Physiotherapeutic and non-conventional approaches in patients with chronic low-back pain: a level I Bayesian network meta-analysis.
Conservative
Pain
Physical
Therapy
Journal
Scientific reports
ISSN: 2045-2322
Titre abrégé: Sci Rep
Pays: England
ID NLM: 101563288
Informations de publication
Date de publication:
21 May 2024
21 May 2024
Historique:
received:
12
09
2023
accepted:
15
05
2024
medline:
22
5
2024
pubmed:
22
5
2024
entrez:
21
5
2024
Statut:
epublish
Résumé
Chronic low back pain (cLBP) is a major cause of disability and healthcare expenditure worldwide. Its prevalence is increasing globally from somatic and psychosocial factors. While non-pharmacological management, and in particular physiotherapy, has been recommended as a first-line treatment for cLBP, it is not clear what type of physiotherapeutic approach is the most effective in terms of pain reduction and function improvement. This analysis is rendered more difficult by the vast number of available therapies and a lack of a widely accepted classification that can effectively highlight the differences in the outcomes of different management options. This study was conducted according to the PRISMA guidelines. In January 2024, the following databases were accessed: PubMed, Web of Science, Google Scholar, and Embase. All the randomised controlled trials (RCTs) which compared the efficacy of physiotherapy programs in patients with cLBP were accessed. Studies reporting on non-specific or mechanical cLPB were included. Data concerning the Visual Analogic Scale (VAS) or numeric rating scale (NRS), Roland Morris Disability Questionnaire (RMQ) and Oswestry Disability Index (ODI). Data from 12,773 patients were collected. The mean symptom duration was 61.2 ± 51.0 months and the mean follow-up was 4.3 ± 5.9 months. The mean age was 44.5 ± 9.4 years. The mean BMI was 25.8 ± 2.9 kg/m
Identifiants
pubmed: 38773302
doi: 10.1038/s41598-024-62276-9
pii: 10.1038/s41598-024-62276-9
doi:
Types de publication
Journal Article
Meta-Analysis
Langues
eng
Sous-ensembles de citation
IM
Pagination
11546Informations de copyright
© 2024. The Author(s).
Références
Balague, F., Mannion, A. F., Pellise, F. & Cedraschi, C. Non-specific low back pain. Lancet 379(9814), 482–491. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(11)60610-7 (2012).
doi: 10.1016/S0140-6736(11)60610-7
pubmed: 21982256
Hopayian, K., Raslan, E. & Soliman, S. The association of modic changes and chronic low back pain: A systematic review. J. Orthop. 35, 99–106. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jor.2022.11.003 (2023).
doi: 10.1016/j.jor.2022.11.003
pubmed: 36438174
Migliorini, F. et al. Opioids for chronic low back pain management: a Bayesian network meta-analysis. Expert Rev. Clin. Pharmacol. 14(5), 635–641. https://doi.org/10.1080/17512433.2021.1903316 (2021).
doi: 10.1080/17512433.2021.1903316
pubmed: 33706636
Hoy, D., Brooks, P., Blyth, F. & Buchbinder, R. The Epidemiology of low back pain. Best Pract. Res. Clin. Rheumatol. 24(6), 769–781. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.berh.2010.10.002 (2010).
doi: 10.1016/j.berh.2010.10.002
pubmed: 21665125
Hartvigsen, J. et al. What low back pain is and why we need to pay attention. Lancet 391(10137), 2356–2367. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(18)30480-X (2018).
doi: 10.1016/S0140-6736(18)30480-X
pubmed: 29573870
Delpierre, Y. Fear-avoidance beliefs, anxiety and depression are associated with motor control and dynamics parameters in patients with chronic low back pain. J. Orthop. 29, 44–49. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jor.2022.01.005 (2022).
doi: 10.1016/j.jor.2022.01.005
pubmed: 35153420
pmcid: 8802045
Migliorini, F. et al. The pharmacological management of chronic lower back pain. Expert Opin. Pharmacother. 22(1), 109–119. https://doi.org/10.1080/14656566.2020.1817384 (2021).
doi: 10.1080/14656566.2020.1817384
pubmed: 32885995
Wang, F., Sun, R., Zhang, S. D. & Wu, X. T. Comparison of thoracolumbar versus non-thoracolumbar osteoporotic vertebral compression fractures in risk factors, vertebral compression degree and pre-hospital back pain. J. Orthop. Surg. Res. 18(1), 643. https://doi.org/10.1186/s13018-023-04140-6 (2023).
doi: 10.1186/s13018-023-04140-6
pubmed: 37649026
pmcid: 10469467
Pourahmadi, M. et al. The effect of dual-task conditions on postural control in adults with low back pain: a systematic review and meta-analysis. J. Orthop. Surg. Res. 18(1), 555. https://doi.org/10.1186/s13018-023-04035-6 (2023).
doi: 10.1186/s13018-023-04035-6
pubmed: 37528400
pmcid: 10391969
Lu, W. et al. Risk factors analysis and risk prediction model construction of non-specific low back pain: an ambidirectional cohort study. J. Orthop. Surg. Res. 18(1), 545. https://doi.org/10.1186/s13018-023-03945-9 (2023).
doi: 10.1186/s13018-023-03945-9
pubmed: 37516845
pmcid: 10387203
Zhang, S. K. et al. Effects of exercise therapy on disability, mobility, and quality of life in the elderly with chronic low back pain: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. J. Orthop. Surg. Res. 18(1), 513. https://doi.org/10.1186/s13018-023-03988-y (2023).
doi: 10.1186/s13018-023-03988-y
pubmed: 37468931
pmcid: 10357808
Foster, N. E. et al. Prevention and treatment of low back pain: evidence, challenges, and promising directions. Lancet 391(10137), 2368–2383. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(18)30489-6 (2018).
doi: 10.1016/S0140-6736(18)30489-6
pubmed: 29573872
Qaseem, A., Wilt, T.J., McLean, R.M., Forciea, M.A., Clinical Guidelines Committee of the American College of P, Denberg, T.D., Barry, M.J., Boyd, C., Chow, R.D., Fitterman, N., Harris, R.P., Humphrey, L.L., Vijan, S. Noninvasive treatments for acute, subacute, and chronic low back pain: A clinical practice guideline from the american college of physicians. Ann. Intern. Med. 166 (7):514-530. https://doi.org/10.7326/M16-2367 (2017)
Baroncini, A. et al. Management of facet joints osteoarthritis associated with chronic low back pain: A systematic review. Surgeon 19(6), e512–e518. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.surge.2020.12.004 (2021).
doi: 10.1016/j.surge.2020.12.004
pubmed: 33582054
Geneen, L. J. et al. Physical activity and exercise for chronic pain in adults: an overview of Cochrane Reviews. Cochrane Database Syst. Rev. 1(1), CD011279. https://doi.org/10.1002/14651858.CD011279.pub2 (2017).
doi: 10.1002/14651858.CD011279.pub2
pubmed: 28087891
Riley, D. A. & Van Dyke, J. M. The effects of active and passive stretching on muscle length. Phys. Med. Rehabil. Clin. N. Am 23(1), 51–57. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pmr.2011.11.006 (2012).
doi: 10.1016/j.pmr.2011.11.006
pubmed: 22239873
Taylor, N. F., Dodd, K. J., Shields, N. & Bruder, A. Therapeutic exercise in physiotherapy practice is beneficial: a summary of systematic reviews 2002–2005. Aust. J. Physiother. 53(1), 7–16. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0004-9514(07)70057-0 (2007).
doi: 10.1016/s0004-9514(07)70057-0
pubmed: 17326734
Czaplewski, L. G., Rimmer, O., McHale, D. & Laslett, M. Modic changes as seen on MRI are associated with nonspecific chronic lower back pain and disability. J. Orthop. Surg. Res. 18(1), 351. https://doi.org/10.1186/s13018-023-03839-w (2023).
doi: 10.1186/s13018-023-03839-w
pubmed: 37170132
pmcid: 10176889
Jia, C. Q. et al. Mid-term low back pain improvement after total hip arthroplasty in 306 patients with developmental dysplasia of the hip. J. Orthop. Surg. Res. 18(1), 212. https://doi.org/10.1186/s13018-023-03701-z (2023).
doi: 10.1186/s13018-023-03701-z
pubmed: 36932447
pmcid: 10022041
Liu, K. et al. Efficacy and safety of extracorporeal shockwave therapy in chronic low back pain: a systematic review and meta-analysis of 632 patients. J. Orthop. Surg. Res. 18(1), 455. https://doi.org/10.1186/s13018-023-03943-x (2023).
doi: 10.1186/s13018-023-03943-x
pubmed: 37355623
pmcid: 10290808
Park, H. J., Choi, J. Y., Lee, W. M. & Park, S. M. Prevalence of chronic low back pain and its associated factors in the general population of South Korea: a cross-sectional study using the National Health and Nutrition Examination Surveys. J. Orthop. Surg. Res. 18(1), 29. https://doi.org/10.1186/s13018-023-03509-x (2023).
