Natural products in the management of neurodegenerative diseases.

Nanotechnology Natural products Neurodegenerative diseases Neuroinflammation Oxidative stress

Journal

Nutrition & metabolism
ISSN: 1743-7075
Titre abrégé: Nutr Metab (Lond)
Pays: England
ID NLM: 101231644

Informations de publication

Date de publication:
16 May 2024
Historique:
received: 04 10 2023
accepted: 30 04 2024
medline: 17 5 2024
pubmed: 17 5 2024
entrez: 16 5 2024
Statut: epublish

Résumé

Neurodegenerative diseases represent one of the utmost imperative well-being health issues and apprehensions due to their escalating incidence of mortality. Natural derivatives are more efficacious in various preclinical models of neurodegenerative illnesses. These natural compounds include phytoconstituents in herbs, vegetables, fruits, nuts, and marine and freshwater flora, with remarkable efficacy in mitigating neurodegeneration and enhancing cognitive abilities in preclinical models. According to the latest research, the therapeutic activity of natural substances can be increased by adding phytoconstituents in nanocarriers such as nanoparticles, nanogels, and nanostructured lipid carriers. They can enhance the stability and specificity of the bioactive compounds to a more considerable extent. Nanotechnology can also provide targeting, enhancing their specificity to the respective site of action. In light of these findings, this article discusses the biological and therapeutic potential of natural products and their bioactive derivatives to exert neuroprotective effects and some clinical studies assessing their translational potential to treat neurodegenerative disorders.

Identifiants

DOI: 10.1186/s12986-024-00800-4 PMID: 38755627
pubmed: 38755627
doi: 10.1186/s12986-024-00800-4
pii: 10.1186/s12986-024-00800-4
doi:

Types de publication

Journal Article Review

Langues

eng

Pagination

26

Subventions

Organisme : King Abdulaziz University
ID : KEP-36-130-42

Informations de copyright

© 2024. The Author(s).

