French guidelines on TIPS: Indications and modalities.

TIPS cirrhosis guidelines portal hypertension

Journal

Liver international : official journal of the International Association for the Study of the Liver

ISSN: 1478-3231

Titre abrégé: Liver Int

Pays: United States

ID NLM: 101160857

Informations de publication

Date de publication:
17 May 2024

Historique:

revised: 19 04 2024

received: 12 03 2024

accepted: 05 05 2024

medline: 17 5 2024

pubmed: 17 5 2024

entrez: 17 5 2024

Statut: aheadofprint

Résumé

Transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic shunt (TIPS) has become essential in the treatment or prevention of portal hypertension-related complications. In the early 1990s, the primary indication was refractory bleeding. It is now proposed for the treatment of ascites for the prevention of bleeding and in patients with vascular diseases of the liver. Thus, there are a growing number of patients being treated with TIPS all over the world. The broadening of indications, the involvement of multiple stakeholders, the need for an accurate selection, the positioning in relation to transplantation and the lack of standardization in pre-therapeutic assessment, in the procedure itself and in the follow-up have led the board of the French Association for the Study of the Liver to establish recommendations.

Identifiants

DOI: 10.1111/liv.15976 PMID: 38758295

pubmed: 38758295

doi: 10.1111/liv.15976

doi:

Types de publication

Journal Article Review

Langues

eng

Sous-ensembles de citation

Investigateurs

Delphine Weil-Verhoeven (D)

Agnès Bonadona (A)

Paul Calame (P)

Cyrielle Després (C)

Vincent Di Martino (V)

Patrick Dukan (P)

Manon Allaire (M)

Antoine Monsel (A)

Hélène Larrue (H)

Sandrine Barge (S)

Dominique Thabut (D)

Jean-Paul Cervoni (JP)

Charlotte Bouzbib (C)

Aurélie Plessier (A)

Audrey Payance (A)

Andrea de Gottardi (A)

Lucile Moga (L)

Marie Irles (M)

Anna Sessa (A)

Caroline Jézéquel (C)

Florent Artru (F)

Arnaud Pauwels (A)

Isabelle Archambeaud (I)

Simon Ville (S)

Clément Deltombe (C)

Louise Barbier (L)

Frédéric Oberti (F)

Carine Chagneau (C)

Adrien Lannes (A)

Christophe Aube (C)

Antoine Bouvier (A)

Charles Roux (C)

Juan Carlos Garcia Pagan (JCG)

Wim Laleman (W)

Geert Maleux (G)

Marika Rudler (M)

Nicolas Weiss (N)

Sébastien Dharancy (S)

Audrey Coilly (A)

François Faitot (F)

Anne Minello (A)

Marie-Astrid Piquet (MA)

Marianne Latournerie (M)

Romaric Loffroy (R)

Thomas Mouillot (T)

Eric Assenat (E)

Nathalie Ganne-Carrié (N)

Boris Guiu (B)

Informations de copyright

Références

Bureau C, Métivier S, D'Amico M, et al. Serum bilirubin and platelet count: a simple predictive model for survival in patients with refractory ascites treated by TIPS. J Hepatol. 2011;54(5):901‐907. doi:10.1016/j.jhep.2010.08.025

Bettinger D, Sturm L, Pfaff L, et al. Refining prediction of survival after TIPS with the novel Freiburg index of post‐TIPS survival. J Hepatol. 2021;74(6):1362‐1372. doi:10.1016/j.jhep.2021.01.023

Horhat A, Bureau C, Thabut D, Rudler M. Transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic shunt in patients with cirrhosis: indications and posttransjugular intrahepatic portosystemic shunt complications in 2020. United European Gastroenterol J. 2021;9(2):203‐208. doi:10.1177/2050640620952637

Lv Y, Chen H, Luo B, et al. Concurrent large spontaneous portosystemic shunt embolization for the prevention of overt hepatic encephalopathy after TIPS: a randomized controlled trial. Hepatology. 2022;76(3):676‐688. doi:10.1002/hep.32453

Artru F, Moschouri E, Denys A. Direct intrahepatic portocaval shunt (DIPS) or transjugular transcaval intrahepatic portosystemic shunt (TTIPS) to treat complications of portal hypertension: indications, technique, and outcomes beyond Budd‐Chiari syndrome. Clin Res Hepatol Gastroenterol. 2022;46(4):101858. doi:10.1016/j.clinre.2022.101858

Chana A, James M, Veale P. Anaesthesia for transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic shunt insertion. BJA Education. 2016;16(12):405‐409. doi:10.1093/bjaed/mkw022

European Association for the Study of the Liver. EASL clinical practice guidelines on prevention and management of bleeding and thrombosis in patients with cirrhosis. J Hepatol. 2022;76(5):1151‐1184. doi:10.1016/j.jhep.2021.09.003

