Effects of Modified Ramadan Fasting on Mental Well-Being and Biomarkers in Healthy Adult Muslims - A Randomised Controlled Trial.
Fasting
Nutrition
Ramadan
Religion
Journal
International journal of behavioral medicine
ISSN: 1532-7558
Titre abrégé: Int J Behav Med
Pays: England
ID NLM: 9421097
Informations de publication
Date de publication:
22 May 2024
22 May 2024
Historique:
accepted:
08
05
2024
medline:
23
5
2024
pubmed:
23
5
2024
entrez:
22
5
2024
Statut:
aheadofprint
Résumé
Ramadan fasting has seen increased attention in research, often with inconsistent findings. This study aims to investigate whether dietary and lifestyle modifications during Ramadan can improve well-being and health in healthy adult Muslims. A randomised controlled trial with two parallel groups was conducted in an outpatient clinic of a university hospital in Essen, Germany, in 2016. Healthy adult Muslims (n = 114) aged 18-60 years were randomised to a modified fasting group; i.e., they received educational material prompting dietary and lifestyle modifications pre-Ramadan, and a control group who undertook Ramadan fasting as usual. Primary outcome was quality of life (WHO-5 Well-Being Index). Secondary outcomes included sleep quality, spirituality, and mindfulness (all self-report), body weight, body mass index, body fat, waist circumference, hip circumference, blood pressure, and heart rate, as well as blood serum biomarkers. Safety was examined via adverse events. The modified fasting group reported significantly higher quality of life (WHO-5) compared to the control after Ramadan (MD 5.9; 95% CI, 0.02-11.8; p < 0.05). Group differences in favour of the modified fasting were also found for satisfaction with health (MD 5.9, 95% CI 0.19-11.67), ease of life (MD 4.1, 95% CI 0.38-7.80) and mindfulness (MD 7.6, 95% CI 2.68-12.52), reductions in weight (MD, - 0.9 kg; 95% CI - 1.39 to - 0.42), BMI (MD - 0.3 kg/m Pre-Ramadan dietary and lifestyle advice can lead to short-term improvements in mental and physical well-being of adult Muslims observing Ramadan. As such, this study demonstrates the potential benefits of culturally appropriate health interventions in a religious context. ClinicalTrials.gov (Identifier NCT02775175).
Sections du résumé
BACKGROUND
BACKGROUND
Ramadan fasting has seen increased attention in research, often with inconsistent findings. This study aims to investigate whether dietary and lifestyle modifications during Ramadan can improve well-being and health in healthy adult Muslims.
METHOD
METHODS
A randomised controlled trial with two parallel groups was conducted in an outpatient clinic of a university hospital in Essen, Germany, in 2016. Healthy adult Muslims (n = 114) aged 18-60 years were randomised to a modified fasting group; i.e., they received educational material prompting dietary and lifestyle modifications pre-Ramadan, and a control group who undertook Ramadan fasting as usual. Primary outcome was quality of life (WHO-5 Well-Being Index). Secondary outcomes included sleep quality, spirituality, and mindfulness (all self-report), body weight, body mass index, body fat, waist circumference, hip circumference, blood pressure, and heart rate, as well as blood serum biomarkers. Safety was examined via adverse events.
RESULTS
RESULTS
The modified fasting group reported significantly higher quality of life (WHO-5) compared to the control after Ramadan (MD 5.9; 95% CI, 0.02-11.8; p < 0.05). Group differences in favour of the modified fasting were also found for satisfaction with health (MD 5.9, 95% CI 0.19-11.67), ease of life (MD 4.1, 95% CI 0.38-7.80) and mindfulness (MD 7.6, 95% CI 2.68-12.52), reductions in weight (MD, - 0.9 kg; 95% CI - 1.39 to - 0.42), BMI (MD - 0.3 kg/m
CONCLUSION
CONCLUSIONS
Pre-Ramadan dietary and lifestyle advice can lead to short-term improvements in mental and physical well-being of adult Muslims observing Ramadan. As such, this study demonstrates the potential benefits of culturally appropriate health interventions in a religious context.
TRIAL REGISTRATION
BACKGROUND
ClinicalTrials.gov (Identifier NCT02775175).
Identifiants
pubmed: 38777939
doi: 10.1007/s12529-024-10296-0
pii: 10.1007/s12529-024-10296-0
doi:
Banques de données
ClinicalTrials.gov
['NCT02775175']
Types de publication
Journal Article
Langues
eng
Sous-ensembles de citation
IM
Informations de copyright
© 2024. The Author(s).