Références

Abdel-Salam, O.M., Sleem, A.A., Youness, E.R., Yassen, N.N., Shaffie, N., El-Toumy, S.A. Capsicum protects against rotenone-induced toxicity in mice brain via reduced oxidative stress and 5-lipoxygenase activation. J. Pharm. Pharmacol. Res. 2018;2(3), 60–77. https://doi.org/10.26502/jppr.0011 /.
Ali T, Yoon GH, Shah SA, Lee HY, Kim MO. Osmotin attenuates amyloid beta-induced memory impairment, tau phosphorylation and neurodegeneration in the mouse hippocampus. Sci Rep. 2015;5(1):1–17. https://doi.org/10.1038/srep11708 .
doi: 10.1038/srep11708
Apostolova LG. Alzheimer disease. Contin. Lifelong Learn. Neurol. 2016;22(2):419.
Bharti K, Mittal P, Mishra B. Formulation and characterization of fast dissolving oral films containing buspirone hydrochloride nanoparticles using design of experiment. J Drug Deliv Sci Technol. 2019;49:420–32. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jddst.2018.12.013 .
doi: 10.1016/j.jddst.2018.12.013
Bonde GV, Yadav SK, Chauhan S, Mittal P, Ajmal G, Thokala S, Mishra B. Lapatinib nano-delivery systems: a promising future for breast cancer treatment. Expert Opin Drug Deliv. 2018;15(5):495–507. https://doi.org/10.1080/17425247.2018.1449832 .
doi: 10.1080/17425247.2018.1449832 pubmed: 29521126
Chopra H, Bibi S, Goyal R, Gautam RK, Trivedi R, Upadhyay TK, Mujahid MH, Shah MA, Haris M, Khot KB, Gopan G. Chemopreventive Potential of Dietary Nanonutraceuticals for Prostate Cancer: An Extensive Review. Front Oncol. 2022;12:925379. https://doi.org/10.3389/fonc.2022.925379 .
doi: 10.3389/fonc.2022.925379 pubmed: 35903701 pmcid: 9315356
Dadhania VP, Trivedi PP, Vikram A, Tripathi DN. Nutraceuticals against neurodegeneration: a mechanistic insight. Curr Neuropharmacol. 2016;14(6):627–40. https://doi.org/10.2174/1570159x14666160104142223 .
doi: 10.2174/1570159x14666160104142223 pubmed: 26725888 pmcid: 4981739
Daglia M, Braidy N, Rosa Loizzo M, Tundis R, Fazel Nabavi S. Neuroprotective effects of ginkgolide B against ischemic stroke: A review of current literature. Curr Top Med Chem. 2015;15(21):2222–32. https://doi.org/10.2174/1568026615666150610142647 .
doi: 10.2174/1568026615666150610142647 pubmed: 26059355
Di Paolo M, Papi L, Gori F, Turillazzi E. Natural products in neurodegenerative diseases: A great promise but an ethical challenge. Int J Mol Sci. 2019;20(20):5170. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms20205170 .
doi: 10.3390/ijms20205170 pubmed: 31635296 pmcid: 6834164
Enteshari Najafabadi R, Kazemipour N, Esmaeili A, Beheshti S, Nazifi S. Using superparamagnetic iron oxide nanoparticles to enhance bioavailability of quercetin in the intact rat brain. BMC Pharmacol Toxicol. 2018;19(1):1–12. https://doi.org/10.1186/s40360-018-0249-7 .
doi: 10.1186/s40360-018-0249-7
Essa, M.M., Braidy, N., Bridge, W., Subash, S., Manivasagam, T., Vijayan, R.K., Guillemin, G.J. Review of natural products on Parkinson’s disease pathology. J. Aging Res. Clin. Pract. 2014;3(1):1–8. https://www.jarlife.net/614-review-of-natural-products-on-parkinsons-disease-pathology.htm .
Fachel FNS, Schuh RS, Veras KS, Bassani VL, Koester LS, Henriques AT, Braganhol E, Teixeira HF. An overview of the neuroprotective potential of rosmarinic acid and its association with nanotechnology-based delivery systems: A novel approach to treating neurodegenerative disorders. Neurochem Int. 2019;122:47–58. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neuint.2018.11.003 .
doi: 10.1016/j.neuint.2018.11.003 pubmed: 30439384
Fonseca-Santos B, Gremião MPD, Chorilli M. Nanotechnology-based drug delivery systems for the treatment of Alzheimer’s disease. Int J Nanomed. 2015;10:4981. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neuint.2018.11.003 .
doi: 10.1016/j.neuint.2018.11.003
Giacoppo S, Galuppo M, Lombardo GE, Ulaszewska MM, Mattivi F, Bramanti P, Navarra M. Neuroprotective effects of a polyphenolic white grape juice extract in a mouse model of experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis. Fitoterapia. 2015;103:171–86. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fitote.2015.04.003 .
doi: 10.1016/j.fitote.2015.04.003 pubmed: 25863350
Ha SK, Moon E, Ju MS, Kim DH, Ryu JH, Oh MS, Kim SY. 6-Shogaol, a ginger product, modulates neuroinflammation: a new approach to neuroprotection. Neuropharmacology. 2012;63(2):211–23. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neuropharm.2012.03.016 .