Vuyyuru SK, Singh AD, Gamanagatti SR, Rout G, Gunjan D, Shalimar. A randomized control trial of Thromboelastography‐guided transfusion in cirrhosis for high‐risk invasive liver‐related procedures. Dig Dis Sci. 2020;65(7):2104‐2111. doi:10.1007/s10620-019-05939-2

Deibert P, Schwarz S, Olschewski M, Siegerstetter V, Blum HE, Rössle M. Risk factors and prevention of early infection after implantation or revision of transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic shunts: results of a randomized study. Dig Dis Sci. 1998;43(8):1708‐1713. doi:10.1023/a:1018819316633

Busk TM, Bendtsen F, Poulsen JH, et al. Transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic shunt: impact on systemic hemodynamics and renal and cardiac function in patients with cirrhosis. Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol. 2018;314(2):G275‐G286. doi:10.1152/ajpgi.00094.2017

Billey C, Billet S, Robic MA, et al. A prospective study identifying predictive factors of cardiac decompensation after Transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic shunt: the Toulouse algorithm. Hepatology. 2019;70(6):1928‐1941. doi:10.1002/hep.30934

Zaccherini G, Tufoni M, Bernardi M, Caraceni P. Prevention of cirrhosis complications: looking for potential disease modifying agents. J Clin Med. 2021;10(19):4590. doi:10.3390/jcm10194590

Calvaruso V, Craxì A. Hepatic benefits of HCV cure. J Hepatol. 2020;73(6):1548‐1556. doi:10.1016/j.jhep.2020.08.006

Lee EW, Eghtesad B, Garcia‐Tsao G, et al. AASLD practice guidance on the use of TIPS, variceal embolization, and retrograde transvenous obliteration in the management of variceal hemorrhage. Hepatology. 2024;79(1):224‐250. doi:10.1097/HEP.0000000000000530

de Franchis R, Bosch J, Garcia‐Tsao G, et al. Renewing consensus in portal hypertension. J Hepatol. 2022;76(4):959‐974. doi:10.1016/j.jhep.2021.12.022

Allaire M, Walter A, Sutter O, et al. TIPS for management of portal‐hypertension‐related complications in patients with cirrhosis. Clin Res Hepatol Gastroenterol. 2020;44(3):249‐263. doi:10.1016/j.clinre.2019.09.003

Escorsell À, Pavel O, Cárdenas A, et al. Esophageal balloon tamponade versus esophageal stent in controlling acute refractory variceal bleeding: a multicenter randomized, controlled trial. Hepatology. 2016;63(6):1957‐1967. doi:10.1002/hep.28360

Rodrigues SG, Cárdenas A, Escorsell À, Bosch J. Balloon tamponade and esophageal stenting for esophageal Variceal bleeding in cirrhosis: a systematic review and meta‐analysis. Semin Liver Dis. 2019;39(2):178‐194. doi:10.1055/s-0039-1678726

Walter A, Rudler M, Olivas P, et al. Combination of model for end‐stage liver disease and lactate predicts death in patients treated with salvage Transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic shunt for refractory Variceal bleeding. Hepatology. 2021;74(4):2085‐2101. doi:10.1002/hep.31913

García‐Pagán JC, Caca K, Bureau C, et al. Early use of TIPS in patients with cirrhosis and variceal bleeding. N Engl J Med. 2010;362(25):2370‐2379. doi:10.1056/NEJMoa0910102

Nicoară‐Farcău O, Han G, Rudler M, et al. Effects of early placement of Transjugular portosystemic shunts in patients with high‐risk acute Variceal bleeding: a meta‐analysis of individual patient data. Gastroenterology. 2021;160(1):193‐205.e10. doi:10.1053/j.gastro.2020.09.026

Lv Y, Zuo L, Zhu X, et al. Identifying optimal candidates for early TIPS among patients with cirrhosis and acute variceal bleeding: a multicentre observational study. Gut. 2019;68(7):1297‐1310. doi:10.1136/gutjnl-2018-317057

Larrue H, D'Amico G, Olivas P, et al. TIPS prevents further decompensation and improves survival in patients with cirrhosis and portal hypertension in an individual patient data meta‐analysis. J Hepatol. 2023;79(3):692‐703. doi:10.1016/j.jhep.2023.04.028

Rudler M, Hernández‐Gea V, Procopet BD, et al. Hepatic encephalopathy is not a contraindication to pre‐emptive TIPS in high‐risk patients with cirrhosis with variceal bleeding. Gut. 2023;72(4):749‐758. doi:10.1136/gutjnl-2022-326975

Depaire M, Larrue H, Rudler M, Nault JC, Bureau C. Futility criteria for preemptive TIPS in patients with cirrhosis and variceal bleeding are still missing in most severe patients! J Hepatol. 2021;74(4):997‐999. doi:10.1016/j.jhep.2020.10.009