Références
Sakr AH. Fasting in Islam. J Am Diet Assoc. 1975;67(1):17–21.
doi: 10.1016/S0002-8223(21)14634-6
pubmed: 1141609
Abdelrahim D, Faris ME, Hassanein M, et al. Impact of Ramadan diurnal intermittent fasting on hypoglycemic events in patients with type 2 diabetes: a systematic review of randomized controlled trials and observational studies. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne). 2021;12:624423. https://doi.org/10.3389/fendo.2021.624423 .
doi: 10.3389/fendo.2021.624423
pubmed: 33763029
Alkandari JR, Maughan RJ, Roky R, Aziz AR, Karli U. The implications of Ramadan fasting for human health and well-being. J Sports Sci. 2012;30(Suppl 1):S9–19. https://doi.org/10.1080/02640414.2012.698298 .
doi: 10.1080/02640414.2012.698298
pubmed: 22742901
Barkia A, Mohamed K, Smaoui M, Zouari N, Hammami M, Nasri M. Change of diet, plasma lipids, lipoproteins, and fatty acids during Ramadan: a controversial association of the considered Ramadan model with atherosclerosis risk. J Health Popul Nutr. 2011;29(5):486–93.
doi: 10.3329/jhpn.v29i5.8902
pubmed: 22106754
pmcid: 3225110
Mazidi M, Rezaie P, Chaudhri O, Karimi E, Nematy M. The effect of Ramadan fasting on cardiometabolic risk factors and anthropometrics parameters: a systematic review. Pak J Med Sci. 2015;31(5):1250–5. https://doi.org/10.12669/pjms.315.7649 .
doi: 10.12669/pjms.315.7649
pubmed: 26649024
pmcid: 4641293
Rouhani MH, Azadbakht L. Is Ramadan fasting related to health outcomes? A review on the related evidence. J Res Med Sci. 2014;19(10):987–92.
pubmed: 25538785
pmcid: 4274578
Sadeghirad B, Motaghipisheh S, Kolahdooz F, Zahedi MJ, Haghdoost AA. Islamic fasting and weight loss: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Public Health Nutr. 2014;17(2):396–406. https://doi.org/10.1017/s1368980012005046 .
doi: 10.1017/s1368980012005046
pubmed: 23182306
Salim I, Al Suwaidi J, Ghadban W, Alkilani H, Salam AM. Impact of religious Ramadan fasting on cardiovascular disease: a systematic review of the literature. Curr Med Res Opin. 2013;29(4):343–54. https://doi.org/10.1185/03007995.2013.774270 .
doi: 10.1185/03007995.2013.774270
pubmed: 23391328
Trepanowski JF, Bloomer RJ. The impact of religious fasting on human health. Nutr J. 2010;9:57. https://doi.org/10.1186/1475-2891-9-57 .
doi: 10.1186/1475-2891-9-57
pubmed: 21092212
pmcid: 2995774
Kul S, Savas E, Ozturk ZA, Karadag G. Does Ramadan fasting alter body weight and blood lipids and fasting blood glucose in a healthy population? A meta-analysis J Relig Health. 2014;53(3):929–42. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10943-013-9687-0 .
doi: 10.1007/s10943-013-9687-0
pubmed: 23423818
Faris MAE, Jahrami HA, Alhayki FA, et al. Effect of diurnal fasting on sleep during Ramadan: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Sleep Breath. 2020;24(2):771–82. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11325-019-01986-1 .
doi: 10.1007/s11325-019-01986-1
pubmed: 31832984
Fernando HA, Zibellini J, Harris RA, Seimon RV, Sainsbury A. Effect of Ramadan fasting on weight and body composition in healthy non-athlete adults: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Nutrients. 2019;11(2):478. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu11020478 .
doi: 10.3390/nu11020478
pubmed: 30813495
pmcid: 6412279
Gaeini Z, Mirmiran P, Bahadoran Z. Effects of Ramadan intermittent fasting on leptin and adiponectin: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Hormones (Athens). 2021;20(2):237–46. https://doi.org/10.1007/s42000-021-00285-3 .
doi: 10.1007/s42000-021-00285-3
pubmed: 33786736
Shatila H, Baroudi M, El Sayed AR, et al. Impact of Ramadan fasting on dietary intakes among healthy adults: a year-round comparative study. Front Nutr. 2021;8:689788. https://doi.org/10.3389/fnut.2021.689788 .
doi: 10.3389/fnut.2021.689788
pubmed: 34422880
pmcid: 8375294
Adlouni A, Ghalim N, Benslimane A, Lecerf JM, Saile R. Fasting during Ramadan induces a marked increase in high-density lipoprotein cholesterol and decrease in low-density lipoprotein cholesterol. Ann Nutr Metab. 1997;41(4):242–9. https://doi.org/10.1159/000177999 .
doi: 10.1159/000177999
pubmed: 9363296
Alzhrani A, Alhussain MH, BaHammam AS. Changes in dietary intake, chronotype and sleep pattern upon Ramadan among healthy adults in Jeddah, Saudi Arabia: a prospective study. Front Nutr. 2022;9: 966861. https://doi.org/10.3389/fnut.2022.966861 .