doi: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2012.03.016 pubmed: 22465818
Harris JR. Protein aggregation and fibrillogenesis in cerebral and systemic amyloid disease (Vol. 65). Springer Science & Business Media; 2012.
Hirai S, Uemura T, Mizoguchi N, Lee JY, Taketani K, Nakano Y, Kawada T. Diosgenin attenuates inflammatory changes in the interaction between adipocytes and macrophages. Mol Nutr Food Res. 2010;54(6):797–804. https://doi.org/10.1002/mnfr.200900208 .
doi: 10.1002/mnfr.200900208 pubmed: 19998383
Hishikawa N, Takahashi Y, Amakusa Y, Tanno Y, Tuji Y, Niwa H, Krishna UK. Effects of turmeric on Alzheimer’s disease with behavioral and psychological symptoms of dementia. Ayu. 2012;33(4):499.
doi: 10.4103/0974-8520.110524 pubmed: 23723666 pmcid: 3665200
Hsu YT, Chang YG, Chern Y. Insights into GABA Aergic system alteration in Huntington’s disease. Royal Soc Open Biol. 2018;8(12):180165. https://doi.org/10.1098/rsob.180165 .
doi: 10.1098/rsob.180165
Jia L, Liu J, Song Z, Pan X, Chen L, Cui X, Wang M. Berberine suppresses amyloid-beta-induced inflammatory response in microglia by inhibiting nuclear factor-kappa-B and mitogen-activated protein kinase signalling pathways. J Pharm Pharmacol. 2012;64(10):1510–21. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.2042-7158.2012.01529.x .
doi: 10.1111/j.2042-7158.2012.01529.x pubmed: 22943182
Joo SS, Yoo YM, Ahn BW, Nam SY, Kim YB, Hwang KW, Lee DI. Prevention of inflammation-mediated neurotoxicity by Rg3 and its role in microglial activation. Biol Pharm Bull. 2008;31(7):1392–6. https://doi.org/10.1248/bpb.31.1392 .
doi: 10.1248/bpb.31.1392 pubmed: 18591781
Karim, N., Abdelhalim, H., Gavande, N., Khan, I., Khan, H. Natural products as an emerging therapeutic alternative in the treatment of neurological disorders. Evid. Based Complementary Altern. Med. 2018:3056847. https://doi.org/10.1155/2018/3056847 .
Lee B, Sur B, Shim I, Lee H, Hahm DH. Phellodendron amurense and its major alkaloid compound, berberine ameliorates scopolamine-induced neuronal impairment and memory dysfunction in rats. Korean J Physiol Pharmacol. 2012;16(2):79–89. https://doi.org/10.4196/kjpp.2012.16.2.79 .
doi: 10.4196/kjpp.2012.16.2.79 pubmed: 22563252 pmcid: 3339292
Li M, Shi A, Pang H, Xue W, Li Y, Cao G, Yan B, Dong F, Li K, Xiao W, He G, Du G, Hu X. Safety, tolerability, and pharmacokinetics of a single ascending dose of baicalein chewable tablets in healthy subjects. J Ethnopharmacol. 2014;156:210–5. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jep.2014.08.031 .
doi: 10.1016/j.jep.2014.08.031 pubmed: 25219601
Liao D, Xiang D, Dang R, Xu P, Wang J, Han W, Fu Y, Yao D, Cao L, Jiang P. Neuroprotective Effects of dl-3-n-Butylphthalide against Doxorubicin-Induced Neuroinflammation, Oxidative Stress, Endoplasmic Reticulum Stress, and Behavioral Changes. Oxid Med Cell Longev. 2018;2018:13. Article ID 9125601. https://doi.org/10.1155/2018/9125601 .
Limbocker R, Errico S, Barbut D, Knowles TP, Vendruscolo M, Chiti F, Zasloff M. Squalamine and trodusquemine: two natural products for neurodegenerative diseases, from physical chemistry to the clinic. Nat Prod Rep. 2022. https://doi.org/10.1039/D1NP00042J .
doi: 10.1039/D1NP00042J pubmed: 34698757
Ma H, Johnson SL, Liu W, DaSilva NA, Meschwitz S, Dain JA, Seeram NP. Evaluation of polyphenol anthocyanin-enriched extracts of blackberry, black raspberry, blueberry, cranberry, red raspberry, and strawberry for free radical scavenging, reactive carbonyl species trapping, anti-glycation, anti-β-amyloid aggregation, and microglial neuroprotective effects. Int J Mol Sci. 2018;19(2):461.
MacDonald ME, Ambrose CM, Duyao MP, Myers RH, Lin C, Srinidhi L, Harper PS. A novel gene containing a trinucleotide repeat that is expanded and unstable on Huntington’s disease chromosomes. Cell. 1993;72(6):971–83. https://doi.org/10.1016/0092-8674(93)90585-E .
doi: 10.1016/0092-8674(93)90585-E
Makkar R, Behl T, Bungau S, Zengin G, Mehta V, Kumar A, ..., Oancea R. Nutraceuticals in neurological disorders. Int J Mol Sci. 2020;21(12):4424.
Makkar R, Behl T, Bungau S, Zengin G, Mehta V, Kumar A, Uddin MS, Ashraf GM, Abdel-Daim MM, Arora S. Nutraceuticals in neurological disorders. Int J Mol Sci. 2020;21(12):4424.
doi: 10.3390/ijms21124424 pubmed: 32580329 pmcid: 7352709
Mittal P, Vardhan H, Ajmal G, Bonde GV, Kapoor R, Mittal A, Mishra B. Formulation, optimization, hemocompatibility and pharmacokinetic evaluation of PLGA nanoparticles containing paclitaxel. Drug Dev Ind Pharm. 2019;45(3):365–78. https://doi.org/10.1080/03639045.2018.1542706 .