Trebicka J, Gu W, Ibáñez‐Samaniego L, et al. Rebleeding and mortality risk are increased by ACLF but reduced by pre‐emptive TIPS. J Hepatol. 2020;73(5):1082‐1091. doi:10.1016/j.jhep.2020.04.024

Khan S, Tudur Smith C, Williamson P, Sutton R. Portosystemic shunts versus endoscopic therapy for variceal rebleeding in patients with cirrhosis. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2006;2006(4):CD000553. doi:10.1002/14651858.CD000553.pub2

Zhou GP, Sun LY, Wei L, et al. Comparision between portosystemic shunts and endoscopic therapy for prevention of variceal re‐bleeding: a systematic review and meta‐analysis. Chin Med J. 2019;132(9):1087‐1099. doi:10.1097/CM9.0000000000000212

Zhang H, Zhang H, Li H, et al. TIPS versus endoscopic therapy for variceal rebleeding in cirrhosis: a meta‐analysis update. J Huazhong Univ Sci Technolog Med Sci. 2017;37(4):475‐485. doi:10.1007/s11596-017-1760-6

Escorsell A, Bañares R, García‐Pagán JC, et al. TIPS versus drug therapy in preventing variceal rebleeding in advanced cirrhosis: a randomized controlled trial. Hepatology. 2002;35(2):385‐392. doi:10.1053/jhep.2002.30418

Sauerbruch T, Mengel M, Dollinger M, et al. Prevention of Rebleeding from esophageal varices in patients with cirrhosis receiving small‐diameter stents versus hemodynamically controlled medical therapy. Gastroenterology. 2015;149(3):660‐668.e1. doi:10.1053/j.gastro.2015.05.011

Luo X, Wang Z, Tsauo J, Zhou B, Zhang H, Li X. Advanced cirrhosis combined with portal vein thrombosis: a randomized trial of TIPS versus endoscopic band ligation plus propranolol for the prevention of recurrent esophageal Variceal bleeding. Radiology. 2015;276(1):286‐293. doi:10.1148/radiol.15141252

Lv Y, Qi X, He C, et al. Covered TIPS versus endoscopic band ligation plus propranolol for the prevention of variceal rebleeding in cirrhotic patients with portal vein thrombosis: a randomised controlled trial. Gut. 2018;67(12):2156‐2168. doi:10.1136/gutjnl-2017-314634

Lo GH, Liang HL, Chen WC, et al. A prospective, randomized controlled trial of transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic shunt versus cyanoacrylate injection in the prevention of gastric variceal rebleeding. Endoscopy. 2007;39(8):679‐685. doi:10.1055/s-2007-966591

Escorsell A, Garcia‐Pagán JC, Alvarado‐Tapia E, et al. Pre‐emptive TIPS for the treatment of bleeding from gastric fundal varices: results of a randomised controlled trial. JHEP Rep. 2023;5(6):100717. doi:10.1016/j.jhepr.2023.100717

Vangeli M, Patch D, Terreni N, et al. Bleeding ectopic varices—treatment with transjugular intrahepatic porto‐systemic shunt (TIPS) and embolisation. J Hepatol. 2004;41(4):560‐566. doi:10.1016/j.jhep.2004.06.024

Van Wettere M, Purcell Y, Bruno O, et al. Low specificity of washout to diagnose hepatocellular carcinoma in nodules showing arterial hyperenhancement in patients with Budd‐Chiari syndrome. J Hepatol. 2019;70(6):1123‐1132. doi:10.1016/j.jhep.2019.01.009

Seijo S, Plessier A, Hoekstra J, et al. Good long‐term outcome of Budd‐Chiari syndrome with a step‐wise management. Hepatology. 2013;57(5):1962‐1968. doi:10.1002/hep.26306

Garcia‐Pagán JC, Heydtmann M, Raffa S, et al. TIPS for Budd‐Chiari syndrome: long‐term results and prognostics factors in 124 patients. Gastroenterology. 2008;135(3):808‐815. doi:10.1053/j.gastro.2008.05.051

Tripathi D, Macnicholas R, Kothari C, et al. Good clinical outcomes following transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic stent‐shunts in Budd‐Chiari syndrome. Aliment Pharmacol Ther. 2014;39(8):864‐872. doi:10.1111/apt.12668

Knight GM, Clark J, Boike JR, et al. TIPS for adults without cirrhosis with chronic mesenteric venous thrombosis and EHPVO refractory to standard‐of‐care therapy. Hepatology. 2021;74(5):2735‐2744. doi:10.1002/hep.31915

Marot A, Barbosa JV, Duran R, Deltenre P, Denys A. Percutaneous portal vein recanalization using self‐expandable nitinol stents in patients with non‐cirrhotic non‐tumoral portal vein occlusion. Diagn Interv Imaging. 2019;100(3):147‐156. doi:10.1016/j.diii.2018.07.009