doi: 10.3389/fnut.2022.966861
pubmed: 36118763
pmcid: 9478032
Frost G, Pirani S. Meal frequency and nutritional intake during Ramadan: a pilot study. Hum Nutr Appl Nutr. 1987;41(1):47–50.
pubmed: 3558007
Lamri-Senhadji MY, El Kebir B, Belleville J, Bouchenak M. Assessment of dietary consumption and time-course of changes in serum lipids and lipoproteins before, during and after Ramadan in young Algerian adults. Singapore Med J. 2009;50(3):288–94.
pubmed: 19352573
Shadman Z, Poorsoltan N, Akhoundan M, et al. Ramadan major dietary patterns. Iran Red Crescent Med J. 2014;16(9):e16801. https://doi.org/10.5812/ircmj.16801 .
doi: 10.5812/ircmj.16801
pubmed: 25593728
pmcid: 4270674
Ali Z, Abizari AR. Ramadan fasting alters food patterns, dietary diversity and body weight among Ghanaian adolescents. Nutr J. 2018;17(1):75. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12937-018-0386-2 .
doi: 10.1186/s12937-018-0386-2
pubmed: 30098591
pmcid: 6086999
Sunardi D, Chandra DN, Medise BE, et al. Assessment of water consumption during Ramadan intermittent fasting: result from Indonesian cross-sectional study. Front Nutr. 2022;9: 922544. https://doi.org/10.3389/fnut.2022.922544 .
doi: 10.3389/fnut.2022.922544
pubmed: 35958263
pmcid: 9358207
Leiper JB, Molla AM, Molla AM. Effects on health of fluid restriction during fasting in Ramadan. Eur J Clin Nutr. 2003;57(2):S30–8. https://doi.org/10.1038/sj.ejcn.1601899 .
doi: 10.1038/sj.ejcn.1601899
pubmed: 14681711
Farooq A, Chamari K, Sayegh S, El Akoum M, Al-Mohannadi AS. Ramadan daily intermittent fasting reduces objectively assessed habitual physical activity among adults. BMC Pub Health. 2021;21(1):1912. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12889-021-11961-9 .
doi: 10.1186/s12889-021-11961-9
Gumaa KA, Mustafa KY, Mahmoud NA, Gader AM. The effects of fasting in Ramadan. Serum uric acid and lipid concentrations. Br J Nutr. 1978;40(3):573–81. https://doi.org/10.1079/bjn19780161 .
doi: 10.1079/bjn19780161
pubmed: 718840
Trabelsi K, Ammar A, Glenn JM, et al. Does observance of Ramadan affect sleep in athletes and physically active individuals? A systematic review and meta-analysis. J Sleep Res. 2022;31(3):e13503. https://doi.org/10.1111/jsr.13503 .
doi: 10.1111/jsr.13503
pubmed: 34693577
Bahammam AS, Gozal D. Qur’anic insights into sleep. Nat Sci Sleep. 2012;4:81–7. https://doi.org/10.2147/nss.S34630 .
doi: 10.2147/nss.S34630
pubmed: 23620681
pmcid: 3630974
Boukhris O, Trabelsi K, Shephard RJ, et al. Sleep patterns, alertness, dietary intake, muscle soreness, fatigue, and mental stress recorded before, during and after Ramadan observance. Sports (Basel). 2019. https://doi.org/10.3390/sports7050118 .
doi: 10.3390/sports7050118
pubmed: 31109004
Chawla S, Beretoulis S, Deere A, Radenkovic D. The window matters: a systematic review of time restricted eating strategies in relation to cortisol and melatonin secretion. Nutrients. 2021. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu13082525 .
doi: 10.3390/nu13082525
pubmed: 34444685
pmcid: 8399962
Correia JM, Santos I, Pezarat-Correia P, Silva AM, Mendonca GV. Effects of Ramadan and non-Ramadan intermittent fasting on body composition: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Front Nutr. 2020;7:625240. https://doi.org/10.3389/fnut.2020.625240 .
doi: 10.3389/fnut.2020.625240
pubmed: 33575269
Ismail S, Manaf RA, Mahmud A. Comparison of time-restricted feeding and Islamic fasting: a scoping review. East Mediterr Health J. 2019;25(4):239–45. https://doi.org/10.26719/emhj.19.011 .
doi: 10.26719/emhj.19.011
pubmed: 31210344
Lessan N, Ali T. Energy metabolism and intermittent fasting: the Ramadan perspective. Nutrients. 2019;11(5):1192.
