Andrology laboratory technique for analysis of semen in men with azoospermia.
Journal
Asian journal of andrology
ISSN: 1745-7262
Titre abrégé: Asian J Androl
Pays: China
ID NLM: 100942132
Informations de publication
Date de publication:
17 May 2024
17 May 2024
Historique:
received:
11
11
2023
accepted:
25
03
2024
medline:
17
5
2024
pubmed:
17
5
2024
entrez:
17
5
2024
Statut:
aheadofprint
Résumé
Discovery of spermatozoa during the 17th century led to developing technologies for semen analysis in the early 1900s, and then, standard techniques were implemented during the 20th century. Semen analysis has a pivotal role in the male infertility evaluation, and azoospermia is an important finding. Azoospermia is identified in 15% of infertile men. However, the accurate laboratory assessment of azoospermia poses certain technical challenges. Laboratories currently perform semen assessment with great variability; thus, a standard method should be used. Planning suitable management and determining the cause of infertility require a precise evaluation of azoospermia. This review aims to address the definition of azoospermia and highlight laboratory methods in the assessments of azoospermia. Basic methods such as centrifugation, repeat pellet analysis, and staining and advanced methods such as genetic testing and biomarkers have been discussed. These methods have helped in standardizing the protocol for accurate azoospermia assessments with less variability.
Identifiants
pubmed: 38759095
doi: 10.4103/aja202429
pii: 00129336-990000000-00189
doi:
Types de publication
Journal Article
Langues
eng
Sous-ensembles de citation
IM
Informations de copyright
Copyright © 2024 Copyright: ©The Author(s)(2024).
Références
Andrade Rocha F. On the origins of the semen analysis:a close relationship with the history of the reproductive medicine. J Hum Reprod Sci 2017;10:242–55
Kempers RD. The tricentennial of the discovery of sperm. Fertil Steril 1976;27:603–5
Howards SS. Antoine van Leeuwenhoek and the discovery of sperm. Fertil Steril 1997;67:16–7
Cocuzza M, Alvarenga C, Pagani R. The epidemiology and etiology of azoospermia. Clinics 2013;68:15–26
World Health Organization. WHO laboratory manual for the examination and processing of human semen. 5th ed. Geneva: World Health Organization; 2010;45–226
Aziz N. The importance of semen analysis in the context of azoospermia. Clinics 2013;68:35–8
Jaffe TM, Kim ED, Hoekstra TH, Lipshultz LI. Sperm pellet analysis:a technique to detect the presence of sperm in men considered to have azoospermia by routine semen analysis. J Urol 1998;159:1548–50
Tek M, Akbay E. Management of the infertile male with azoospermia. Duzce Med J 2022;24:36–43
World Health Organization. WHO laboratory manual for the examination and processing of human semen. 6th ed. Geneva: World Health Organization; 2021;13–41
Gudeloglu A, Parekattil SJ. Update in the evaluation of the azoospermic male. Clinics 2013;68:27–34
Jarvi K, Lo K, Fischer A, Grantmyre J, Zini A, et al. CUA guideline:the workup of azoospermic males. Can Urol Assoc J 2010;4:163–7
Jarvi K, Lo K, Grober E, Mak V, Fischer A, et al. CUA guideline:the workup and management of azoospermic males. Can Urol Assoc J 2015;9:229–35
Baskaran S, Finelli R, Agarwal A, Henkel R. Diagnostic value of routine semen analysis in clinical andrology. Andrologia 2021;53:e13614
Mortimer D, Björndahl L, Barratt CLR, Castilla JA, Menkveld R, et al. Basic semen examination Mortimer D, Björndahl L, Barratt CLR, Castilla JA, Menkveld R, et al. A Practical Guide to Basic Laboratory Andrology. 2nd editon. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press; 2022;34–80
Corea M, Campagnone J, Sigman M. The diagnosis of azoospermia depends on the force of centrifugation. Fertil Steril 2005;83:920–2
Sharlip ID, Jarow JP, Belker AM, Lipshultz LI, Sigman M, et al. Best practice policies for male infertility. Fertil Steril 2002;77:873–82
Jarow J, Kolettis P, Lipshultz L, McClure R, Nangia A, et al. The optimal evaluation of the infertile male:AUA best practice statement 2010. Available from: https://www.auanet.org/documents/education/clinical-guidance/Male-Infertility-d.pdf. [Last accessed on 2023 Sep 25]
International Organization for Standardization, Basic Semen Examination – Specification and Test Methods. Geneva: International Organization for Standardization; 2021
Hwang K, Smith JF, Coward RM, Penzias A, Bendikson K, et al. Evaluation of the azoospermic male: a committee opinion. Fertil Steril 2018;109:777–82
Salonia A, Bettocchi C, Capogrosso P, Carvalho J, Corona G, et al. EAU Guideline on Sexual and Reproductive Health. Arnhem: EAU Guidelines Office; 2023. Available from: https://uroweb.org/guidelines/prostate-cancer. [Last accessed on 2023 Sep 25]