Rodrigues SG, Sixt S, Abraldes JG, et al. Systematic review with meta‐analysis: portal vein recanalisation and transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic shunt for portal vein thrombosis. Aliment Pharmacol Ther. 2019;49(1):20‐30. doi:10.1111/apt.15044

Talwar A, Varghese J, Knight GM, et al. Preoperative portal vein recanalization‐transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic shunt for chronic obliterative portal vein thrombosis: outcomes following liver transplantation. Hepatol Commun. 2022;6(7):1803‐1812. doi:10.1002/hep4.1914

Luca A, Miraglia R, Caruso S, et al. Short‐ and long‐term effects of the transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic shunt on portal vein thrombosis in patients with cirrhosis. Gut. 2011;60(6):846‐852. doi:10.1136/gut.2010.228023

Wang Z, Jiang MS, Zhang HL, et al. Is post‐TIPS anticoagulation therapy necessary in patients with cirrhosis and portal vein thrombosis? A Randomized Controlled Trial Radiology. 2016;279(3):943‐951. doi:10.1148/radiol.2015150369

Bissonnette J, Garcia‐Pagán JC, Albillos A, et al. Role of the transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic shunt in the management of severe complications of portal hypertension in idiopathic noncirrhotic portal hypertension. Hepatology. 2016;64(1):224‐231. doi:10.1002/hep.28547

Deltenre P, Mathurin P, Dharancy S, et al. Transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic shunt in refractory ascites: a meta‐analysis. Liver Int. 2005;25(2):349‐356. doi:10.1111/j.1478-3231.2005.01095.x

D'Amico G, Luca A, Morabito A, Miraglia R, D'Amico M. Uncovered transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic shunt for refractory ascites: a meta‐analysis. Gastroenterology. 2005;129(4):1282‐1293. doi:10.1053/j.gastro.2005.07.031

Albillos A, Bañares R, González M, Catalina MV, Molinero LM. A meta‐analysis of transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic shunt versus paracentesis for refractory ascites. J Hepatol. 2005;43(6):990‐996. doi:10.1016/j.jhep.2005.06.005

Saab S, Nieto JM, Lewis SK, Runyon BA. TIPS versus paracentesis for cirrhotic patients with refractory ascites. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2006;2006(4):CD004889. doi:10.1002/14651858.CD004889.pub2

Salerno F, Cammà C, Enea M, Rössle M, Wong F. Transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic shunt for refractory ascites: a meta‐analysis of individual patient data. Gastroenterology. 2007;133(3):825‐834. doi:10.1053/j.gastro.2007.06.020

Chen RP, Zhu Ge XJ, Huang ZM, et al. Prophylactic use of transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic shunt aids in the treatment of refractory ascites: metaregression and trial sequential meta‐analysis. J Clin Gastroenterol. 2014;48(3):290‐299. doi:10.1097/MCG.0b013e3182a115e9

Bai M, Qi XS, Yang ZP, Yang M, Fan DM, Han GH. TIPS improves liver transplantation‐free survival in cirrhotic patients with refractory ascites: an updated meta‐analysis. World J Gastroenterol. 2014;20(10):2704‐2714. doi:10.3748/wjg.v20.i10.2704

Benmassaoud A, Freeman SC, Roccarina D, et al. Treatment for ascites in adults with decompensated liver cirrhosis: a network meta‐analysis. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2020;1(1):CD013123. doi:10.1002/14651858.CD013123.pub2

Bureau C, Thabut D, Oberti F, et al. Transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic shunts with covered stents increase transplant‐free survival of patients with cirrhosis and recurrent ascites. Gastroenterology. 2017;152(1):157‐163. doi:10.1053/j.gastro.2016.09.016

Rössle M, Ochs A, Gülberg V, et al. A comparison of paracentesis and transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic shunting in patients with ascites. N Engl J Med. 2000;342(23):1701‐1707. doi:10.1056/NEJM200006083422303

Angeli P, Garcia‐Tsao G, Nadim MK, Parikh CR. News in pathophysiology, definition and classification of hepatorenal syndrome: a step beyond the International Club of Ascites (ICA) consensus document. J Hepatol. 2019;71(4):811‐822. doi:10.1016/j.jhep.2019.07.002

Brensing KA. Long term outcome after transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic stent‐shunt in non‐transplant cirrhotics with hepatorenal syndrome: a phase II study. Gut. 2000;47(2):288‐295. doi:10.1136/gut.47.2.288

European Association for the Study of the Liver. EASL clinical practice guidelines for the management of patients with decompensated cirrhosis. J Hepatol. 2018;69(2):406‐460. doi:10.1016/j.jhep.2018.03.024

Song T, Rössle M, He F, Liu F, Guo X, Qi X. Transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic shunt for hepatorenal syndrome: a systematic review and meta‐analysis. Dig Liver Dis. 2018;50(4):323‐330. doi:10.1016/j.dld.2018.01.123