doi: 10.3390/nu11051192
pubmed: 31137899
pmcid: 6566767
Al-Jafar R, Zografou Themeli M, Zaman S, et al. Effect of religious fasting in Ramadan on blood pressure: results from LORANS (London Ramadan Study) and a meta-analysis. J Am Heart Assoc. 2021;10(20):e021560. https://doi.org/10.1161/jaha.120.021560 .
doi: 10.1161/jaha.120.021560
pubmed: 34619991
pmcid: 8751902
Lee JY, Wong CP, Tan CSS, Nasir NH, Lee SWH. Type 2 diabetes patient’s perspective on Ramadan fasting: a qualitative study. BMJ Open Diabetes Res Care. 2017;5(1):e000365. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmjdrc-2016-000365 .
doi: 10.1136/bmjdrc-2016-000365
pubmed: 28761651
pmcid: 5530234
Rabea EM, Abbas KS, Awad DM, et al. Does Ramadan fasting affect the therapeutic and clinical outcomes of warfarin? A systematic review and meta-analysis. Eur J Clin Pharmacol. 2022;78(5):755–63. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00228-022-03281-7 .
doi: 10.1007/s00228-022-03281-7
pubmed: 35179616
Shiju R, Akhil A, Thankachan S, Tuomilehto J, Al Arouj M, Bennakhi A. Safety assessment of glucose-lowering drugs and importance of structured education during Ramadan: a systematic review and meta-analysis. J Diabetes Res. 2022;2022:3846253. https://doi.org/10.1155/2022/3846253 .
doi: 10.1155/2022/3846253
pubmed: 35242880
pmcid: 8886741
Hassanein M, Afandi B, Yakoob Ahmedani M, et al. Diabetes and Ramadan: practical guidelines 2021. Diabetes Res Clin Pract. 2022;185:109185. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.diabres.2021.109185 .
doi: 10.1016/j.diabres.2021.109185
pubmed: 35016991
Negm M, Bahaa A, Farrag A, et al. Effect of Ramadan intermittent fasting on inflammatory markers, disease severity, depression, and quality of life in patients with inflammatory bowel diseases: a prospective cohort study. BMC Gastroenterol. 2022;22(1):203. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12876-022-02272-3 .
doi: 10.1186/s12876-022-02272-3
pubmed: 35462542
pmcid: 9036734
Montasser IF, Dabbous H, Sakr MM, et al. Effect of Ramadan fasting on Muslim recipients after living donor liver transplantation: a single center study. Arab J Gastroenterol. 2020;21(2):76–9. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ajg.2020.05.001 .
doi: 10.1016/j.ajg.2020.05.001
pubmed: 32423854
Bragazzi NL. Ramadan fasting and chronic kidney disease: does estimated glomerular filtration rate change after and before Ramadan? Insights from a mini meta-analysis. Int J Nephrol Renovasc Dis. 2015;8:53–7. https://doi.org/10.2147/ijnrd.S61718 .
doi: 10.2147/ijnrd.S61718
pubmed: 26082658
pmcid: 4459622
Bragazzi NL, Briki W, Khabbache H, et al. Ramadan fasting and patients with cancer: state-of-the-art and future prospects. Front Oncol. 2016;6:27. https://doi.org/10.3389/fonc.2016.00027 .
doi: 10.3389/fonc.2016.00027
pubmed: 26904505
pmcid: 4748028
Glazier JD, Hayes DJL, Hussain S, et al. The effect of Ramadan fasting during pregnancy on perinatal outcomes: a systematic review and meta-analysis. BMC Pregnancy Childbirth. 2018;18(1):421. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12884-018-2048-y .
doi: 10.1186/s12884-018-2048-y
pubmed: 30359228
pmcid: 6202808
Oosterwijk VNL, Molenaar JM, van Bilse LA, Kiefte-de Jong JC. Ramadan fasting during pregnancy and health outcomes in offspring: a systematic review. Nutrients. 2021. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu13103450 .
doi: 10.3390/nu13103450
pubmed: 34684451
pmcid: 8540108
Mahanani MR, Abderbwih E, Wendt AS, et al. Long-term outcomes of in utero Ramadan exposure: a systematic literature review. Nutrients. 2021. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu13124511 .
doi: 10.3390/nu13124511
pubmed: 34960063
pmcid: 8704584
Abaïdia AE, Daab W, Bouzid MA. Effects of Ramadan fasting on physical performance: a systematic review with meta-analysis. Sports Med. 2020;50(5):1009–26. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40279-020-01257-0 .
doi: 10.1007/s40279-020-01257-0
pubmed: 31960369
DeLang MD, Salamh PA, Chtourou H, Saad HB, Chamari K. The effects of Ramadan intermittent fasting on football players and implications for domestic football leagues over the next decade: a systematic review. Sports Med. 2022;52(3):585–600. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40279-021-01586-8 .
