (EILAT XI). Epilepsy Res. 2013;103:2–30.
pubmed: 23219031 doi: 10.1016/j.eplepsyres.2012.10.001
Zhang X, Yang Y, Zhao Y. Macrophage phenotype and its relationship with renal function in human diabetic nephropathy. PLoS One. 2019;14:e0221991.
pubmed: 31509552 pmcid: 6738594 doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0221991
Østergaard JA, Jha JC, Sharma A, Dai A, Choi JSY, de Haan JB, et al. Adverse renal effects of NLRP3 inflammasome inhibition by MCC950 in an interventional model of diabetic kidney disease. Clin Sci (Lond). 2022;136:167–80.
pubmed: 35048962 doi: 10.1042/CS20210865
Thomas JM, Huuskes BM, Sobey CG, Drummond GR, Vinh A. The IL-18/IL-18R1 signalling axis: Diagnostic and therapeutic potential in hypertension and chronic kidney disease. Pharm Ther. 2022;239:108191.
doi: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2022.108191
Han S, Li S, Li J, He J, Wang QQ, Gao X. et al. Hederasaponin C inhibits LPS-induced acute kidney injury in mice by targeting TLR4 and regulating the PIP2/NF-κB/NLRP3 signaling pathway. Phytother Res. 2023. https://doi.org/10.1002/ptr.8014 .
Li X, Zhou X, Liu X, Li X, Jiang X, Shi B, Wang S. Spermidine protects against acute kidney injury by modulating macrophage NLRP3 inflammasome activation and mitochondrial respiration in an eIF5A hypusination-related pathway. Mol Med. 2022;28:103.
pubmed: 36058905 pmcid: 9441050 doi: 10.1186/s10020-022-00533-1
Ju HY, Kim J, Han SJ. The flavonoid fisetin ameliorates renal fibrosis by inhibiting SMAD3 phosphorylation, oxidative damage, and inflammation in ureteral obstructed kidney in mice. Kidney Res Clin Pr. 2023;42:325–39.
doi: 10.23876/j.krcp.22.034
Klinkhammer BM, Goldschmeding R, Floege J, Boor P. Treatment of renal fibrosis-turning challenges into opportunities. Adv Chronic Kidney Dis. 2017;24:117–29.
pubmed: 28284377 doi: 10.1053/j.ackd.2016.11.002
Poudel B, Ekperikpe US, Mandal S, Wilson GE, Shields CA, Cornelius DC, Williams JM. Chronic treatment with IL-25 increases renal M2 macrophages and reduces renal injury in obese dahl salt-sensitive rats during the prepubescent stage. Am J Physiol Ren Physiol. 2023;325:F87–f98.
doi: 10.1152/ajprenal.00209.2022
Jung M, Sola A, Hughes J, Kluth DC, Vinuesa E, Viñas JL, et al. Infusion of IL-10-expressing cells protects against renal ischemia through induction of lipocalin-2. Kidney Int. 2012;81:969–82.
pubmed: 22278021 doi: 10.1038/ki.2011.446
Du Q, Fu YX, Shu AM, Lv X, Chen YP, Gao YY, et al. Loganin alleviates macrophage infiltration and activation by inhibiting the MCP-1/CCR2 axis in diabetic nephropathy. Life Sci. 2021;272:118808.
pubmed: 33245967 doi: 10.1016/j.lfs.2020.118808
Privratsky JR, Ide S, Chen Y, Kitai H, Ren J, Fradin H, et al. A macrophage-endothelial immunoregulatory axis ameliorates septic acute kidney injury. Kidney Int. 2023;103:514–28.
pubmed: 36334787 doi: 10.1016/j.kint.2022.10.008
Yang J, Liu Z, Wang C, Yang R, Rathkey JK, Pinkard OW, et al. Mechanism of gasdermin D recognition by inflammatory caspases and their inhibition by a gasdermin D-derived peptide inhibitor. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 2018;115:6792–7.
pubmed: 29891674 pmcid: 6042100 doi: 10.1073/pnas.1800562115
Choi J, Aubert O, Vo A, Loupy A, Haas M, Puliyanda D, et al. Assessment of tocilizumab (Anti-interleukin-6 receptor monoclonal) as a potential treatment for chronic antibody-mediated rejection and transplant glomerulopathy in HLA-sensitized renal allograft recipients. Am J Transpl. 2017;17:2381–9.
doi: 10.1111/ajt.14228
Bhattacharyya S, Wang W, Tamaki Z, Shi B, Yeldandi A, Tsukimi Y, et al. Pharmacological inhibition of toll-like receptor-4 signaling by TAK242 prevents and induces regression of experimental organ fibrosis. Front Immunol. 2018;9:2434.
pubmed: 30405628 pmcid: 6207051 doi: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.02434
Adler SG, Schwartz S, Williams ME, Arauz-Pacheco C, Bolton WK, Lee T, et al. Phase 1 study of anti-CTGF monoclonal antibody in patients with diabetes and microalbuminuria. Clin J Am Soc Nephrol. 2010;5:1420–8.
pubmed: 20522536 pmcid: 2924405 doi: 10.2215/CJN.09321209
Zheng H, Zhang Y, He J, Yang Z, Zhang R, Li L, et al. Hydroxychloroquine inhibits macrophage activation and attenuates renal fibrosis after ischemia-reperfusion injury. Front Immunol. 2021;12:645100.
pubmed: 33936063 pmcid: 8079743 doi: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.645100
Oguiza A, Recio C, Lazaro I, Mallavia B, Blanco J, Egido J, Gomez-Guerrero C. Peptide-based inhibition of IκB kinase/nuclear factor-κB pathway protects against diabetes-associated nephropathy and atherosclerosis in a mouse model of type 1 diabetes. Diabetologia. 2015;58:1656–67.
pubmed: 25982245 doi: 10.1007/s00125-015-3596-6
Cho ME, Smith DC, Branton MH, Penzak SR, Kopp JB. Pirfenidone slows renal function decline in patients with focal segmental glomerulosclerosis. Clin J Am Soc Nephrol. 2007;2:906–13.
pubmed: 17702727 doi: 10.2215/CJN.01050207
Ozaki E, Campbell M, Doyle SL. Targeting the NLRP3 inflammasome in chronic inflammatory diseases: current perspectives. J Inflamm Res. 2015;8:15–27.
pubmed: 25653548 pmcid: 4303395

Auteurs

Mohammad Islamuddin (M)

Division of Comparative Pathology, Tulane National Primate Research Center, Tulane University School of Medicine, Tulane University, 18703 Three Rivers Road, Covington, LA, 70433, USA. mislamuddin@tulane.edu.
Department of Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine, Tulane University, New Orleans, LA, 70112, USA. mislamuddin@tulane.edu.

Xuebin Qin (X)

Division of Comparative Pathology, Tulane National Primate Research Center, Tulane University School of Medicine, Tulane University, 18703 Three Rivers Road, Covington, LA, 70433, USA. xqin2@tulane.edu.
Department of Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine, Tulane University, New Orleans, LA, 70112, USA. xqin2@tulane.edu.

Classifications MeSH