doi: 10.1186/s13018-023-03509-x
pubmed: 36631903
pmcid: 9832776
Hernandez-Lucas, P., Leiros-Rodriguez, R., Lopez-Barreiro, J. & Garcia-Soidan, J. L. Is the combination of exercise therapy and health education more effective than usual medical care in the prevention of non-specific back pain? A systematic review with meta-analysis. Ann. Med. 54(1), 3107–3116. https://doi.org/10.1080/07853890.2022.2140453 (2022).
doi: 10.1080/07853890.2022.2140453
pubmed: 36331870
pmcid: 9639467
Miranda, L., Quaranta, M., Oliva, F. & Maffulli, N. Stem cells and discogenic back pain. Br. Med. Bull. 146(1), 73–87. https://doi.org/10.1093/bmb/ldad008 (2023).
doi: 10.1093/bmb/ldad008
pubmed: 37164906
pmcid: 10788843
Migliorini, F. et al. Between guidelines and clinical trials: evidence-based advice on the pharmacological management of non-specific chronic low back pain. BMC Musculoskelet. Disord. 24(1), 432. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12891-023-06537-0 (2023).
doi: 10.1186/s12891-023-06537-0
pubmed: 37254090
pmcid: 10228138
Baroncini, A. et al. Acupuncture in chronic aspecific low back pain: a Bayesian network meta-analysis. J. Orthop. Surg. Res. 17(1), 319. https://doi.org/10.1186/s13018-022-03212-3 (2022).
doi: 10.1186/s13018-022-03212-3
pubmed: 35725480
pmcid: 9208133
Oliveira, C. B. et al. Clinical practice guidelines for the management of non-specific low back pain in primary care: an updated overview. Eur. Spine J. 27(11), 2791–2803. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00586-018-5673-2 (2018).
doi: 10.1007/s00586-018-5673-2
pubmed: 29971708
George, S. Z. et al. Interventions for the management of acute and chronic low back pain: Revision 2021. J. Orthop. Sports Phys. Ther. https://doi.org/10.2519/jospt.2021.0304 (2021).
doi: 10.2519/jospt.2021.0304
pubmed: 34719942
pmcid: 10508241
Fernandez-Rodriguez, R. et al. Best exercise options for reducing pain and disability in adults with chronic low back pain: Pilates, strength, core-based, and mind-body. A network meta-analysis. J. Orthop. Sports Phys. Ther. 52(8), 505–521. https://doi.org/10.2519/jospt.2022.10671 (2022).
doi: 10.2519/jospt.2022.10671
pubmed: 35722759
Hayden, J. A., Ellis, J., Ogilvie, R., Malmivaara, A. & van Tulder, M. W. Exercise therapy for chronic low back pain. Cochrane Database Syst. Rev. 9(9), CD009790. https://doi.org/10.1002/14651858.CD009790.pub2 (2021).
doi: 10.1002/14651858.CD009790.pub2
pubmed: 34580864
Grooten, W. J. A. et al. Summarizing the effects of different exercise types in chronic low back pain—a systematic review of systematic reviews. BMC Musculoskelet. Disord. 23(1), 801. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12891-022-05722-x (2022).
doi: 10.1186/s12891-022-05722-x
pubmed: 35996124
pmcid: 9394044
Tagliaferri, S. D. et al. Classification approaches for treating low back pain have small effects that are not clinically meaningful: A systematic review with meta-analysis. J. Orthop. Sports Phys. Ther. 52(2), 67–84. https://doi.org/10.2519/jospt.2022.10761 (2022).
doi: 10.2519/jospt.2022.10761
pubmed: 34775831
Howick, J.C.I., Glasziou, P., Greenhalgh, T., Heneghan, C., Liberati, A., Moschetti, I., Phillips, B., Thornton, H., Goddard, O., Hodgkinson, M. The 2011 Oxford CEBM Levels of Evidence. Oxford Centre for Evidence-Based Medicine (2011). Available at http://www.cebmnet/indexaspx?o=5653
Maher, C., Underwood, M. & Buchbinder, R. Non-specific low back pain. Lancet 389(10070), 736–747. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(16)30970-9 (2017).
doi: 10.1016/S0140-6736(16)30970-9
pubmed: 27745712
Borenstein, D. Mechanical low back pain–a rheumatologist’s view. Nat. Rev. Rheumatol. 9(11), 643–653. https://doi.org/10.1038/nrrheum.2013.133 (2013).
doi: 10.1038/nrrheum.2013.133
pubmed: 24018549
Hutton, B. et al. The PRISMA extension statement for reporting of systematic reviews incorporating network meta-analyses of health care interventions: checklist and explanations. Ann. Intern. Med. 162(11), 777–784. https://doi.org/10.7326/M14-2385 (2015).
doi: 10.7326/M14-2385
pubmed: 26030634
Abenhaim, L. et al. The role of activity in the therapeutic management of back pain. Report of the International Paris Task Force on Back Pain. Spine (Phila Pa 1976) 25(4(Suppl)), 1S-33S. https://doi.org/10.1097/00007632-200002151-00001 (2000).
doi: 10.1097/00007632-200002151-00001
pubmed: 10707404
Hutzler, Y. & Sherrill, C. Defining adapted physical activity: international perspectives. Adapt. Phys. Activ. Q. 24(1), 1–20. https://doi.org/10.1123/apaq.24.1.1 (2007).
doi: 10.1123/apaq.24.1.1
pubmed: 17703059
Yurdakul, O. V., Beydogan, E. & Yilmaz Yalcinkaya, E. Effects of physical therapy agents on pain, disability, quality of life, and lumbar paravertebral muscle stiffness via elastography in patients with chronic low back pain. Turk. J. Phys. Med. Rehabil. 65(1), 30–39. https://doi.org/10.5606/tftrd.2019.2373 (2019).
doi: 10.5606/tftrd.2019.2373
pubmed: 31453542
pmcid: 6648177
O’Sullivan, P. B. et al. Cognitive functional therapy: An integrated behavioral approach for the targeted management of disabling low back pain. Phys. Ther. 98(5), 408–423. https://doi.org/10.1093/ptj/pzy022 (2018).
doi: 10.1093/ptj/pzy022
pubmed: 29669082
pmcid: 6037069
Castro-Sanchez, A. M. et al. Kinesio Taping reduces disability and pain slightly in chronic non-specific low back pain: a randomised trial. J. Physiother. 58(2), 89–95. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1836-9553(12)70088-7 (2012).
doi: 10.1016/S1836-9553(12)70088-7
pubmed: 22613238
Stevens, M. L., Lin, C. C. & Maher, C. G. The roland morris disability questionnaire. J. Physiother. 62(2), 116. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jphys.2015.10.003 (2016).
doi: 10.1016/j.jphys.2015.10.003
pubmed: 26687949
Fairbank, J. C. Oswestry disability index. J. Neurosurg. Spine 20(2), 239–241. https://doi.org/10.3171/2013.7.SPINE13288 (2014).
doi: 10.3171/2013.7.SPINE13288
pubmed: 24266676
Hjermstad, M.J., Fayers, P.M., Haugen, D.F., Caraceni, A., Hanks, G.W., Loge, J.H., Fainsinger, R., Aass, N., Kaasa, S., European Palliative Care Research C Studies comparing Numerical Rating Scales, Verbal Rating Scales, and Visual Analogue Scales for assessment of pain intensity in adults: a systematic literature review. J. Pain Symptom Manage. 41(6):1073-1093 (2011). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpainsymman.2010.08.016
Cumpston, M., Li, T., Page, M.J., Chandler, J., Welch, V.A., Higgins, J.P., Thomas, J. Updated guidance for trusted systematic reviews: a new edition of the Cochrane Handbook for Systematic Reviews of Interventions. Cochrane Database Syst. Rev. 10, D000142 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1002/14651858.ED000142
Higgins, J.P.T.T.J., Chandler, J., Cumpston, M., Li, T., Page, M.J., Welch, V.A. Cochrane Handbook for Systematic Reviews of Interventions version 6.2. Cochrane 2021. Available from www.training.cochrane.org/handbook . Accessed on February 2022.
Altman, D.G. London UCaHPSfMR, First Edition.