Flannigan R, Najafabadi BT, Violette PD, Jarvi K, Patel P, et al. 2023 Canadian urological association guideline: evaluation and management of azoospermia. Can Urol Assoc J 2023;17:228–40
The Male Infertility Best Practice Policy Committee of the American Urological Association, the Practice Committee of the American Society for Reproductive Medicine. Report on evaluation of the azoospermic male. Fertil Steril 2004;82:131–6
Alvarez C. Biological variation of seminal parameters in healthy subjects. Hum Reprod 2003;18:2082–8
Ragheb AM, Ibrahim RM, Elbatanouny AM, Moussa AS, Abdelbary AM, et al. Role of sequential semen samples in infertile men candidates for assisted reproduction: a prospective study. Afr J Urol 2018;24:363–7
Schlegel PN. Causes of azoospermia and their management. Reprod Fertil Dev 2004;16:561–72
Soudabeh S, Ali MA, Mahshid H, Mohammad Mehdi A, Haleh S, et al. Comparing seminal plasma biomarkers between normospermic and azoospermic men. J Reprod Infertil 2010;11:39–46
Perez pelaez M, Jeyendran RS, Alagaratnam D. Biochemistry of seminal plasma in azoospermic men. Arch Androl 1985;15:177–80
Wosnitzer M, Goldstein M, Hardy MP. Review of azoospermia. Spermatogenesis 2014;4:e28218
Guerin J, Ali HB, Rollet J, Souchier C, Czyba J. Alpha-glucosidase as a specific epididymal enzyme marker. Its validity for the etiologic diagnosis of azoospermia. J Androl 1986;7:156–62
Sandoval L, Diaz M, Rivas F. Alpha-1,4-glucosidase activity and the presence of germinal epithelium cells in the semen for differential diagnosis of obstructive and nonobstructive azoospermia. Arch Androl 1995;35:155–8
Garem YF, Arini AF, Beheiry AH, Zeid SA, Comhaire FH. Possible relationship between seminal plasma inhibin B and spermatogenesis in patients with azoospermia. J Androl 2002;23:825–9
Campbell MJ, Lotti F, Baldi E, Schlatt S, Festin MP, et al. Distribution of semen examination results 2020 –a follow up of data collated for the WHO semen analysis manual 2010. Andrology 2021;9:817–22
Agarwal A, Gupta S, Sharma R. Basic semen analysis Agarwal A, Gupta S, Sharma R. Andrological evaluation of male infertility. Cham: Springer International Publishing; 2016;39–46
Hendin BN, Patel B, Levin HS, Thomas AJ, Agarwal A. Identification of spermatozoa and round spermatids in the ejaculates of men with spermatogenic failure. Urology 1998;51:816–9
Agarwal A, Gupta S, Sharma R. Cytospin procedure and nuclear fast red and picroindigocarmine staining procedure for azoospermic sample Agarwal A, Gupta S, Sharma R. Andrological evaluation of male infertility. Cham: Springer International Publishing; 2016;85–91
Monteiro R, Pariz J, Pieri P, Hallak J. Special research methods for proving azoospermia: comparison between Cytospin and ultracentrifugation technique. Andrology 2013;1:87
Monteiro RA, Pariz JR, Pieri P de C, Hallak J. An easy, reproducible and cost-effective method for andrologists to improve the laboratory diagnosis of non-obstructive azoospermia: a novel microcentrifugation technique. Int Braz J Urol 2016;42:132–8
Sharma RK, Gupta S, Agarwal A, Finelli R, Kuroda S, et al. Role of cytocentrifugation combined with nuclear fast picroindigocarmine staining in detecting cryptozoospermia in men diagnosed with azoospermia. World J Mens Health 2022;40:627
Li H, Wu C, Gu X, Xiong C. A novel application of cell-free seminal mRNA: non-invasive identification of the presence of germ cells or complete obstruction in men with azoospermia. Hum Reprod 2012;27:991–7
Goel R, Batra H, Kumar M, Dada R, Kumar R. Evaluation of cell-free seminal mRNA for the diagnosis of obstruction as the cause of azoospermia in infertile men: a prospective cohort study. Andrologia 2022;54:e14364
Abdallah W, Hashad D, Abdelmaksoud R, Hashad MM. Does detection of DDX4 mRNA in cell-free seminal plasma represents a reliable noninvasive germ cell marker in patients with nonobstructive azoospermia?. Andrologia 2017;49:e12739
Ghoraeian P, Hatami A, Moghbelinejad S, Dehghanifard A, Asa E. Cell-free seminal mRNA of DDX4 and TNP1 genes as potential biomarkers of the presence of sperm in the testicular tissue. Arch Adv Biosci 2020;12:55–65
Batruch I, Lecker I, Kagedan D, Smith CR, Mullen BJ, et al. Proteomic analysis of seminal plasma from normal volunteers and post-vasectomy patients identifies over 2000 proteins and candidate biomarkers of the urogenital system. J Proteome Res 2011;10:941–53
Korbakis D, Schiza C, Brinc D, Soosaipillai A, Karakosta TD, et al. Preclinical evaluation of a TEX101 protein ELISA test for the differential diagnosis of male infertility. BMC Med 2017;15:60
Schiza CG, Jarv K, Diamandis EP, Drabovich AP. An emerging role of TEX101 protein as a male infertility biomarker. EJIFCC 2014;25:9–26