Ponzo P, Campion D, Rizzo M, et al. Transjugular intrahepatic porto‐systemic shunt in cirrhotic patients with hepatorenal syndrome—chronic kidney disease: impact on renal function. Dig Liver Dis. 2022;54(8):1101‐1108. doi:10.1016/j.dld.2021.09.008

Michl P, Gülberg V, Bilzer M, Waggershauser T, Reiser M, Gerbes AL. Transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic shunt for cirrhosis and ascites: effects in patients with organic or functional renal failure. Scand J Gastroenterol. 2000;35(6):654‐658. doi:10.1080/003655200750023642

Chang J, Höfer P, Böhling N, et al. Preoperative TIPS prevents the development of postoperative acute‐on‐chronic liver failure in patients with high CLIF‐C AD score. JHEP Rep. 2022;4(3):100442. doi:10.1016/j.jhepr.2022.100442

Mahmud N, Fricker Z, Hubbard RA, et al. Risk prediction models for post‐operative mortality in patients with cirrhosis. Hepatology. 2021;73(1):204‐218. doi:10.1002/hep.31558

Reverter E, Cirera I, Albillos A, et al. The prognostic role of hepatic venous pressure gradient in cirrhotic patients undergoing elective extrahepatic surgery. J Hepatol. 2019;71(5):942‐950. doi:10.1016/j.jhep.2019.07.007

Fares N, Robic MA, Péron JM, et al. Transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic shunt placement before abdominal intervention in cirrhotic patients with portal hypertension: lessons from a pilot study. Eur J Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2018;30(1):21‐26. doi:10.1097/MEG.0000000000000990

Lahat E, Lim C, Bhangui P, et al. Transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic shunt as a bridge to non‐hepatic surgery in cirrhotic patients with severe portal hypertension: a systematic review. HPB (Oxford). 2018;20(2):101‐109. doi:10.1016/j.hpb.2017.09.006

Tabchouri N, Barbier L, Menahem B, et al. Original study: Transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic shunt as a bridge to abdominal surgery in cirrhotic patients. J Gastrointest Surg. 2019;23(12):2383‐2390. doi:10.1007/s11605-018-4053-x

Aryan M, McPhail J, Ravi S, Harris P, Allamneni C, Shoreibah M. Perioperative Transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic shunt is associated with decreased postoperative complications in decompensated Cirrhotics undergoing abdominal surgery. Am Surg. 2022;88(7):1613‐1620. doi:10.1177/00031348211069784

Chandan S, Deliwala S, Khan SR, et al. Advanced endoscopic resection techniques in cirrhosis‐a systematic review and meta‐analysis of outcomes. Dig Dis Sci. 2022;67(10):4813‐4826. doi:10.1007/s10620-021-07364-w

Elkrief L, Ferrusquia‐Acosta J, Payancé A, et al. Abdominal surgery in patients with idiopathic noncirrhotic portal hypertension: a multicenter retrospective study. Hepatology. 2019;70(3):911‐924. doi:10.1002/hep.30628

Boike JR, Thornburg BG, Asrani SK, et al. North American practice‐based recommendations for Transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic shunts in portal hypertension. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2022;20(8):1636‐1662.e36. doi:10.1016/j.cgh.2021.07.018

Russo MW, Sood A, Jacobson IM, Brown RS. Transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic shunt for refractory ascites: an analysis of the literature on efficacy, morbidity, and mortality. Am J Gastroenterol. 2003;98(11):2521‐2527. doi:10.1111/j.1572-0241.2003.08664.x

Casadaban LC, Parvinian A, Couture PM, et al. Characterization of liver function parameter alterations after transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic shunt creation and association with early mortality. AJR Am J Roentgenol. 2014;203(6):1363‐1370. doi:10.2214/AJR.13.12232

Nolte W, Wiltfang J, Schindler C, et al. Portosystemic hepatic encephalopathy after transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic shunt in patients with cirrhosis: clinical, laboratory, psychometric, and electroencephalographic investigations. Hepatology. 1998;28(5):1215‐1225. doi:10.1002/hep.510280508

Ferral H, Gomez‐Reyes E, Fimmel CJ. Post‐Transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic shunt follow‐up and management in the VIATORR era. Tech Vasc Interv Radiol. 2016;19(1):82‐88. doi:10.1053/j.tvir.2016.01.009

Bellis L, Moitinho E, Abraldes JG, et al. Acute propranolol administration effectively decreases portal pressure in patients with TIPS dysfunction. Transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic shunt. Gut. 2003;52(1):130‐133. doi:10.1136/gut.52.1.130

Jiao P, Chen XY, Zheng HY, Qin J, Li C, Zhang XL. Anticoagulation after transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic shunt for portal hypertension: a systematic review and meta analysis. Medicine (Baltimore). 2022;101(26):e29742. doi:10.1097/MD.0000000000029742