Aasa, B., Berglund, L., Michaelson, P. & Aasa, U. Individualized low-load motor control exercises and education versus a high-load lifting exercise and education to improve activity, pain intensity, and physical performance in patients with low back pain: a randomized controlled trial. J. Ortho. Sports Phys. Therapy 45(2), 77–85 (2015).
doi: 10.2519/jospt.2015.5021
Balthazard, P. et al. Manual therapy followed by specific active exercises versus a placebo followed by specific active exercises on the improvement of functional disability in patients with chronic non specific low back pain: a randomized controlled trial. BMC Musculoskelet. Disord. 13, 162. https://doi.org/10.1186/1471-2474-13-162 (2012).
doi: 10.1186/1471-2474-13-162
pubmed: 22925609
pmcid: 3518179
Bhadauria, E.A., Gurudut, P. Comparative effectiveness of lumbar stabilization, dynamic strengthening, and Pilates on chronic low back pain: randomized clinical trial. J. Exerc. Rehabil. 13(4):477-485 (2017). https://doi.org/10.12965/jer.1734972.486
Cecchi, F. et al. Spinal manipulation compared with back school and with individually delivered physiotherapy for the treatment of chronic low back pain: a randomized trial with one-year follow-up. Clin. Rehabil. 24(1), 26–36. https://doi.org/10.1177/0269215509342328 (2010).
doi: 10.1177/0269215509342328
pubmed: 20053720
Costa, L. O. P. et al. Motor control exercise for chronic low back pain: A randomized placebo-controlled trial. Phys. Therapy 89(12), 1275–1286. https://doi.org/10.2522/ptj.20090218 (2009).
doi: 10.2522/ptj.20090218
Vibe Fersum, K., Smith, A., Kvale, A., Skouen, J. S. & O’Sullivan, P. Cognitive functional therapy in patients with non-specific chronic low back pain-a randomized controlled trial 3-year follow-up. Eur. J. Pain 23(8), 1416–1424. https://doi.org/10.1002/ejp.1399 (2019).
doi: 10.1002/ejp.1399
pubmed: 30974479
Garcia, A. N. et al. Effectiveness of back school versus McKenzie exercises in patients with chronic nonspecific low back pain: a randomized controlled trial. Physical therapy 93(6), 729–747 (2013).
pubmed: 23431213
doi: 10.2522/ptj.20120414
Goldby, L.J., Moore, A.P., Doust, J., Trew, M.E. A randomized controlled trial investigating the efficiency of musculoskeletal physiotherapy on chronic low back disorder. Spine (Phila Pa 1976) 31(10), 1083-1093 (2006). https://doi.org/10.1097/01.brs.0000216464.37504.64
Halliday, M. H. et al. A randomized controlled trial comparing the mckenzie method to motor control exercises in people with chronic low back pain and a directional preference. J. Orthop. Sports Phys. Ther. 46(7), 514–522. https://doi.org/10.2519/jospt.2016.6379 (2016).
doi: 10.2519/jospt.2016.6379
pubmed: 27170524
Hohmann, C. D. et al. The effectiveness of leech therapy in chronic low back pain. Dtsch. Arztebl. Int. 115(47), 785–792. https://doi.org/10.3238/arztebl.2018.0785 (2018).
doi: 10.3238/arztebl.2018.0785
pubmed: 30636672
pmcid: 6334223
Kaapa, E.H., Frantsi, K., Sarna, S., Malmivaara, A. Multidisciplinary group rehabilitation versus individual physiotherapy for chronic nonspecific low back pain: a randomized trial. Spine (Phila Pa 1976) 31(4), 371-376 (2006). https://doi.org/10.1097/01.brs.0000200104.90759.8c
Kobayashi, D., Shimbo, T., Hayashi, H. & Takahashi, O. Shiatsu for chronic lower back pain: randomized controlled study. Complement. Therap. Med. 45, 33–37 (2019).
doi: 10.1016/j.ctim.2019.05.019
Lawand, P. et al. Effect of a muscle stretching program using the global postural reeducation method for patients with chronic low back pain: A randomized controlled trial. Joint Bone Spine 82(4), 272–277. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbspin.2015.01.015 (2015).
doi: 10.1016/j.jbspin.2015.01.015
pubmed: 25881758
Macedo, Ld. B., Richards, J., Borges, D. T., Melo, S. A. & Brasileiro, J. S. Kinesio Taping reduces pain and improves disability in low back pain patients: a randomised controlled trial. Physiotherapy 105(1), 65–75. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.physio.2018.07.005 (2019).
doi: 10.1016/j.physio.2018.07.005
pubmed: 30348455
Majchrzycki, M., Kocur, P. & Kotwicki, T. Deep tissue massage and nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs for low back pain: a prospective randomized trial. ScientificWorldJournal 2014, 287597. https://doi.org/10.1155/2014/287597 (2014).
doi: 10.1155/2014/287597
pubmed: 24707200
pmcid: 3953439
Murtezani, A. et al. A comparison of mckenzie therapy with electrophysical agents for the treatment of work related low back pain: A randomized controlled trial. J. Back Musculoskelet. Rehabil. 28(2), 247–253. https://doi.org/10.3233/BMR-140511 (2015).
doi: 10.3233/BMR-140511
pubmed: 25159291
Sahin, N., Karahan, A. Y. & Albayrak, I. Effectiveness of physical therapy and exercise on pain and functional status in patients with chronic low back pain: a randomized-controlled trial. Turk. J. Phys. Med. Rehabil. 64(1), 52–58. https://doi.org/10.5606/tftrd.2018.1238 (2018).
doi: 10.5606/tftrd.2018.1238
pubmed: 31453489
Saper, R. B. et al. Yoga, physical therapy, or education for chronic low back pain: a randomized noninferiority trial. Annals Internal Med. 167(2), 85–94 (2017).
doi: 10.7326/M16-2579
Suh, J. H., Kim, H., Jung, G. P., Ko, J. Y. & Ryu, J. S. The effect of lumbar stabilization and walking exercises on chronic low back pain: A randomized controlled trial. Medicine (Baltimore) 98(26), e16173. https://doi.org/10.1097/MD.0000000000016173 (2019).
doi: 10.1097/MD.0000000000016173
pubmed: 31261549
Takahashi, N., Omata, J. I., Iwabuchi, M., Fukuda, H. & Shirado, O. Therapeutic efficacy of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug therapy versus exercise therapy in patients with chronic nonspecific low back pain: a prospective study. Fukushima J. Med. Sci. 63(1), 8–15. https://doi.org/10.5387/fms.2016-12 (2017).
doi: 10.5387/fms.2016-12
pubmed: 28331155
pmcid: 5476823
Uzunkulaoglu, A., Gunes Aytekin, M., Ay, S. & Ergin, S. The effectiveness of Kinesio taping on pain and clinical features in chronic non-specific low back pain: A randomized controlled clinical trial. Turk. J. Phys. Med. Rehabil. 64(2), 126–132. https://doi.org/10.5606/tftrd.2018.1896 (2018).
doi: 10.5606/tftrd.2018.1896
pubmed: 31453502
pmcid: 6657767
Yeung, C. K., Leung, M. C. & Chow, D. H. The use of electro-acupuncture in conjunction with exercise for the treatment of chronic low-back pain. J Altern Complement Med 9(4), 479–490. https://doi.org/10.1089/107555303322284767 (2003).
doi: 10.1089/107555303322284767
pubmed: 14499023
Dufour, N., Thamsborg, G., Oefeldt, A., Lundsgaard, C., Stender, S. Treatment of chronic low back pain: a randomized, clinical trial comparing group-based multidisciplinary biopsychosocial rehabilitation and intensive individual therapist-assisted back muscle strengthening exercises. Spine (Phila Pa 1976) 35(5), 469-476 (2010). https://doi.org/10.1097/BRS.0b013e3181b8db2e
Helmhout, P., Harts, C., Staal, J., Candel, M. & De Bie, R. Comparison of a high-intensity and a low-intensity lumbar extensor training program as minimal intervention treatment in low back pain: a randomized trial. Eur. Spine J. 13, 537–547 (2004).
pubmed: 15095072
pmcid: 3476596
doi: 10.1007/s00586-004-0671-y
Jarzem, P. F., Harvey, E. J., Arcaro, N. & Kaczorowski, J. Transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation [TENS] for chronic low back pain. J. Musculoskelet. Pain 13(2), 3–9 (2005).
doi: 10.1300/J094v13n02_02
Meng, K. et al. Intermediate and long-term effects of a standardized back school for inpatient orthopedic rehabilitation on illness knowledge and self-management behaviors: a randomized controlled trial. Clin. J. Pain 27(3), 248–257 (2011).
pubmed: 21178600
doi: 10.1097/AJP.0b013e3181ffbfaf
Prommanon, B. et al. Effectiveness of a back care pillow as an adjuvant physical therapy for chronic non-specific low back pain treatment: a randomized controlled trial. J. Phys. Therapy Sci. 27(7), 2035–2038 (2015).
doi: 10.1589/jpts.27.2035
Tavafian, S. S., Jamshidi, A. R. & Mohammad, K. Treatment of chronic low back pain: a randomized clinical trial comparing multidisciplinary group-based rehabilitation program and oral drug treatment with oral drug treatment alone. Clin. J. Pain 27(9), 811–818. https://doi.org/10.1097/AJP.0b013e31821e7930 (2011).
doi: 10.1097/AJP.0b013e31821e7930
pubmed: 21642845
Tavafian, S. S., Jamshidi, A. R. & Mohammad, K. Treatment of low back pain: randomized clinical trial comparing a multidisciplinary group-based rehabilitation program with oral drug treatment up to 12 months. Int. J. Rheum. Dis. 17(2), 159–164. https://doi.org/10.1111/1756-185X.12116 (2014).