doi: 10.1080/03639045.2018.1542706 pubmed: 30394795
Mohamed EA, Ahmed HI, Zaky HS, Badr AM. Sesame oil mitigates memory impairment, oxidative stress, and neurodegeneration in a rat model of Alzheimer’s disease. A pivotal role of NF-κB/p38MAPK/BDNF/PPAR-γ pathways. J Ethnopharmacol. 2012;1:113468.
Nouri Z, Fakhri S, El-Senduny FF, Sanadgol N, Abd-ElGhani GE, Farzaei MH, Chen J-T. On the neuroprotective effects of naringenin: Pharmacological targets, signaling pathways, molecular mechanisms, and clinical perspective. Biomolecules. 2019;9(11):690. https://doi.org/10.3390/biom9110690 .
doi: 10.3390/biom9110690 pubmed: 31684142 pmcid: 6920995
Ojha, R.P., Rastogi, M., Devi, B.P., Agrawal, A., Dubey, G.P. Neuroprotective effect of curcuminoids against inflammation-mediated dopaminergic neurodegeneration in the MPTP model of Parkinson’s disease. J. Neuroimmune Pharmacol. 2012;7(3):609–618. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11481-012-9363-2 .
Ovechkina VS, Zakian SM, Medvedev SP, Valetdinova KR. Genetically Encoded Fluorescent Biosensors for Biomedical Applications. Biomedicines. 2021;9(11):1528. https://doi.org/10.3390/biomedicines9111528 .
doi: 10.3390/biomedicines9111528 pubmed: 34829757 pmcid: 8615007
Pandey SN, Rangra NK, Singh S, Arora S, Gupta V. Evolving Role of Natural Products from Traditional Medicinal Herbs in the Treatment of Alzheimer’s Disease. ACS Chem Neurosci. 2021;12(15):2718–28. https://doi.org/10.1021/acschemneuro.1c00206 .
doi: 10.1021/acschemneuro.1c00206 pubmed: 34010562
Pany S, Pal A, Sahu PK. Neuroprotective effect of quercetin in neurotoxicity induced rats: role of neuroinflammation in neurodegeneration. Asian J Pharm Clin Res. 2014;7(4):152–6.
Patel SS, Udayabanu M. Effect of natural products on diabetes associated neurological disorders. Rev Neurosci. 2017;28(3):271–93. https://doi.org/10.1515/revneuro-2016-0038 .
doi: 10.1515/revneuro-2016-0038 pubmed: 28030360
Rahman M, Bajgai J, Fadriquela A, Sharma S, Trinh TT, Akter R, Jeong YJ, Goh SH, Kim C-S, Lee K-J. Therapeutic potential of natural products in treating neurodegenerative disorders and their future prospects and challenges. Molecules. 2021;26(17):5327. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules26175327 .
doi: 10.3390/molecules26175327 pubmed: 34500759 pmcid: 8433718
Rasool, M., Malik, A., Qureshi, M.S., Manan, A., Pushparaj, P.N., Asif, M., Sheikh, I.A. Recent updates in the treatment of neurodegenerative disorders using natural compounds. Evid. Based Complementary Altern. Med. 2014:979730. https://doi.org/10.1155/2014/979730 .
Ratheesh G, Tian L, Venugopal JR, Ezhilarasu H, Sadiq A, Fan TP, Ramakrishna S. Role of medicinal plants in neurodegenerative diseases. Biomanuf Rev. 2017;2(1):1–16. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40898-017-0004-7 .
doi: 10.1007/s40898-017-0004-7
Sairazi, N.S.M., Sirajudeen, K.N.S. Natural products and their bioactive compounds: neuroprotective potentials against neurodegenerative diseases. Evid. Based Complementary Altern. Med. 2020:6565396. https://doi.org/10.1155/2020/6565396 .
Shal B, Ding W, Ali H, Kim YS, Khan S. Anti-neuroinflammatory potential of natural products in attenuation of Alzheimer’s disease. Front Pharmacol. 2018;9:548. https://doi.org/10.3389/fphar.2018.00548 .
doi: 10.3389/fphar.2018.00548 pubmed: 29896105 pmcid: 5986949
Singh J, Mittal P, Vasant Bonde G, Ajmal G, Mishra B. Design, optimization, characterization and in-vivo evaluation of Quercetin enveloped Soluplus®/P407 micelles in diabetes treatment. Artif Cells Nanomed Biotechnol. 2018;46(sup3):S546–55. https://doi.org/10.1080/21691401.2018.1501379 .
doi: 10.1080/21691401.2018.1501379 pubmed: 30322273
Singh S, Singh TG. Role of nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κB) signalling in neurodegenerative diseases: an mechanistic approach. Curr Neuropharmacol. 2020;18(10):918–35.
doi: 10.2174/1570159X18666200207120949 pubmed: 32031074 pmcid: 7709146
Singh S, Singh TG. Role of nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κB) signalling in neurodegenerative diseases: an mechanistic approach. Curr Neuropharmacol. 2020;18(10):918–35.