Casado M, Bosch J, García‐Pagán JC, et al. Clinical events after transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic shunt: correlation with hemodynamic findings. Gastroenterology. 1998;114(6):1296‐1303. doi:10.1016/s0016-5085(98)70436-6

La Mura V, Abraldes JG, Berzigotti A, et al. Right atrial pressure is not adequate to calculate portal pressure gradient in cirrhosis: a clinical‐hemodynamic correlation study. Hepatology. 2010;51(6):2108‐2116. doi:10.1002/hep.23612

Reverter E, Blasi A, Abraldes JG, et al. Impact of deep sedation on the accuracy of hepatic and portal venous pressure measurements in patients with cirrhosis. Liver Int. 2014;34(1):16‐25. doi:10.1111/liv.12229

Silva‐Junior G, Turon F, Baiges A, et al. Timing affects measurement of portal pressure gradient after placement of Transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic shunts in patients with portal hypertension. Gastroenterology. 2017;152(6):1358‐1365. doi:10.1053/j.gastro.2017.01.011

Tacher V, Petit A, Derbel H, et al. Three‐dimensional image fusion guidance for Transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic shunt placement. Cardiovasc Intervent Radiol. 2017;40(11):1732‐1739. doi:10.1007/s00270-017-1699-9

Bureau C, Garcia‐Pagan JC, Otal P, et al. Improved clinical outcome using polytetrafluoroethylene‐coated stents for TIPS: results of a randomized study. Gastroenterology. 2004;126(2):469‐475. doi:10.1053/j.gastro.2003.11.016

Perarnau JM, Le Gouge A, Nicolas C, et al. Covered vs. uncovered stents for transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic shunt: a randomized controlled trial. J Hepatol. 2014;60(5):962‐968. doi:10.1016/j.jhep.2014.01.015

Bureau C, Garcia Pagan JC, Layrargues GP, et al. Patency of stents covered with polytetrafluoroethylene in patients treated by transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic shunts: long‐term results of a randomized multicentre study. Liver Int. 2007;27(6):742‐747. doi:10.1111/j.1478-3231.2007.01522.x

Praktiknjo M, Abu‐Omar J, Chang J, et al. Controlled underdilation using novel VIATORR® controlled expansion stents improves survival after transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic shunt implantation. JHEP Rep. 2021;3(3):100264. doi:10.1016/j.jhepr.2021.100264

Bai M, He CY, Qi XS, et al. Shunting branch of portal vein and stent position predict survival after transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic shunt. World J Gastroenterol. 2014;20(3):774‐785. doi:10.3748/wjg.v20.i3.774

Matsushima H, Fujiki M, Sasaki K, et al. Can pretransplant TIPS be harmful in liver transplantation? A propensity score matching analysis. Surgery. 2020;168(1):33‐39. doi:10.1016/j.surg.2020.02.017

Lv Y, Chen H, Luo B, et al. Transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic shunt with or without gastro‐oesophageal variceal embolisation for the prevention of variceal rebleeding: a randomised controlled trial. Lancet Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2022;7(8):736‐746. doi:10.1016/S2468-1253(22)00087-5

De Keyzer B, Nevens F, Laenen A, et al. Percutaneous shunt reduction for the management of TIPS‐induced acute liver decompensation: a follow‐up study. Ann Hepatol. 2016;15(6):911‐917. doi:10.5604/16652681.1222110

Engstrom BI, Horvath JJ, Suhocki PV, et al. Covered transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic shunts: accuracy of ultrasound in detecting shunt malfunction. AJR Am J Roentgenol. 2013;200(4):904‐908. doi:10.2214/AJR.12.8761

Zizka J, Eliás P, Krajina A, et al. Value of Doppler sonography in revealing transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic shunt malfunction: a 5‐year experience in 216 patients. AJR Am J Roentgenol. 2000;175(1):141‐148. doi:10.2214/ajr.175.1.1750141

Pereira K, Baker R, Salsamendi J, Doshi M, Kably I, Bhatia S. An approach to endovascular and percutaneous Management of Transjugular Intrahepatic Portosystemic Shunt (TIPS) dysfunction: a pictorial essay and clinical practice algorithm. Cardiovasc Intervent Radiol. 2016;39(5):639‐651. doi:10.1007/s00270-015-1247-4

Sarwar A, Esparaz AM, Chakrala N, et al. Efficacy of TIPS reduction for refractory hepatic encephalopathy, right heart failure, and liver dysfunction. AJR Am J Roentgenol. 2021;216(5):1267‐1272. doi:10.2214/AJR.19.22497

Friis KH, Thomsen KL, Laleman W, Montagnese S, Vilstrup H, Lauridsen MM. Post‐Transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic shunt (TIPS) hepatic encephalopathy‐a review of the past Decade's literature focusing on incidence, risk factors, and prophylaxis. J Clin Med. 2023;13(1):14. doi:10.3390/jcm13010014