doi: 10.1111/1756-185X.12116
pubmed: 24576271
Alfuth, M. & Cornely, D. Chronic low back pain: Comparison of mobilization and core stability exercises. Der. Orthopäde 45, 579–590 (2016).
pubmed: 26864586
doi: 10.1007/s00132-016-3233-1
Grande-Alonso, M. et al. Physiotherapy based on a biobehavioral approach with or without orthopedic manual physical therapy in the treatment of nonspecific chronic low back pain: a randomized controlled trial. Pain Med. 20(12), 2571–2587 (2019).
pubmed: 31074484
doi: 10.1093/pm/pnz093
Ali, M. N., Sethi, K. & Noohu, M. M. Comparison of two mobilization techniques in management of chronic non-specific low back pain. J. Bodywork Move. Therap. 23(4), 918–923 (2019).
doi: 10.1016/j.jbmt.2019.02.020
Ahmadi, H. et al. Comparison of the effects of the Feldenkrais method versus core stability exercise in the management of chronic low back pain: a randomised control trial. Clin. Rehabil. 34(12), 1449–1457 (2020).
pubmed: 32723088
doi: 10.1177/0269215520947069
Almhdawi, K. A. et al. Efficacy of an innovative smartphone application for office workers with chronic non-specific low back pain: a pilot randomized controlled trial. Clin. Rehabil. 34(10), 1282–1291 (2020).
pubmed: 32602362
doi: 10.1177/0269215520937757
Added, M. A. N. et al. Kinesio taping does not provide additional benefits in patients with chronic low back pain who receive exercise and manual therapy: a randomized controlled trial. J. Orthop. Sports Phys. Therapy 46(7), 506–513 (2016).
doi: 10.2519/jospt.2016.6590
Arampatzis, A. et al. A random-perturbation therapy in chronic non-specific low-back pain patients: a randomised controlled trial. Eur. J. Appl. Physiol. 117, 2547–2560 (2017).
pubmed: 29052033
doi: 10.1007/s00421-017-3742-6
Areeudomwong, P., Wongrat, W., Neammesri, N. & Thongsakul, T. A randomized controlled trial on the long-term effects of proprioceptive neuromuscular facilitation training, on pain-related outcomes and back muscle activity, in patients with chronic low back pain. Musculoskelet. Care 15(3), 218–229 (2017).
doi: 10.1002/msc.1165
Bae, C.-R. et al. Effects of assisted sit-up exercise compared to core stabilization exercise on patients with non-specific low back pain: A randomized controlled trial. J. Back Musculoskelet. Rehabil. 31(5), 871–880 (2018).
pubmed: 29889057
doi: 10.3233/BMR-170997
Bi, X. et al. Pelvic floor muscle exercise for chronic low back pain. J. Int. Med. Res. 41(1), 146–152 (2013).
pubmed: 23569140
doi: 10.1177/0300060513475383
Bicalho, E., Setti, J. A., Macagnan, J., Cano, J. L. & Manffra, E. F. Immediate effects of a high-velocity spine manipulation in paraspinal muscles activity of nonspecific chronic low-back pain subjects. Man. Ther. 15(5), 469–475. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.math.2010.03.012 (2010).
doi: 10.1016/j.math.2010.03.012
pubmed: 20447857
Bronfort, G. et al. Supervised exercise, spinal manipulation, and home exercise for chronic low back pain: a randomized clinical trial. The Spine J. 11(7), 585–598 (2011).
pubmed: 21622028
doi: 10.1016/j.spinee.2011.01.036
Cai, C., Yang, Y., Kong, P.W. Comparison of lower limb and back exercises for runners with chronic low back pain (2017).
Azevedo, D. C. et al. Movement system impairment-based classification treatment versus general exercises for chronic low back pain: randomized controlled trial. Phys. Therapy 98(1), 28–39 (2018).
doi: 10.1093/ptj/pzx094
Castro-Sánchez, A. M. et al. Short-term effectiveness of spinal manipulative therapy versus functional technique in patients with chronic nonspecific low back pain: a pragmatic randomized controlled trial. The Spine J. 16(3), 302–312 (2016).
pubmed: 26362233
doi: 10.1016/j.spinee.2015.08.057
Ryan, C. G., Gray, H. G., Newton, M. & Granat, M. H. Pain biology education and exercise classes compared to pain biology education alone for individuals with chronic low back pain: a pilot randomised controlled trial. Man. Ther. 15(4), 382–387. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.math.2010.03.003 (2010).
doi: 10.1016/j.math.2010.03.003
pubmed: 20359937
Chhabra, H., Sharma, S. & Verma, S. Smartphone app in self-management of chronic low back pain: a randomized controlled trial. Eur. Spine J. 27, 2862–2874 (2018).
pubmed: 30324496
doi: 10.1007/s00586-018-5788-5
Cortell-Tormo, J. M. et al. Effects of functional resistance training on fitness and quality of life in females with chronic nonspecific low-back pain. J. Back Musculoskelet. Rehabil. 31(1), 95–105. https://doi.org/10.3233/BMR-169684 (2018).
doi: 10.3233/BMR-169684
pubmed: 28826168
Cruz-Díaz, D. et al. Effects of a six-week Pilates intervention on balance and fear of falling in women aged over 65 with chronic low-back pain: A randomized controlled trial. Maturitas 82(4), 371–376 (2015).
pubmed: 26277254
doi: 10.1016/j.maturitas.2015.07.022
Cruz-Díaz, D., Bergamin, M., Gobbo, S., Martínez-Amat, A. & Hita-Contreras, F. Comparative effects of 12 weeks of equipment based and mat Pilates in patients with Chronic Low Back Pain on pain, function and transversus abdominis activation. A randomized controlled trial. Complement. Ther. Med. 33, 72–77 (2017).
pubmed: 28735829
doi: 10.1016/j.ctim.2017.06.004
Cuesta-Vargas, A. I. & Adams, N. A pragmatic community-based intervention of multimodal physiotherapy plus deep water running (DWR) for fibromyalgia syndrome: a pilot study. Clin. Rheumatol. 30, 1455–1462 (2011).
pubmed: 21866329
doi: 10.1007/s10067-011-1825-z
Diab, A. A. M. & Moustafa, I. M. The efficacy of lumbar extension traction for sagittal alignment in mechanical low back pain: a randomized trial. J. Back Musculoskelet. Rehabil. 26(2), 213–220 (2013).
pubmed: 23640324
doi: 10.3233/BMR-130372
Koldaş Doğan, Ş, Sonel Tur, B., Kurtaiş, Y. & Atay, M. B. Comparison of three different approaches in the treatment of chronic low back pain. Clin. Rheumatol. 27, 873–881 (2008).
pubmed: 18188660
doi: 10.1007/s10067-007-0815-7
Eardley, S., Brien, S., Little, P., Prescott, P. & Lewith, G. Professional kinesiology practice for chronic low back pain: single-blind, randomised controlled pilot study. Complement. Med. Res. 20(3), 180–188 (2013).
doi: 10.1159/000346291
Engbert, K., Weber, M. The effects of therapeutic climbing in patients with chronic low back pain: a randomized controlled study. Spine (Phila Pa 1976) 36(11), 842-849 (2011). https://doi.org/10.1097/BRS.0b013e3181e23cd1
de Oliveira, R. F., Liebano, R. E., Costa Lda, C., Rissato, L. L. & Costa, L. O. Immediate effects of region-specific and non-region-specific spinal manipulative therapy in patients with chronic low back pain: a randomized controlled trial. Phys. Ther. 93(6), 748–756. https://doi.org/10.2522/ptj.20120256 (2013).
doi: 10.2522/ptj.20120256
pubmed: 23431209
Franca, F. R., Burke, T. N., Caffaro, R. R., Ramos, L. A. & Marques, A. P. Effects of muscular stretching and segmental stabilization on functional disability and pain in patients with chronic low back pain: a randomized, controlled trial. J Manip. Physiol. Ther. 35(4), 279–285. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jmpt.2012.04.012. (2012).
doi: 10.1016/j.jmpt.2012.04.012.