doi: 10.1007/s40279-021-01586-8
pubmed: 34757593
Bandarian F, Namazi N, Atlasi R, Nasli-Esfahani E, Larijani B. Research gaps in Ramadan fasting studies in health and disease. Diabetes Metab Syndr. 2021;15(3):831–5. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dsx.2021.04.009 .
doi: 10.1016/j.dsx.2021.04.009
pubmed: 33866118
Aloui A, Baklouti H, Souissi N, Chtourou H. Effects of Ramadan fasting on body composition in athletes: a systematic review. Tunis Med. 2019;97(10):1087–94.
pubmed: 31691936
Jahrami HA, Alsibai J, Clark CCT, Faris MAE. A systematic review, meta-analysis, and meta-regression of the impact of diurnal intermittent fasting during Ramadan on body weight in healthy subjects aged 16 years and above. Eur J Nutr. 2020;59(6):2291–316. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00394-020-02216-1 .
doi: 10.1007/s00394-020-02216-1
pubmed: 32157368
Mirmiran P, Bahadoran Z, Gaeini Z, Moslehi N, Azizi F. Effects of Ramadan intermittent fasting on lipid and lipoprotein parameters: an updated meta-analysis. Nutr Metab Cardiovasc Dis. 2019;29(9):906–15. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.numecd.2019.05.056 .
doi: 10.1016/j.numecd.2019.05.056
pubmed: 31377182
Sarro AA, Payedimarri AB, Concina DD, et al. The efficacy of fasting regimens on health outcomes: a systematic overview. Minerva Gastroenterol (Torino). 2021;67(3):289–98. https://doi.org/10.23736/s2724-5985.20.02757-9 .
doi: 10.23736/s2724-5985.20.02757-9
pubmed: 32914941
Beshyah SA, Ali KF, Hafidh K, Hajjaji IM. Ramadan fasting and diabetes 2019: the year in review. Diabetes Res Clin Pract. 2021;172: 108593. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.diabres.2020.108593 .
doi: 10.1016/j.diabres.2020.108593
pubmed: 33316310
Besbes A, Khemiss M, Bragazzi N, Ben SH. The impacts of Ramadan intermittent fasting on saliva flow-rate and metabolic data: a systematic review. Front Nutr. 2022;9:873502. https://doi.org/10.3389/fnut.2022.873502 .
doi: 10.3389/fnut.2022.873502
pubmed: 35464020
pmcid: 9019589
Faris M, Jahrami H, Abdelrahim D, Bragazzi N, BaHammam A. The effects of Ramadan intermittent fasting on liver function in healthy adults: a systematic review, meta-analysis, and meta-regression. Diabetes Res Clin Pract. 2021;178:108951. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.diabres.2021.108951 .
doi: 10.1016/j.diabres.2021.108951
pubmed: 34273453
Bello AK, Kurzawa J, Osman MA, et al. Impact of Ramadan fasting on kidney function and related outcomes in patients with chronic kidney disease: a systematic review protocol. BMJ Open. 2019;9(8):e022710. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2018-022710 .
doi: 10.1136/bmjopen-2018-022710
pubmed: 31446401
pmcid: 6720242
Correia JM, Santos I, Pezarat-Correia P, Minderico C, Mendonca GV. Effects of intermittent fasting on specific exercise performance outcomes: a systematic review including meta-analysis. Nutrients. 2020. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu12051390 .
doi: 10.3390/nu12051390
pubmed: 32408718
Chamari K, Roussi M, Bragazzi NL, Chaouachi A, Abdul RA. Optimizing training and competition during the month of Ramadan: recommendations for a holistic and personalized approach for the fasting athletes. Tunis Med. 2019;97(10):1095–103.
pubmed: 31691937
Obaideen K, Abu Shihab KH, Madkour MI, Faris ME. Seven decades of Ramadan intermittent fasting research: bibliometrics analysis, global trends, and future directions. Diabetes Metab Syndr: Clin Res Rev. 2022;16(8):102566. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dsx.2022.102566 .
doi: 10.1016/j.dsx.2022.102566
Firth J, Gangwisch JE, Borisini A, Wootton RE, Mayer EA. Food and mood: how do diet and nutrition affect mental wellbeing? BMJ. 2020;369:m2382. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj.m2382 .
doi: 10.1136/bmj.m2382
pubmed: 32601102
pmcid: 7322666
Adan RAH, van der Beek EM, Buitelaar JK, et al. Nutritional psychiatry: towards improving mental health by what you eat. Eur Neuropsychopharmacol. 2019;29(12):1321–32. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.euroneuro.2019.10.011 .
doi: 10.1016/j.euroneuro.2019.10.011
pubmed: 31735529
Owen L, Corfe B. The role of diet and nutrition on mental health and wellbeing. Proc Nutr Soc. 2017;76(4):425–6. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0029665117001057 .