Singla, R.K., Sai, C.S., Chopra, H., Behzad, S., Bansal, H., Goyal, R., Shen, B. Natural Products for the Management of Castration-Resistant Prostate Cancer: Special Focus on Nanoparticles Based Studies. Front. Cell Dev. Biol. 2012;9. https://doi.org/10.3389/fcell.2021.745177 .
Singla, R.K., Wang, X., Gundamaraju, R., Joon, S., Tsagkaris, C., Behzad, S., Khan, J., Gautam, R., Goyal, R., Rakmai, J., Dubey, A.K. Natural products derived from medicinal plants and microbes might act as a game-changer in breast cancer: a comprehensive review of preclinical and clinical studies. Crit. Rev. Food Sci. Nutr. 2022:1–45. https://doi.org/10.1080/10408398.2022.2097196 .
Singla RK, Behzad S, Khan J, Tsagkaris C, Gautam RK, Goyal R, Chopra H, Shen B. Natural Kinase Inhibitors for the Treatment and Management of Endometrial/Uterine Cancer: Preclinical to Clinical Studies. Front Pharmacol. 2022;13:801733. https://doi.org/10.3389/fphar.2022.801733 .
doi: 10.3389/fphar.2022.801733 pubmed: 35264951 pmcid: 8899191
Singh, N.A., Mandal, A. K.A., Khan, Z. A. Potential neuroprotective properties of epigallocatechin-3-gallate (EGCG). Nutr. J. 2015;15(1), 1–17. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12937-016-0179-4 .
Song J, Cheon SY, Jung W, Lee WT, Lee JE. Resveratrol promotes the expression of interleukin-10 and brain-derived neurotrophic factor in microglia under hypoxia. Int J Mol Sci. 2014;15:15512–29. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms150915512 .
doi: 10.3390/ijms150915512 pubmed: 25184950 pmcid: 4200860
Thapliyal S, Singh T, Handu S, Bisht M, Kumari P, Arya P, ..., Gandham R. A review on potential footprints of ferulic acid for treatment of neurological disorders. Neurochem Res. 2021;46:1043–57.
Vardhan H, Mittal P, Adena SKR, Mishra B. Long-circulating polyhydroxybutyrate-co-hydroxyvalerate nanoparticles for tumor targeted docetaxel delivery: Formulation, optimization and in vitro characterization. Eur J Pharm Sci. 2017;99:85–94.
Vardhan H, Mittal P, Adena SKR, Upadhyay M, Mishra B. Development of long-circulating docetaxel loaded poly (3-hydroxybutyrate-co-3-hydroxyvalerate) nanoparticles: optimization, pharmacokinetic, cytotoxicity and in vivo assessments. Int J Biol Macromol. 2017;103:791–801.
Wang, Liping; Ma, Qiang. Clinical benefits and pharmacology of Scutellarin: A comprehensive review. Pharmacology & Therapeutics, 2018:S0163725818300809–. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pharmthera.2018.05.006 .
Wang R, Tang XC. Neuroprotective effects of huperzine A. Neurosignals. 2005;14(1–2):71–82.
doi: 10.1159/000085387 pubmed: 15956816
Wang Z, He C, Shi JS. Natural products for the treatment of neurodegenerative diseases. Curr Med Chem. 2020;27(34):5790–828. https://doi.org/10.2174/0929867326666190527120614 .
doi: 10.2174/0929867326666190527120614 pubmed: 31131744
Wareham LK, Liddelow SA, Temple S, Benowitz LI, Di Polo A, Wellington C, Calkins DJ. Solving neurodegeneration: common mechanisms and strategies for new treatments. Mol Neurodegener. 2022;17(1):1–29. https://doi.org/10.1186/s13024-022-00524-0 .
doi: 10.1186/s13024-022-00524-0
Watanabe K, Tanaka M, Yuki S, Hirai M, Yamamoto Y. How is edaravone effective against acute ischemic stroke and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis?. J Clin Biochem Nutr. 2018;62(1):20–38.
Wen MM, El-Salamouni NS, El-Refaie WM, Hazzah HA, Ali MM, Tosi G, Farid RM, Blanco-Prieto MJ, Billa N, Hanafy AS. Nanotechnology-based drug delivery systems for Alzheimer’s disease management: Technical, industrial, and clinical challenges. J Control Release. 2017;245:95–107. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jconrel.2016.11.025 .
doi: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2016.11.025 pubmed: 27889394
Wijesekera LC, Nigel Leigh P. Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. Orphanet J Rare Dis. 2009;4(1):1–22. https://doi.org/10.1186/1750-1172-4-3 .
doi: 10.1186/1750-1172-4-3
Xiao Q, Wang C, Li J, Hou Q, Li J, Ma J, Wang Z. Ginkgolide B protects hippocampal neurons from apoptosis induced by beta-amyloid 25–35 partly via up-regulation of brain-derived neurotrophic factor. Eur J Pharmacol. 2010;647(1–3):48–54. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ejphar.2010.08.002 .
doi: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2010.08.002 pubmed: 20709055
Yavarpour-Bali H, Ghasemi-Kasman M, Pirzadeh M. Curcumin-loaded nanoparticles: A novel therapeutic strategy in treatment of central nervous system disorders. Int J Nanomed. 2019;14:4449.
doi: 10.2147/IJN.S208332