Friedrich, M., Gittler, G., Halberstadt, Y., Cermak, T. & Heiller, I. Combined exercise and motivation program: Effect on the compliance and level of disability of patients with chronic low back pain: A randomized controlled trial. Arch. Phys. Med. Rehabil. 79(5), 475–487. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0003-9993(98)90059-4 (1998).
doi: 10.1016/S0003-9993(98)90059-4
pubmed: 9596385
Frost, H., Klaber Moffett, J. A., Moser, J. S. & Fairbank, J. C. Randomised controlled trial for evaluation of fitness programme for patients with chronic low back pain. BMJ 310(6973), 151–154. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj.310.6973.151 (1995).
doi: 10.1136/bmj.310.6973.151
pubmed: 7833752
pmcid: 2548554
Garcia, A. N. et al. McKenzie Method of Mechanical Diagnosis and Therapy was slightly more effective than placebo for pain, but not for disability, in patients with chronic non-specific low back pain: a randomised placebo controlled trial with short and longer term follow-up. Br. J. Sports Med. 52(9), 594–600 (2018).
pubmed: 28701365
doi: 10.1136/bjsports-2016-097327
Gardner, T. et al. Combined education and patient-led goal setting intervention reduced chronic low back pain disability and intensity at 12 months: a randomised controlled trial. Br. J. Sports Med. 53(22), 1424–1431 (2019).
pubmed: 30808666
doi: 10.1136/bjsports-2018-100080
Gavish, L. et al. Novel continuous passive motion device for self-treatment of chronic lower back pain: a randomised controlled study. Physiotherapy 101(1), 75–81 (2015).
pubmed: 25280603
doi: 10.1016/j.physio.2014.06.003
Geisser, M. E., Wiggert, E. A., Haig, A. J. & Colwell, M. O. A randomized, controlled trial of manual therapy and specific adjuvant exercise for chronic low back pain. Clin. J. Pain 21(6), 463–470 (2005).
pubmed: 16215330
pmcid: 1360691
doi: 10.1097/01.ajp.0000135237.89834.23
Gwon, A.-J., Kim, S.-Y. & Oh, D.-W. Effects of integrating Neurac vibration into a side-lying bridge exercise on a sling in patients with chronic low back pain: a randomized controlled study. Physiother. Theory Pr. 36(8), 907–915 (2020).
doi: 10.1080/09593985.2018.1513616
Haas, M., Vavrek, D., Peterson, D., Polissar, N. & Neradilek, M. B. Dose-response and efficacy of spinal manipulation for care of chronic low back pain: a randomized controlled trial. The Spine J. 14(7), 1106–1116 (2014).
pubmed: 24139233
doi: 10.1016/j.spinee.2013.07.468
Halliday, M. H. et al. A randomized clinical trial comparing the McKenzie method and motor control exercises in people with chronic low back pain and a directional preference: 1-year follow-up. Physiotherapy 105(4), 442–445 (2019).
pubmed: 31204031
doi: 10.1016/j.physio.2018.12.004
Harts, C. C., Helmhout, P. H., de Bie, R. A. & Staal, J. B. A high-intensity lumbar extensor strengthening program is little better than a low-intensity program or a waiting list control group for chronic low back pain: a randomised clinical trial. Australian J. Physiother. 54(1), 23–31 (2008).
doi: 10.1016/S0004-9514(08)70062-X
Macedo, L. G. et al. Predicting response to motor control exercises and graded activity for patients with low back pain: preplanned secondary analysis of a randomized controlled trial. Phys. Therapy 94(11), 1543–1554 (2014).
doi: 10.2522/ptj.20140014
Javadian, Y., Behtash, H., Akbari, M., Taghipour-Darzi, M. & Zekavat, H. The effects of stabilizing exercises on pain and disability of patients with lumbar segmental instability. J. Back Musculoskelet. Rehabil. 25(3), 149–155 (2012).
pubmed: 22935853
doi: 10.3233/BMR-2012-0321
Fagundes Loss, J. & de Souza da Silva, L., Ferreira Miranda, I., Groisman, S., Santiago Wagner Neto, E., Souza, C., Tarragô Candotti, C.,. Immediate effects of a lumbar spine manipulation on pain sensitivity and postural control in individuals with nonspecific low back pain: a randomized controlled trial. Chiropr. Man. Ther. 28, 1–10 (2020).
doi: 10.1186/s12998-020-00316-7
Kell, R. T., Risi, A. D. & Barden, J. M. The response of persons with chronic nonspecific low back pain to three different volumes of periodized musculoskeletal rehabilitation. J. Strength Cond. Res. 25(4), 1052–1064 (2011).
pubmed: 20647943
doi: 10.1519/JSC.0b013e3181d09df7
Kim, T. H., Kim, E. H. & Cho, H. Y. The effects of the CORE programme on pain at rest, movement-induced and secondary pain, active range of motion, and proprioception in female office workers with chronic low back pain: a randomized controlled trial. Clin. Rehabil. 29(7), 653–662. https://doi.org/10.1177/0269215514552075 (2015).
doi: 10.1177/0269215514552075
pubmed: 25269569
Kim, Y. W., Kim, N. Y., Chang, W. H. & Lee, S. C. Comparison of the therapeutic effects of a sling exercise and a traditional stabilizing exercise for clinical lumbar spinal instability. J. Sport Rehabil. 27(1), 47–54. https://doi.org/10.1123/jsr.2016-0083 (2018).
doi: 10.1123/jsr.2016-0083
pubmed: 27992296
Tekur, P., Singphow, C., Nagendra, H. R. & Raghuram, N. Effect of short-term intensive yoga program on pain, functional disability and spinal flexibility in chronic low back pain: a randomized control study. The J. Altern. Complement. Med. 14(6), 637–644 (2008).
pubmed: 18673078
doi: 10.1089/acm.2007.0815
Tekur, P., Nagarathna, R., Chametcha, S., Hankey, A. & Nagendra, H. A comprehensive yoga programs improves pain, anxiety and depression in chronic low back pain patients more than exercise: an RCT. Complement. Ther. Med. 20(3), 107–118 (2012).
pubmed: 22500659
doi: 10.1016/j.ctim.2011.12.009
de Oliveira, R. F., Costa, L. O. P., Nascimento, L. P. & Rissato, L. L. Directed vertebral manipulation is not better than generic vertebral manipulation in patients with chronic low back pain: a randomised trial. J. Physiother. 66(3), 174–179 (2020).
pubmed: 32660919
doi: 10.1016/j.jphys.2020.06.007
Zou, L. et al. The Effects of Tai Chi Chuan versus core stability training on lower-limb neuromuscular function in aging individuals with non-specific chronic lower back pain. Medicina (Kaunas) https://doi.org/10.3390/medicina55030060 (2019).
doi: 10.3390/medicina55030060
pubmed: 31491932
Zhang, Y., Wan, L. & Wang, X. The effect of health education in patients with chronic low back pain. J. Int. Med. Res. 42(3), 815–820 (2014).
pubmed: 24781721
doi: 10.1177/0300060514527059
Zheng, Z. et al. Therapeutic evaluation of lumbar tender point deep massage for chronic non-specific low back pain. J. Tradit. Chin. Med. 32(4), 534–537. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0254-6272(13)60066-7 (2012).
doi: 10.1016/s0254-6272(13)60066-7
pubmed: 23427384
Yang, C.-Y. et al. Pilates-based core exercise improves health-related quality of life in people living with chronic low back pain: A pilot study. J. Bodywork Move. Ther. 27, 294–299 (2021).
doi: 10.1016/j.jbmt.2021.03.006
Waseem, M., Karimi, H., Gilani, S. A. & Hassan, D. Treatment of disability associated with chronic non-specific low back pain using core stabilization exercises in Pakistani population. J. Back Musculoskelet. Rehabil. 32(1), 149–154. https://doi.org/10.3233/BMR-171114 (2019).
doi: 10.3233/BMR-171114
pubmed: 30248035
Williams, K. A. et al. Effect of Iyengar yoga therapy for chronic low back pain. Pain 115(1–2), 107–117 (2005).
pubmed: 15836974
doi: 10.1016/j.pain.2005.02.016
Verbrugghe, J. et al. High intensity training is an effective modality to improve long-term disability and exercise capacity in chronic nonspecific low back pain: a randomized controlled trial. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 18(20), 10779 (2021).
pubmed: 34682522
pmcid: 8535878
doi: 10.3390/ijerph182010779
Sipaviciene, S. & Kliziene, I. Effect of different exercise programs on non-specific chronic low back pain and disability in people who perform sedentary work. Clin. Biomech. 73, 17–27 (2020).
doi: 10.1016/j.clinbiomech.2019.12.028
Phattharasupharerk, S., Purepong, N., Eksakulkla, S. & Siriphorn, A. Effects of Qigong practice in office workers with chronic non-specific low back pain: a randomized control trial. J. Bodywork Move. Ther. 23(2), 375–381 (2019).
doi: 10.1016/j.jbmt.2018.02.004
Magalhães, M. O., Comachio, J., Ferreira, P. H., Pappas, E. & Marques, A. P. Effectiveness of graded activity versus physiotherapy in patients with chronic nonspecific low back pain: midterm follow up results of a randomized controlled trial. Br. J. Phys. Ther. 22(1), 82–91 (2018).
doi: 10.1016/j.bjpt.2017.07.002
Monticone, M. et al. Effect of a long-lasting multidisciplinary program on disability and fear-avoidance behaviors in patients with chronic low back pain: results of a randomized controlled trial. Clin. J. Pain 29(11), 929–938 (2013).
pubmed: 23328343
doi: 10.1097/AJP.0b013e31827fef7e
Monticone, M. et al. A multidisciplinary rehabilitation programme improves disability, kinesiophobia and walking ability in subjects with chronic low back pain: results of a randomised controlled pilot study. Eur. Spine J. 23, 2105–2113 (2014).