doi: 10.1017/S0029665117001057
pubmed: 28707609
Al-Ozairi E, AlAwadhi MM, Al-Ozairi A, Taghadom E, Ismail K. A prospective study of the effect of fasting during the month of Ramadan on depression and diabetes distress in people with type 2 diabetes. Diabetes Res Clin Pract. 2019;153:145–9. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.diabres.2019.05.006 .
doi: 10.1016/j.diabres.2019.05.006
pubmed: 31108138
Roky R, Aadil N, Krami AM, et al. Sex as a biological factor in the changes in disease patients during Ramadan intermittent fasting: a systematic review. Front Nutr. 2022;9:908674. https://doi.org/10.3389/fnut.2022.908674 .
doi: 10.3389/fnut.2022.908674
pubmed: 35845800
pmcid: 9284209
Sulaiman SK, Tsiga-Ahmed FI, Arora T, et al. Perceived changes in the mental well-being among Nigerians due to Ramadan Intermittent Fasting during the COVID-19 pandemic. Brain Behav. 2023;13(5):e2990. https://doi.org/10.1002/brb3.2990
doi: 10.1002/brb3.2990
pubmed: 37060182
pmcid: 10175984
Faul F, Erdfelder E, Lang A-G, Buchner A. G*Power 3: a flexible statistical power analysis program for the social, behavioral, and biomedical sciences. Behav Res Meth. 2007;39:175–91.
doi: 10.3758/BF03193146
Saghaei M. Random allocation software for parallel group randomized trials. BMC Med Res Methodol. 2004;4:26. https://doi.org/10.1186/1471-2288-4-26 .
doi: 10.1186/1471-2288-4-26
pubmed: 15535880
pmcid: 533876
Mahroof R, Sued R, El-Sharkawy A, Hasan T, Ahmed S, Hussain F. Ramadan Health Guide - a guide to healthy fasting. Masroor A, editor. Communities in Action. London, UK. Available at https://webarchive.nationalarchives.gov.uk/ukgwa/20130105022145/http://www.dh.gov.uk/en/Publicationsandstatistics/Publications/PublicationsPolicyAndGuidance/DH_0784092007 .
Allgaier AK, Liwowsky I, Kramer D, Mergl R, Fejtkova S, Hegerl U. Screening for depression in nursing homes: validity of the WHO (Five) Well-Being Index. Neuropsychiatrie : Klinik, Diagnostik, Therapie und Rehabilitation : Organ der Gesellschaft Osterreichischer Nervenarzte und Psychiater. 2011;25(4):208–15.
pubmed: 22136943
Topp CW, Østergaard SD, Søndergaard S, Bech P. The WHO-5 Well-Being Index: a systematic review of the literature. Psychother Psychosom. 2015;84(3):167–76. https://doi.org/10.1159/000376585 .
doi: 10.1159/000376585
pubmed: 25831962
Büssing A, Fischer J, Haller A, Heusser P, Ostermann T, Matthiessen PF. Validation of the Brief Multidimensional Life Satisfaction Scale in patients with chronic diseases. Eur J Med Res. 2009;14(4):171–7.
doi: 10.1186/2047-783X-14-4-171
pubmed: 19380290
pmcid: 3401007
Yu L, Buysse DJ, Germain A, et al. Development of short forms from the PROMIS sleep disturbance and Sleep-Related Impairment item banks. Behav Sleep Med. 2011;10(1):6–24. https://doi.org/10.1080/15402002.2012.636266 .
doi: 10.1080/15402002.2012.636266
pubmed: 22250775
pmcid: 3261577
Büssing A, Reiser F, Michalsen A, Baumann K. Engagement of patients with chronic diseases in spiritual and secular forms of practice: results with the shortened SpREUK-P SF17 Questionnaire. Integr Med. 2012;11(1):28–38.
Büssing A, Walach H, Kohls N, Zimmermann F, Trousselard M. Conscious presence and self control as a measure of situational awareness in soldiers - a validation study. Int J Ment Heal Syst. 2013;7(1):1. https://doi.org/10.1186/1752-4458-7-1 .
doi: 10.1186/1752-4458-7-1
Bredle JM, Salsman JM, Debb SM, Arnold BJ, Cella D. Spiritual Well-Being as a Component of Health-Related Quality of Life: The Functional Assessment of Chronic Illness Therapy—Spiritual Well-Being Scale (FACIT-Sp). Religions. 2011;2(1):77–94. https://doi.org/10.3390/rel2010077 .
doi: 10.3390/rel2010077
Büssing A, Hedtstück A, Sauer S, Michalsen A, Ostermann T, Heusser P. Associations between mindfulness, lightheartedness, and inner correspondence in yoga practitioners. Mindfulness. 2012;3(3):227–34. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12671-012-0098-1 .