Auteurs

Rajat Goyal (R)

MM College of Pharmacy, Maharishi Markandeshwar (Deemed to Be University), Mullana-Ambala, Haryana, 133207, India.

Pooja Mittal (P)

Chitkara College of Pharmacy, Chitkara University, Rajpura-Punjab, India.

Rupesh K Gautam (RK)

Department of Pharmacology, Indore Institute of Pharmacy, IIST Campus, Rau, Indore, India. rupeshgautammmu@gmail.com.

Mohammad Amjad Kamal (MA)

Institute for Systems Genetics, Frontiers Science Center for Disease-Related Molecular Network, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu,, China.
King Fahd Medical Research Center, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah,, Saudi Arabia.
Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Allied Health Sciences, Daffodil International University, Birulia, Bangladesh.
Enzymoics, Novel Global Community Educational Foundation, 7 Peterlee Place, Hebersham, NSW, 2770, Australia.

Asma Perveen (A)

Glocal School of Life Sciences, Glocal University, Uttar Pradesh, Saharanpur, India.
Princess Dr, Najla Bint Saud Al-Saud Center for Excellence Research in Biotechnology, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia.

Vandana Garg (V)

Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Maharshi Dayanand University, Rohtak Haryana, 124001, India.

Athanasios Alexiou (A)

University Centre for Research & Development, Chandigarh University, Chandigarh-Ludhiana Highway, Mohali, Punjab, India.
Department of Research & Development, 11741, Funogen, Athens, Greece.
Department of Research & Development, AFNP Med, 1030, Vienna, Austria.
Department of Science and Engineering, Novel Global Community Educational Foundation, Hebersham, NSW, 2770, Australia.
ORCID: 0000-0002-2206-7236

Muhammad Saboor (M)

Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, University of Sharjah, College of Health Sciences, and Research Institute for Medical and Health Sciences, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates.

Shafiul Haque (S)

Research and Scientific Studies Unit, College of Nursing and Health Sciences, Jazan University, 45142, Jazan, Saudi Arabia.
Gilbert and Rose-Marie Chagoury School of Medicine, Lebanese American University, Beirut, Lebanon.
Centre of Medical and Bio-Allied Health Sciences Research, Ajman University, Ajman, United Arab Emirates.

Aisha Farhana (A)

Department of Clinical Laboratory Sciences, College of Applied Medical Sciences, Jouf University, 72388, Aljouf, Saudi Arabia.

Marios Papadakis (M)

Department of Surgery II, University Hospital Witten-Herdecke, University of Witten-Herdecke, Heusnerstrasse 40, 42283, Wuppertal, Germany. marios_papadakis@yahoo.gr.
ORCID: 0000-0002-9020-874X

Ghulam Md Ashraf (GM)

Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, University of Sharjah, College of Health Sciences, and Research Institute for Medical and Health Sciences, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates. ashraf.gm@gmail.com.

Classifications MeSH