pubmed: 25064093
doi: 10.1007/s00586-014-3478-5
Morone, G. et al. Quality of life improved by multidisciplinary back school program in patients with chronic non-specific low back pain: a single blind randomized controlled trial. Eur. J. Phys. Rehabil. Med. 47(4), 533–541 (2011).
pubmed: 21508915
Matarán-Peñarrocha, G. A. et al. Comparison of efficacy of a supervised versus non-supervised physical therapy exercise program on the pain, functionality and quality of life of patients with non-specific chronic low-back pain: a randomized controlled trial. Clin. Rehabil. 34(7), 948–959 (2020).
pubmed: 32517498
doi: 10.1177/0269215520927076
Laosee, O., Sritoomma, N., Wamontree, P., Rattanapan, C. & Sitthi-Amorn, C. The effectiveness of traditional Thai massage versus massage with herbal compress among elderly patients with low back pain: A randomised controlled trial. Complement. Ther. Med. 48, 102253 (2020).
pubmed: 31987237
doi: 10.1016/j.ctim.2019.102253
Rittweger, J., Just, K., Kautzsch, K., Reeg, P., Felsenberg, D. Treatment of chronic lower back pain with lumbar extension and whole-body vibration exercise: a randomized controlled trial. LWW (2002)
Prado, É.R.A., Meireles, S.M., Carvalho, A.C.A., Mazoca, M.F., Motta Neto, A.D.M., Barboza Da Silva, R., Trindade Filho, E.M., Lombardi Junior, I., Natour, J. Influence of isostretching on patients with chronic low back pain. A randomized controlled trial. Physiother. Theory Pr. 37(2):287-294 (2021)
Vollenbroek-Hutten, M. M. et al. Differences in outcome of a multidisciplinary treatment between subgroups of chronic low back pain patients defined using two multiaxial assessment instruments: the multidimensional pain inventory and lumbar dynamometry. Clin. Rehabil. 18(5), 566–579 (2004).
pubmed: 15293491
doi: 10.1191/0269215504cr772oa
del Pozo-Cruz, B. et al. Effects of whole body vibration therapy on main outcome measures for chronic non-specific low back pain: a single-blind randomized controlled trial. J. Rehabil. Med. 43(8), 689–694 (2011).
pubmed: 21687923
doi: 10.2340/16501977-0830
Kostadinović, S., Milovanović, N., Jovanović, J. & Tomašević-Todorović, S. Efficacy of the lumbar stabilization and thoracic mobilization exercise program on pain intensity and functional disability reduction in chronic low back pain patients with lumbar radiculopathy: A randomized controlled trial. J. Back Musculoskelet. Rehabil. 33(6), 897–907 (2020).
pubmed: 32675390
doi: 10.3233/BMR-201843
Monticone, M. et al. Group-based task-oriented exercises aimed at managing kinesiophobia improved disability in chronic low back pain. Eur. J. Pain 20(4), 541–551. https://doi.org/10.1002/ejp.756 (2016).
doi: 10.1002/ejp.756
pubmed: 26198386
Járomi, M. et al. Back School programme for nurses has reduced low back pain levels: A randomised controlled trial. J. Clin. Nurs. 27(5–6), e895–e902 (2018).
pubmed: 28771864
Liu, J. et al. Chen-style tai chi for individuals (aged 50 years old or above) with chronic non-specific low back pain: a randomized controlled trial. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 16(3), 517 (2019).
pubmed: 30759778
pmcid: 6388249
doi: 10.3390/ijerph16030517
Lara-Palomo, I. C. et al. Short-term effects of interferential current electro-massage in adults with chronic non-specific low back pain: a randomized controlled trial. Clin. Rehabil. 27(5), 439–449 (2013).
pubmed: 23035006
doi: 10.1177/0269215512460780
Saha, F. J. et al. Gua Sha therapy for chronic low back pain: a randomized controlled trial. Complement. Therap. Clin. Pr. 34, 64–69 (2019).
doi: 10.1016/j.ctcp.2018.11.002
Segal-Snir, Y., Lubetzky, V. A. & Masharawi, Y. Rotation exercise classes did not improve function in women with non-specific chronic low back pain: A randomized single blind controlled study. J. Back Musculoskelet. Rehabil. 29(3), 467–475. https://doi.org/10.3233/BMR-150642 (2016).
doi: 10.3233/BMR-150642
pubmed: 26519116
Nambi, G. S., Inbasekaran, D., Khuman, R., Devi, S. & Jagannathan, K. Changes in pain intensity and health related quality of life with Iyengar yoga in nonspecific chronic low back pain: a randomized controlled study. Int. J. Yoga 7(1), 48 (2014).
pubmed: 25035607
pmcid: 4097916
doi: 10.4103/0973-6131.123481
Salamat, S. et al. Effect of movement control and stabilization exercises in people with extension related non-specific low back pain-a pilot study. J. Bodywork Move. Therap. 21(4), 860–865 (2017).
doi: 10.1016/j.jbmt.2017.02.005
Salavati, M. et al. Effect of spinal stabilization exercise on dynamic postural control and visual dependency in subjects with chronic non-specific low back pain. J. Bodywork Move. Therap. 20(2), 441–448 (2016).
doi: 10.1016/j.jbmt.2015.10.003
Masharawi, Y. & Nadaf, N. The effect of non-weight bearing group-exercising on females with non-specific chronic low back pain: a randomized single blind controlled pilot study. J. Back Musculoskelet. Rehabil. 26(4), 353–359 (2013).
pubmed: 23948819
doi: 10.3233/BMR-130391
Natour, J., Cazotti, Ld. A., Ribeiro, L. H., Baptista, A. S. & Jones, A. Pilates improves pain, function and quality of life in patients with chronic low back pain: a randomized controlled trial. Clin. Rehabil. 29(1), 59–68 (2015).
pubmed: 24965957
doi: 10.1177/0269215514538981
Murtezani, A., Hundozi, H., Orovcanec, N., Sllamniku, S. & Osmani, T. A comparison of high intensity aerobic exercise and passive modalities for the treatment of workers with chronic low back pain: a randomized, controlled trial. Eur. J. Phys. Rehabil. Med. 47(3), 359–366 (2011).
pubmed: 21602759
Kogure, A. et al. A randomized, single-blind, placebo-controlled study on the efficacy of the arthrokinematic approach-hakata method in patients with chronic nonspecific low back pain. PLoS One 10(12), e0144325 (2015).
pubmed: 26646534
pmcid: 4672908
doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0144325
Ozsoy, G. et al. The effects of myofascial release technique combined with core stabilization exercise in elderly with non-specific low back pain: a randomized controlled, single-blind study. Clin. Interv. Aging 14, 1729–1740 (2019).
pubmed: 31631992
pmcid: 6790630
doi: 10.2147/CIA.S223905
Jousset, N. et al. Effects of functional restoration versus 3 hours per week physical therapy: a randomized controlled study. Spine 29(5), 487–93 (2004).
pubmed: 15129059
doi: 10.1097/01.BRS.0000102320.35490.43
Roche-Leboucher, G. et al. Multidisciplinary intensive functional restoration versus outpatient active physiotherapy in chronic low back pain: a randomized controlled trial. Spine 36(26), 2235–2242 (2011).
pubmed: 21415807
doi: 10.1097/BRS.0b013e3182191e13
Khalil, T. M. et al. Stretching in the rehabilitation of low-back pain patients. Spine 17(3), 311–317 (1992).
pubmed: 1533060
doi: 10.1097/00007632-199203000-00012
Mannion, A. F., Muntener, M., Taimela, S. & Dvorak, J. A randomized clinical trial of three active therapies for chronic low back pain. Spine 24(23), 2435–2448. https://doi.org/10.1097/00007632-199912010-00004 (1999).
doi: 10.1097/00007632-199912010-00004
pubmed: 10626305
Mannion, A., Müntener, M., Taimela, S. & Dvorak, J. Comparison of three active therapies for chronic low back pain: results of a randomized clinical trial with one-year follow-up. Rheumatology 40(7), 772–778 (2001).
pubmed: 11477282
doi: 10.1093/rheumatology/40.7.772
Yoon, Y.-S., Yu, K.-P., Lee, K. J., Kwak, S.-H. & Kim, J. Y. Development and application of a newly designed massage instrument for deep cross-friction massage in chronic non-specific low back pain. Annals Rehabil. Med. 36(1), 55–65 (2012).
doi: 10.5535/arm.2012.36.1.55
Yang, J., Wei, Q., Ge, Y., Meng, L. & Zhao, M. Smartphone-based remote self-management of chronic low back pain: A preliminary study. J. Healthc. Eng. 2019, 4632946. https://doi.org/10.1155/2019/4632946 (2019).
doi: 10.1155/2019/4632946
pubmed: 30881606
pmcid: 6381588
Hicks, G. E., Sions, J. M., Velasco, T. O. & Manal, T. J. Trunk muscle training augmented with neuromuscular electrical stimulation appears to improve function in older adults with chronic low back pain: A randomized preliminary trial. Clin. J. Pain 32(10), 898–906. https://doi.org/10.1097/AJP.0000000000000348 (2016).