doi: 10.1007/s12671-012-0098-1
Underwood LG. Ordinary spiritual experience: qualitative research, interpretive guidelines, and population distribution for the Daily Spiritual Experience Scale. Arch Psychol Religion. 2006;28(1):181–218.
doi: 10.1163/008467206777832562
Underwood LG. The Daily Spiritual Experience Scale: overview and results. Religions. 2011;2(1):29–50.
doi: 10.3390/rel2010029
König HG, Büssing A. The Duke University Religion Index (DUREL): a five-item measure for use in epidemological studies. Religions. 2010;1(1):78–85.
doi: 10.3390/rel1010078
World Health Organization. Waist circumference and waist-hip ratio: report of a WHO Expert Consultation, Genevea, 8–11 December 2008. WHO Press, World Health Organization, Switzerland, 2011. Available at http://apps.who.int/iris/bitstream/10665/44583/1/9789241501491_eng.pdf . Last Assessed 4 Jun 2016.
World Health Organization. A cross-cultural study of spirituality, religion, and personal beliefs as components of quality of life. Soc Sci Med. 2006;62(6):1486–97. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.socscimed.2005.08.001 .
doi: 10.1016/j.socscimed.2005.08.001
Koenig HG. Spirituality and depression: a look at the evidence. South Med J. 2007;100(7):737–40.
doi: 10.1097/SMJ.0b013e318073c68c
pubmed: 17639763
Koenig HG. Research on religion, spirituality, and mental health: a review. Can J Psych. 2009;54(5):283–91. https://doi.org/10.1177/070674370905400502 .
doi: 10.1177/070674370905400502
Bayani AA, Esmaeili R, Ganji G. The impact of fasting on the psychological well-being of Muslim graduate students. J Relig Health. 2020;59(6):3270–5. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10943-018-00740-3 .
doi: 10.1007/s10943-018-00740-3
pubmed: 30523485
Akbari HA, Yoosefi M, Pourabbas M, et al. Association of Ramadan participation with psychological parameters: a cross-sectional study during the COVID-19 pandemic in Iran. J Clin Med. 2022. https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm11092346 .
doi: 10.3390/jcm11092346
pubmed: 35566470
pmcid: 9103718
Altuntas YE, Gezen FC, Sahoniz T, et al. Ramadan fasting in patients with a stoma: a prospective study of quality of life and nutritional status. Ostomy Wound Manage. 2013;59(5):26–32.
pubmed: 23669258
Etemadifar M, Sayahi F, Alroughani R, Toghianifar N, Akbari M, Nasr Z. Effects of prolonged fasting on fatigue and quality of life in patients with multiple sclerosis. Neurol Sci. 2016;37(6):929–33. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10072-016-2518-9 .
doi: 10.1007/s10072-016-2518-9
pubmed: 26994616
Nugraha B, Ghashang SK, Hamdan I, Gutenbrunner C. Effect of Ramadan fasting on fatigue, mood, sleepiness, and health-related quality of life of healthy young men in summer time in Germany: a prospective controlled study. Appetite. 2017;111:38–45. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.appet.2016.12.030 .
doi: 10.1016/j.appet.2016.12.030
pubmed: 28027907
Harder-Lauridsen NM, Rosenberg A, Benatti FB, et al. Ramadan model of intermittent fasting for 28 days had no major effect on body composition, glucose metabolism, or cognitive functions in healthy lean men. Nutr. 2016;37:92–103. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nut.2016.12.015 .
doi: 10.1016/j.nut.2016.12.015
Kadri N, Tilane A, El Batal M, Taltit Y, Tahiri SM, Moussaoui D. Irritability during the month of Ramadan. Psychosom Med. 2000;62(2):280–5. https://doi.org/10.1097/00006842-200003000-00021 .
doi: 10.1097/00006842-200003000-00021
pubmed: 10772409
Pourabbasi A, Ebrahimnegad Shirvani MS, Shams AH. Does Islamic fasting affect cognitive functions in adolescents? A systematic review. J Pak Med Assoc. 2019;69(8):1164–9.
pubmed: 31431772
Chtourou H, Hammouda O, Souissi H, Chamari K, Chaouachi A, Souissi N. The effect of ramadan fasting on physical performances, mood state and perceived exertion in young footballers. Asian J Sports Med. 2011;2(3):177–85. https://doi.org/10.5812/asjsm.34757 .
doi: 10.5812/asjsm.34757
pubmed: 22375237
pmcid: 3289213
Briki W, Aloui A, Bragazzi NL, Chamari K. The buffering effect of Ramadan fasting on emotions intensity: a pilot study. Tunis Med. 2019;97(10):1187–91.