Maleux G, Verslype C, Heye S, Wilms G, Marchal G, Nevens F. Endovascular shunt reduction in the management of transjugular portosystemic shunt‐induced hepatic encephalopathy: preliminary experience with reduction stents and stent‐grafts. AJR Am J Roentgenol. 2007;188(3):659‐664. doi:10.2214/AJR.05.1250

Brown MA, Gueyikian S, Huffman S, Donahue L. Transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic shunt reduction techniques. Semin Intervent Radiol. 2023;40(1):27‐32. doi:10.1055/s-0043-1764286

Bureau C, Thabut D, Jezequel C, et al. The use of Rifaximin in the prevention of overt hepatic encephalopathy after Transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic shunt: a randomized controlled trial. Ann Intern Med. 2021;174(5):633‐640. doi:10.7326/M20-0202

Gluud LL, Vilstrup H, Morgan MY. Nonabsorbable disaccharides for hepatic encephalopathy: a systematic review and meta‐analysis. Hepatology. 2016;64(3):908‐922. doi:10.1002/hep.28598

Kimer N, Krag A, Møller S, Bendtsen F, Gluud LL. Systematic review with meta‐analysis: the effects of rifaximin in hepatic encephalopathy. Aliment Pharmacol Ther. 2014;40(2):123‐132. doi:10.1111/apt.12803

Kochar N, Tripathi D, Ireland H, Redhead DN, Hayes PC. Transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic stent shunt (TIPSS) modification in the management of post‐TIPSS refractory hepatic encephalopathy. Gut. 2006;55(11):1617‐1623. doi:10.1136/gut.2005.089482

Fanelli F, Salvatori FM, Rabuffi P, et al. Management of refractory hepatic encephalopathy after insertion of TIPS: long‐term results of shunt reduction with hourglass‐shaped balloon‐expandable stent‐graft. AJR Am J Roentgenol. 2009;193(6):1696‐1702. doi:10.2214/AJR.09.2968

Rowley MW, Choi M, Chen S, Hirsch K, Seetharam AB. Refractory hepatic encephalopathy after elective Transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic shunt: risk factors and outcomes with revision. Cardiovasc Intervent Radiol. 2018;41(11):1765‐1772. doi:10.1007/s00270-018-1992-2

Abouljoud M, Yoshida A, Kim D, et al. Transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic shunts for refractory ascites after liver transplantation. Transplant Proc. 2005;37(2):1248‐1250. doi:10.1016/j.transproceed.2004.12.104

Amesur NB, Zajko AB, Orons PD, Sammon JK, Casavilla FA. Transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic shunt in patients who have undergone liver transplantation. J Vasc Interv Radiol. 1999;10(5):569‐573. doi:10.1016/s1051-0443(99)70085-0

Lerut JP, Goffette P, Molle G, et al. Transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic shunt after adult liver transplantation: experience in eight patients. Transplantation. 1999;68(3):379‐384. doi:10.1097/00007890-199908150-00009

Urbani L, Catalano G, Cioni R, et al. Management of massive and persistent ascites and/or hydrothorax after liver transplantation. Transplant Proc. 2003;35(4):1473‐1475. doi:10.1016/s0041-1345(03)00514-1

Cirera I, Navasa M, Rimola A, et al. Ascites after liver transplantation. Liver Transpl. 2000;6(2):157‐162. doi:10.1002/lt.500060219

Bonnel AR, Bunchorntavakul C, Rajender RK. Transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic shunts in liver transplant recipients. Liver Transpl. 2014;20(2):130‐139. doi:10.1002/lt.23775

Kim JJ, Dasika NL, Yu E, Fontana RJ. Transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic shunts in liver transplant recipients. Liver Int. 2008;28(2):240‐248. doi:10.1111/j.1478-3231.2007.01645.x

Ghinolfi D, De Simone P, Catalano G, et al. Transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic shunt for hepatitis C virus‐related portal hypertension after liver transplantation. Clin Transpl. 2012;26(5):699‐705. doi:10.1111/j.1399-0012.2011.01595.x

Kounis I, Sebagh M, Evain M, et al. Nodular regenerative hyperplasia is not a Rare condition after liver transplantation: incidence, predictive factors, and impact on survival. Transplantation. 2023;107(2):410‐419. doi:10.1097/TP.0000000000004303

El Atrache M, Abouljoud M, Sharma S, et al. Transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic shunt following liver transplantation: can outcomes be predicted? Clin Transpl. 2012;26(4):657‐661. doi:10.1111/j.1399-0012.2011.01594.x

Saad WEA, Darwish WM, Davies MG, Waldman DL. Transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic shunts in liver transplant recipients for management of refractory ascites: clinical outcome. J Vasc Interv Radiol. 2010;21(2):218‐223. doi:10.1016/j.jvir.2009.10.025