doi: 10.1097/AJP.0000000000000348
pubmed: 26736024
pmcid: 4935645
Yalfani, A., Raeisi, Z. & Koumasian, Z. Effects of eight-week water versus mat pilates on female patients with chronic nonspecific low back pain: Double-blind randomized clinical trial. J. Bodywork Move. Ther. 24(4), 70–75 (2020).
doi: 10.1016/j.jbmt.2020.06.002
Trapp, W. et al. A brief intervention utilising visual feedback reduces pain and enhances tactile acuity in CLBP patients. J. Back Musculoskelet. Rehabil. 28(4), 651–660 (2015).
pubmed: 25391329
doi: 10.3233/BMR-140561
Kofotolis, N., Kellis, E., Vlachopoulos, S. P., Gouitas, I. & Theodorakis, Y. Effects of Pilates and trunk strengthening exercises on health-related quality of life in women with chronic low back pain. J. Back Musculoskelet. Rehabil. 29(4), 649–659 (2016).
pubmed: 26922845
doi: 10.3233/BMR-160665
Kuvacic, G., Fratini, P., Padulo, J., Antonio, D. I. & De Giorgio, A. Effectiveness of yoga and educational intervention on disability, anxiety, depression, and pain in people with CLBP: A randomized controlled trial. Complement. Ther. Clin. Pract. 31, 262–267. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ctcp.2018.03.008 (2018).
doi: 10.1016/j.ctcp.2018.03.008
pubmed: 29705466
Hernandez-Reif, M., Field, T., Krasnegor, J. & Theakston, H. Lower back pain is reduced and range of motion increased after massage therapy. Int. J. Neurosci. 106(3–4), 131–145. https://doi.org/10.3109/00207450109149744 (2001).
doi: 10.3109/00207450109149744
pubmed: 11264915
Lewis, J. S., Hewitt, J. S., Billington, L., Cole, S., Byng, J., & Karayiannis, S. A randomized clinical trial comparing two physiotherapy interventions for chronic low back pain (2005).
O’Keeffe, M., O’Sullivan, P., Purtill, H., Bargary, N. & O’Sullivan, K. Cognitive functional therapy compared with a group-based exercise and education intervention for chronic low back pain: a multicentre randomised controlled trial (RCT). Br. J. Sports Med. 54(13), 782–789 (2020).
pubmed: 31630089
doi: 10.1136/bjsports-2019-100780
Kaeding, T. S. et al. Whole-body vibration training as a workplace-based sports activity for employees with chronic low-back pain. Scand. J. Med. Sci. Sports 27(12), 2027–2039. https://doi.org/10.1111/sms.12852 (2017).
doi: 10.1111/sms.12852
pubmed: 28185300
Petrozzi, M. J. et al. Addition of MoodGYM to physical treatments for chronic low back pain: a randomized controlled trial. Chiropr. Man. Therap. 27(1), 1–12 (2019).
doi: 10.1186/s12998-019-0277-4
Winter, S. Effectiveness of targeted home-based hip exercises in individuals with non-specific chronic or recurrent low back pain with reduced hip mobility: A randomised trial. J. Back Musculoskelet. Rehabil. 28(4), 811–825 (2015).
pubmed: 25736957
doi: 10.3233/BMR-150589
Masse-Alarie, H., Beaulieu, L. D., Preuss, R. & Schneider, C. Repetitive peripheral magnetic neurostimulation of multifidus muscles combined with motor training influences spine motor control and chronic low back pain. Clin. Neurophysiol. 128(3), 442–453. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.clinph.2016.12.020 (2017).
doi: 10.1016/j.clinph.2016.12.020
pubmed: 28160750
Martí-Salvador, M., Hidalgo-Moreno, L., Doménech-Fernández, J., Lisón, J. F. & Arguisuelas, M. D. Osteopathic manipulative treatment including specific diaphragm techniques improves pain and disability in chronic nonspecific low back pain: a randomized trial. Arch. Phys. Med. Rehabil. 99(9), 1720–1729 (2018).
pubmed: 29787734
doi: 10.1016/j.apmr.2018.04.022
Aguilar-Ferrándiz, M. E. et al. Effects of a supervised exercise program in addition to electrical stimulation or kinesio taping in low back pain: a randomized controlled trial. Sci. Rep. 12(1), 11430 (2022).
pubmed: 35794120
pmcid: 9259681
doi: 10.1038/s41598-022-14154-5
Elgendy, M. H., Mohamed, M. & Hussein, H. M. A single-blind randomized controlled trial investigating changes in electrical muscle activity, pain, and function after shockwave therapy in chronic non-specific low back pain: pilot study. Ortop. Traumatol. Rehabil. 24(2), 87–94. https://doi.org/10.5604/01.3001.0015.8266 (2022).
doi: 10.5604/01.3001.0015.8266
pubmed: 35550356
Fukuda, T. Y. et al. Does adding hip strengthening exercises to manual therapy and segmental stabilization improve outcomes in patients with nonspecific low back pain? A randomized controlled trial. Braz. J. Phys. Ther. 25(6), 900–907. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bjpt.2021.10.005 (2021).
doi: 10.1016/j.bjpt.2021.10.005
pubmed: 34824001
pmcid: 8721074
Ma, K. L. et al. Fus subcutaneous needling versus massage for chronic non-specific low-back pain: a randomized controlled clinical trial. Ann. Palliat. Med. 10(11), 11785–11797 (2021).
pubmed: 34872303
doi: 10.21037/apm-21-2986
Maggi, L., Celletti, C., Mazzarini, M., Blow, D., Camerota, F. Neuromuscular taping for chronic non-specific low back pain: a randomized single-blind controlled trial. Aging Clin. Exp. Res. 1-7 (2022).
Jalalvandi, F., Ghasemi, R., Mirzaei, M. & Shamsi, M. Effects of back exercises versus transcutaneous electric nerve stimulation on relief of pain and disability in operating room nurses with chronic non-specific LBP: a randomized clinical trial. BMC Musculoskelet. Dis. 23(1), 1–9 (2022).
doi: 10.1186/s12891-022-05227-7
Atilgan, E. D. & Tuncer, A. The effects of breathing exercises in mothers of children with special health care needs: A randomized controlled trial. J. Back Musculoskelet. Rehabil. 34(5), 795–804. https://doi.org/10.3233/BMR-200327 (2021).
doi: 10.3233/BMR-200327
pubmed: 33896815
Pivovarsky, M. L. F. et al. Immediate analgesic effect of two modes of transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation on patients with chronic low back pain: a randomized controlled trial. Einstein (Sao Paulo) 19, eAO6027 (2021).
pubmed: 34932756
doi: 10.31744/einstein_journal/2021AO6027
Van Dillen, L. R. et al. Effect of motor skill training in functional activities vs strength and flexibility exercise on function in people with chronic low back pain: a randomized clinical trial. JAMA Neurol. 78(4), 385–395 (2021).
pubmed: 33369625
doi: 10.1001/jamaneurol.2020.4821
Vibe Fersum, K., O’Sullivan, P., Skouen, J., Smith, A. & Kvåle, A. Efficacy of classification-based cognitive functional therapy in patients with non-specific chronic low back pain: A randomized controlled trial. Eur. J. Pain 17(6), 916–928 (2013).
pubmed: 23208945
doi: 10.1002/j.1532-2149.2012.00252.x
Ghroubi, S., Elleuch, H., Baklouti, S., Elleuch, M.-H. Les lombalgiques chroniques et manipulations vertébrales. Étude prospective à propos de 64 cas. In: Annales de réadaptation et de médecine physique, vol 7. Elsevier, pp 570-576 (2007).