pubmed: 31691947
Mekki M, Paillard T, Bouhlel E, Shephard RJ, Tabka Z, Trabelsi Y. Anthropometric, psychosocial, physiological, and postural observances during Ramadan in men with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Am J Mens Health. 2022;16(1):15579883221078140. https://doi.org/10.1177/15579883221078141 .
doi: 10.1177/15579883221078141
pubmed: 35184575
pmcid: 8864263
Sultana MS, Islam MS, Sayeed A, et al. Prevalence and correlates of diabetes distress and depressive symptoms among individuals with type-2 diabetes mellitus during Ramadan fasting: a cross-sectional study in Bangladesh amid the COVID-19. Diabetes Res Clin Pract. 2022;185: 109210. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.diabres.2022.109210 .
doi: 10.1016/j.diabres.2022.109210
pubmed: 35122903
Tavakkoli H, Haghdani S, Emami MH, Adilipour H, Tavakkoli M, Tavakkoli M. Ramadan fasting and inflammatory bowel disease. Indian J Gastroenterol. 2008;27(6):239–41.
pubmed: 19405258
Babiker A, Al Aqeel B, Marie S, et al. Quality of life and glycemic control in Saudi children with type 1 diabetes at different developmental age groups. Clin Med Insights Endocrinol Diabetes. 2021;14:1179551421990678. https://doi.org/10.1177/1179551421990678 .
doi: 10.1177/1179551421990678
pubmed: 33628072
pmcid: 7883141
Cherif A, Roelands B, Meeusen R, Chamari K. Effects of intermittent fasting, caloric restriction, and Ramadan intermittent fasting on cognitive performance at rest and during exercise in adults. Sports Med. 2016;46(1):35–47. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40279-015-0408-6 .
doi: 10.1007/s40279-015-0408-6
pubmed: 26438184
Swinburn BA, Sacks G, Hall KD, et al. The global obesity pandemic: shaped by global drivers and local environments. Lancet. 2011;378(9793):804–14.
doi: 10.1016/S0140-6736(11)60813-1
Kahan D. Prevalence and correlates of adult overweight in the Muslim world: analysis of 46 countries. Clinical Obesity. 2015;5(2):87–98. https://doi.org/10.1111/cob.12089 .
doi: 10.1111/cob.12089
pubmed: 25755091
Ludwig AF, Cox P, Ellahi B. Social and cultural construction of obesity among Pakistani Muslim women in North West England. Pub Health Nutr. 2011;14(10):1842–50. https://doi.org/10.1017/S1368980010003472 .
doi: 10.1017/S1368980010003472
Suriani I, Shamsuddin K, Abdul Latif K, Saad HA. The effect of the Malaysian Food Guideline guidance on a group of overweight and obese women during Ramadan. Saudi Med J. 2015;36(1):40–5. https://doi.org/10.15537/smj.2015.1.9661 .
doi: 10.15537/smj.2015.1.9661
pubmed: 25630003
pmcid: 4362188
Nachvak SM, Pasdar Y, Pirsaheb S, et al. Effects of Ramadan on food intake, glucose homeostasis, lipid profiles and body composition composition. Eur J Clin Nutr. 2019;73(4):594–600. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41430-018-0189-8 .
doi: 10.1038/s41430-018-0189-8
pubmed: 29884874
Anton S, Ezzati A, Witt D, McLaren C, Vial P. The effects of intermittent fasting regimens in middle-age and older adults: current state of evidence. Exp Gerontol. 2021;156:111617. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.exger.2021.111617 .
doi: 10.1016/j.exger.2021.111617
pubmed: 34728336
Salti I. Efficacy and safety of insulin glargine and glimepiride in subjects with type 2 diabetes before, during and after the period of fasting in Ramadan. Diabet Med. 2009;26(12):1255–61. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1464-5491.2009.02836.x .
doi: 10.1111/j.1464-5491.2009.02836.x
pubmed: 20002478
Mohan V, Ruchi V, Gayathri R, et al. Slowing the diabetes epidemic in the World Health Organization South-East Asia region: the role of diet and physical activity. WHO South East Asia J Public Health. 2016;5(1):5–16. https://doi.org/10.4103/2224-3151.206554 .
doi: 10.4103/2224-3151.206554
pubmed: 28604391
Bradley P. Diet composition and obesity. Lancet. 2012;379(9821):1100. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(12)60455-3 .
doi: 10.1016/S0140-6736(12)60455-3
pubmed: 22444395
Jaacks LM, Vandevijvere S, Pan A, et al. The obesity transition: stages of the global epidemic. Lancet Diabetes Endocrinol. 2019;7(3):231–40. https://doi.org/10.1016/s2213-8587(19)30026-9 .
doi: 10.1016/s2213-8587(19)30026-9
pubmed: 30704950
pmcid: 7360432