Hermie L, Van Cauwenberghe L, Dhondt E, De Bruyne R, Defreyne L. Transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic shunts in pediatric portal hypertension: a systematic review and meta‐analysis. J Vasc Interv Radiol. 2023;34(8):1382‐1398.e10. doi:10.1016/j.jvir.2023.05.014

Wang Y, Ma B, Li P, Li W, Liu D. Feasibility and clinical effectiveness of transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic shunt creation in pediatric and adolescent patients: a meta‐analysis. Pediatr Surg Int. 2022;38(3):377‐387. doi:10.1007/s00383-022-05066-6

Raissi D, Brahmbhatt S, Yu Q, Jiang L, Liu C. Transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic shunt for pediatric portal hypertension: a meta‐analysis. J Clin Imaging Sci. 2023;13:18. doi:10.25259/JCIS_36_2023

Hermie L, Biervliet SV, Hoorens A, Cauwenberghe LV, Robberecht E, Defreyne L. Pre‐emptive transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic shunt in pediatric cystic fibrosis‐related liver disease and portal hypertension: prospective long‐term results. Diagn Interv Radiol. 2024;30(1):55‐64. doi:10.4274/dir.2022.221818

Martínez‐Rodrigo JJ, Boukhoubza A, Enguix DP, et al. Feasibility and outcomes of transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic shunts in infants. Pediatr Radiol. 2023;53(5):953‐962. doi:10.1007/s00247-022-05575-5

Tandon P, Montano‐Loza AJ, Lai JC, Dasarathy S, Merli M. Sarcopenia and frailty in decompensated cirrhosis. J Hepatol. 2021;75(Suppl 1):S147‐S162. doi:10.1016/j.jhep.2021.01.025

Bischoff SC, Bernal W, Dasarathy S, et al. ESPEN practical guideline: clinical nutrition in liver disease. Clin Nutr. 2020;39(12):3533‐3562. doi:10.1016/j.clnu.2020.09.001

European Association for the Study of the Liver. Electronic address: easloffice@easloffice.eu, European Association for the Study of the Liver. EASL clinical practice guidelines on nutrition in chronic liver disease. J Hepatol. 2019;70(1):172‐193. doi:10.1016/j.jhep.2018.06.024

Nardelli S, Lattanzi B, Torrisi S, et al. Sarcopenia is risk factor for development of hepatic encephalopathy after Transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic shunt placement. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2017;15(6):934‐936. doi:10.1016/j.cgh.2016.10.028

Praktiknjo M, Clees C, Pigliacelli A, et al. Sarcopenia is associated with development of acute‐on‐chronic liver failure in decompensated liver cirrhosis receiving Transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic shunt. Clin Transl Gastroenterol. 2019;10(4):e00025. doi:10.14309/ctg.0000000000000025

Praktiknjo M, Book M, Luetkens J, et al. Fat‐free muscle mass in magnetic resonance imaging predicts acute‐on‐chronic liver failure and survival in decompensated cirrhosis. Hepatology. 2018;67(3):1014‐1026. doi:10.1002/hep.29602

Zhang B, Cai W, Gao F, et al. Prediction of patient survival with psoas muscle density following Transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic shunts: a retrospective cohort study. Med Sci Monit. 2022;28:e934057. doi:10.12659/MSM.934057

Tsien C, Shah SN, McCullough AJ, Dasarathy S. Reversal of sarcopenia predicts survival after a transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic stent. Eur J Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2013;25(1):85‐93. doi:10.1097/MEG.0b013e328359a759

Liu J, Ma J, Yang C, et al. Sarcopenia in patients with cirrhosis after Transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic shunt placement. Radiology. 2022;303(3):711‐719. doi:10.1148/radiol.211172

Montomoli J, Holland‐Fischer P, Bianchi G, et al. Body composition changes after transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic shunt in patients with cirrhosis. World J Gastroenterol. 2010;16(3):348‐353. doi:10.3748/wjg.v16.i3.348

Luo SH, Chu JG, Huang H, Yao KC. Safety and efficacy of transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic shunt combined with palliative treatment in patients with hepatocellular carcinoma. World J Clin Cases. 2019;7(13):1599‐1610. doi:10.12998/wjcc.v7.i13.1599

Qiu Z, Wang G, Yan H, et al. TIPS plus sequential systemic therapy of advanced HCC patients with tumour thrombus‐related symptomatic portal hypertension. Eur Radiol. 2022;32(10):6777‐6787. doi:10.1007/s00330-022-08705-7

Gordon AC, Gupta AN, Gabr A, et al. Safety and efficacy of segmental Yttrium‐90 Radioembolization for hepatocellular carcinoma after Transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic shunt creation. J Vasc Interv Radiol. 2021;32(2):211‐219. doi:10.1016/j.jvir.2020.09.007