Huber, D. et al. Green exercise and mg-ca-SO4 thermal balneotherapy for the treatment of non-specific chronic low back pain: a randomized controlled clinical trial. BMC Musculoskelet. Dis. 20(1), 1–18 (2019).
doi: 10.1186/s12891-019-2582-4
Werners, R., Pynsent, P. B. & Bulstrode, C. J. Randomized trial comparing interferential therapy with motorized lumbar traction and massage in the management of low back pain in a primary care setting. Spine (Phila Pa 1976) 24(15), 1579–1584. https://doi.org/10.1097/00007632-199908010-00012 (1999).
doi: 10.1097/00007632-199908010-00012
pubmed: 10457578
Kankaanpää, M., Taimela, S., Airaksinen, O. & Hänninen, O. The efficacy of active rehabilitation in chronic low back pain: effect on pain intensity, self-experienced disability, and lumbar fatigability. Spine 24(10), 1034–1042 (1999).
pubmed: 10332798
doi: 10.1097/00007632-199905150-00019
Marshall, P. W. & Murphy, B. A. Muscle activation changes after exercise rehabilitation for chronic low back pain. Arch. Phys. Med. Rehabil. 89(7), 1305–1313 (2008).
pubmed: 18586132
doi: 10.1016/j.apmr.2007.11.051
Branchini, M. et al. Fascial Manipulation® for chronic aspecific low back pain: a single blinded randomized controlled trial. F1000Research 4, 1208 (2015).
pubmed: 26834998
doi: 10.12688/f1000research.6890.1
Batıbay, S., Külcü, D. G., Kaleoğlu, Ö. & Mesci, N. Effect of Pilates mat exercise and home exercise programs on pain, functional level, and core muscle thickness in women with chronic low back pain. J. Orthop. Sci. 26(6), 979–985 (2021).
pubmed: 33386201
doi: 10.1016/j.jos.2020.10.026
Elabd, A. M. et al. Efficacy of integrating cervical posture correction with lumbar stabilization exercises for mechanical low back pain: a randomized blinded clinical trial. J. Appl. Biomech. 37(1), 43–51 (2020).
pubmed: 33176277
doi: 10.1123/jab.2020-0005
Dadarkhah, A. et al. Remote versus in-person exercise instruction for chronic nonspecific low back pain lasting 12 weeks or longer: a randomized clinical trial. J. Natl. Med. Assoc. 113(3), 278–284 (2021).
pubmed: 33349469
Nardin, D. M. K. et al. Effects of photobiomodulation and deep water running in patients with chronic non-specific low back pain: a randomized controlled trial. Lasers Med. Sci. 37(4), 2135–2144 (2022).
pubmed: 35246766
doi: 10.1007/s10103-021-03443-6
Owen, P. J. et al. Which specific modes of exercise training are most effective for treating low back pain? Network meta-analysis. Br. J. Sports Med. 54(21), 1279–1287. https://doi.org/10.1136/bjsports-2019-100886 (2020).
doi: 10.1136/bjsports-2019-100886
pubmed: 31666220
Hayden, J. A. et al. Some types of exercise are more effective than others in people with chronic low back pain: a network meta-analysis. J. Physiother. 67(4), 252–262. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jphys.2021.09.004 (2021).
doi: 10.1016/j.jphys.2021.09.004
pubmed: 34538747
Alhakami, A. M., Davis, S., Qasheesh, M., Shaphe, A. & Chahal, A. Effects of McKenzie and stabilization exercises in reducing pain intensity and functional disability in individuals with nonspecific chronic low back pain: a systematic review. J. Phys. Ther. Sci. 31(7), 590–597. https://doi.org/10.1589/jpts.31.590 (2019).
doi: 10.1589/jpts.31.590
pubmed: 31417227
pmcid: 6642883
de Campos, T. F., Maher, C. G., Clare, H. A., da Silva, T. M. & Hancock, M. J. Effectiveness of McKenzie method-based self-management approach for the secondary prevention of a recurrence of low back pain (SAFE Trial): Protocol for a pragmatic randomized controlled trial. Phys. Ther. 97(8), 799–806. https://doi.org/10.1093/ptj/pzx046 (2017).
doi: 10.1093/ptj/pzx046
pubmed: 28789465
Lam, O. T. et al. Effectiveness of the McKenzie method of mechanical diagnosis and therapy for treating low back pain: Literature review with meta-analysis. J. Orthop. Sports Phys. Ther. 48(6), 476–490. https://doi.org/10.2519/jospt.2018.7562 (2018).
doi: 10.2519/jospt.2018.7562
pubmed: 29602304
Marshall, A. et al. Changes in pain self-efficacy, coping skills, and fear-avoidance beliefs in a randomized controlled trial of yoga, physical therapy, and education for chronic low back pain. Pain. Med. 23(4), 834–843. https://doi.org/10.1093/pm/pnab318 (2022).
doi: 10.1093/pm/pnab318
pubmed: 34698869
Namnaqani, F. I., Mashabi, A. S., Yaseen, K. M. & Alshehri, M. A. The effectiveness of McKenzie method compared to manual therapy for treating chronic low back pain: a systematic review. J. Musculoskelet. Neuronal Interact. 19(4), 492–499 (2019).
pubmed: 31789300
pmcid: 6944795
Patti, A. et al. Effects of Pilates exercise programs in people with chronic low back pain: a systematic review. Medicine (Baltimore) 94(4), e383. https://doi.org/10.1097/MD.0000000000000383 (2015).
doi: 10.1097/MD.0000000000000383
pubmed: 25634166
Cimarras-Otal, C. et al. Adapted exercises versus general exercise recommendations on chronic low back pain in industrial workers: A randomized control pilot study. Work 67(3), 733–740. https://doi.org/10.3233/WOR-203322 (2020).
doi: 10.3233/WOR-203322
pubmed: 33164978
Marini, S. et al. Proposal of an adapted physical activity exercise protocol for women with osteoporosis-related vertebral fractures: A pilot study to evaluate feasibility, safety, and effectiveness. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph16142562 (2019).
doi: 10.3390/ijerph16142562
pubmed: 31323765
pmcid: 6679098
Kuhnow, A., Kuhnow, J., Ham, D. & Rosedale, R. The McKenzie Method and its association with psychosocial outcomes in low back pain: a systematic review. Physiother. Theory Pract. 37(12), 1283–1297. https://doi.org/10.1080/09593985.2019.1710881 (2021).
doi: 10.1080/09593985.2019.1710881
pubmed: 31910720
Domingues de Freitas, C., Costa, D. A., Junior, N. C. & Civile, V. T. Effects of the pilates method on kinesiophobia associated with chronic non-specific low back pain: Systematic review and meta-analysis. J. Bodyw. Mov. Ther. 24(3), 300–306. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbmt.2020.05.005 (2020).
doi: 10.1016/j.jbmt.2020.05.005
pubmed: 32826004
Jadhakhan, F., Sobeih, R. & Falla, D. Effects of exercise/physical activity on fear of movement in people with spine-related pain: a systematic review. Front. Psychol. 14, 1213199. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1213199 (2023).
doi: 10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1213199
pubmed: 37575449
pmcid: 10415102
Snelgrove, S. & Liossi, C. Living with chronic low back pain: a metasynthesis of qualitative research. Chronic. Illn. 9(4), 283–301. https://doi.org/10.1177/1742395313476901 (2013).
doi: 10.1177/1742395313476901
pubmed: 23585633
Norlund, A., Ropponen, A. & Alexanderson, K. Multidisciplinary interventions: review of studies of return to work after rehabilitation for low back pain. J. Rehabil. Med. 41(3), 115–121. https://doi.org/10.2340/16501977-0297 (2009).
doi: 10.2340/16501977-0297
pubmed: 19229442
Kamper, S. J. et al. Multidisciplinary biopsychosocial rehabilitation for chronic low back pain: Cochrane systematic review and meta-analysis. BMJ 350, h444. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj.h444 (2015).
doi: 10.1136/bmj.h444
pubmed: 25694111
pmcid: 4353283
Heitz, C. A. et al. Comparison of risk factors predicting return to work between patients with subacute and chronic non-specific low back pain: systematic review. Eur. Spine J. 18(12), 1829–1835. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00586-009-1083-9 (2009).
doi: 10.1007/s00586-009-1083-9
pubmed: 19565277
pmcid: 2899435
Depreitere, B., Jonckheer, P., Coeckelberghs, E., Desomer, A. & van Wambeke, P. The pivotal role for the multidisciplinary approach at all phases and at all levels in the national pathway for the management of low back pain and radicular pain in Belgium. Eur. J. Phys. Rehabil. Med. 56(2), 228–236 (2020).
pubmed: 31556511
doi: 10.23736/S1973-9087.19.05984-7
Peterson, K., Anderson, J., Bourne, D., Mackey, K. & Helfand, M. Effectiveness of models used to deliver multimodal care for chronic musculoskeletal pain: A rapid evidence review. J. Gen. Intern. Med. 33(Suppl 1), 71–81. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11606-018-4328-7 (2018).
doi: 10.1007/s11606-018-4328-7
pubmed: 29633140
pmcid: 5902347
Reese, C. & Mittag, O. Psychological interventions in the rehabilitation of patients with chronic low back pain: evidence and recommendations from systematic reviews and guidelines. Int. J. Rehabil. Res. 36(1), 6–12. https://doi.org/10.1097/MRR.0b013e32835acfec (2013).
doi: 10.1097/MRR.0b013e32835acfec
pubmed: 23168359
van Erp, R. M. A., Huijnen, I. P. J., Jakobs, M. L. G., Kleijnen, J. & Smeets, R. Effectiveness of primary care interventions using a biopsychosocial approach in chronic low back pain: A systematic review. Pain Pract. 19(2), 224–241. https://doi.org/10.1111/papr.12735 (2019).
doi: 10.1111/papr.12735
pubmed: 30290052
van Middelkoop, M. et al. A systematic review on the effectiveness of physical and rehabilitation interventions for chronic non-specific low back pain. Eur. Spine J. 20(1), 19–39. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00586-010-1518-3 (2011).
doi: 10.1007/s00586-010-1518-3
pubmed: 20640863