Psychological distress, wellbeing and resilience: modelling adolescent mental health profiles during the COVID-19 pandemic.
Adolescents
COVID-19
Latent variable modelling
Mental health
Resilience
Young people
Journal
Discover mental health
ISSN: 2731-4383
Titre abrégé: Discov Ment Health
Pays: Switzerland
ID NLM: 9918350483906676
Informations de publication
Date de publication:
23 May 2024
23 May 2024
Historique:
received:
25
10
2023
accepted:
21
05
2024
medline:
23
5
2024
pubmed:
23
5
2024
entrez:
23
5
2024
Statut:
epublish
Résumé
There has been concern about adolescent mental health during the pandemic. The current study examined adolescent mental health during the initial phase of the COVID-19 pandemic in the UK. Using indicator of psychological distress, wellbeing and resilience, latent profile analysis was used to identify homogeneous mental health groups among young people aged 13-24 (N = 1971). Multinomial logistic regression was then used to examine which sociodemographic and psychosocial variables predicted latent class membership. Four classes were found. The largest class (Class 1, 37.2%) was characterised by moderate symptomology and moderate wellbeing. Class 2 (34.2%) was characterised by low symptomology and high wellbeing, while Class 3 (25.4%) was characterised by moderate symptomology and high wellbeing. Finally, Class 4 was the smallest (3.2%) and was characterised by high symptomology and low wellbeing. Compared to the low symptomology, high wellbeing class, all other classes were associated with less social engagement with friends, poorer family functioning, greater somatic symptoms, and a less positive model of self. A number of unique associations between the classes and predictor variables were identified. Although around two-thirds of adolescents reported moderate-to-high symptomology, most of these individuals also reported concurrent moderate-to-high levels of wellbeing, reflecting resilience. Furthermore, these findings demonstrate how a more comprehensive picture of mental health can be gained through adopting a dual-continua conceptualisation of mental health that incorporates both pathology and well-being. In this way, at-risk youth can be identified and interventions and resources targeted appropriately.
Identifiants
pubmed: 38780717
doi: 10.1007/s44192-024-00071-8
pii: 10.1007/s44192-024-00071-8
doi:
Types de publication
Journal Article
Langues
eng
Pagination
16Informations de copyright
© 2024. The Author(s).
Références
Fusar-Poli P. Integrated mental health services for the developmental period (0 to 25 Years): a critical review of the evidence. Front Psychiatry. 2019. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyt.2019.00355 .
doi: 10.3389/fpsyt.2019.00355
pubmed: 31920732
pmcid: 6917652
Kessler RC, Amminger GP, Aguilar-Gaxiola S, Alonso J, Lee S, Ustun TB. Age of onset of mental disorders: a review of recent literature. Curr Opin Psychiatry. 2007;20:359–64. https://doi.org/10.1097/YCO.0b013e32816ebc8c .
doi: 10.1097/YCO.0b013e32816ebc8c
pubmed: 17551351
pmcid: 1925038
Solmi M, Radua J, Olivola M, Croce E, Soardo L, Salazar de Pablo G, et al. Age at onset of mental disorders worldwide: large-scale meta-analysis of 192 epidemiological studies. Mol Psychiatry. 2022;27:281–95. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41380-021-01161-7 .
doi: 10.1038/s41380-021-01161-7
pubmed: 34079068
Golberstein E, Wen H, Miller BF. Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) and mental health for children and adolescents. JAMA Pediatr. 2020;174:819. https://doi.org/10.1001/jamapediatrics.2020.1456 .
doi: 10.1001/jamapediatrics.2020.1456
pubmed: 32286618
Mittal VA, Firth J, Kimhy D. Combating the dangers of sedentary activity on child and adolescent mental health during the time of COVID-19. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry. 2020;59:1197–8. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaac.2020.08.003 .
doi: 10.1016/j.jaac.2020.08.003
pubmed: 32860908
pmcid: 7448948
Orben A, Tomova L, Blakemore SJ. The effects of social deprivation on adolescent development and mental health. Lancet Child Adolesc Health. 2020;4:634–40. https://doi.org/10.1016/S2352-4642(20)30186-3 .
doi: 10.1016/S2352-4642(20)30186-3
pubmed: 32540024
pmcid: 7292584
Scott SR, Rivera KM, Rushing E, Manczak EM, Rozek CS, Doom JR. “I Hate this”: a qualitative analysis of adolescents’ self-reported challenges during the COVID-19 pandemic. J Adolesc Health. 2021;68:262–9. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jadohealth.2020.11.010 .
doi: 10.1016/j.jadohealth.2020.11.010
pubmed: 33288454
Bignardi G, Dalmaijer ES, Anwyl-Irvine AL, Smith TA, Siugzdaite R, Uh S, et al. Longitudinal increases in childhood depression symptoms during the COVID-19 lockdown. Arch Dis Child. 2021;106:791–7. https://doi.org/10.1136/archdischild-2020-320372 .
doi: 10.1136/archdischild-2020-320372
Magson NR, Freeman JYA, Rapee RM, Richardson CE, Oar EL, Fardouly J. Risk and protective factors for prospective changes in adolescent mental health during the COVID-19 pandemic. J Youth Adolesc. 2021;50:44–57. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10964-020-01332-9 .
doi: 10.1007/s10964-020-01332-9
pubmed: 33108542
Thorisdottir IE, Asgeirsdottir BB, Kristjansson AL, Valdimarsdottir HB, Jonsdottir Tolgyes EM, Sigfusson J, et al. Depressive symptoms, mental wellbeing, and substance use among adolescents before and during the COVID-19 pandemic in Iceland: a longitudinal, population-based study. Lancet Psychiatry. 2021;8:663–72. https://doi.org/10.1016/S2215-0366(21)00156-5 .
doi: 10.1016/S2215-0366(21)00156-5
pubmed: 34090582
Ertanir B, Kassis W, Garrote A. Longitudinal changes in swiss adolescent’s mental health outcomes from before and during the COVID-19 pandemic. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2021;18:12734. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph182312734 .
doi: 10.3390/ijerph182312734
pubmed: 34886458
pmcid: 8656984
Hawes MT, Szenczy AK, Olino TM, Nelson BD, Klein DN. Trajectories of depression, anxiety and pandemic experiences; a longitudinal study of youth in New York during the Spring-Summer of 2020. Psychiatry Res. 2021;298: 113778. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psychres.2021.113778 .
doi: 10.1016/j.psychres.2021.113778
pubmed: 33550176
pmcid: 9754702
van der Velden PG, van Bakel HJA, Das M. Mental health problems among Dutch adolescents of the general population before and 9 months after the COVID-19 outbreak: a longitudinal cohort study. Psychiatry Res. 2022;311: 114528. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psychres.2022.114528 .
doi: 10.1016/j.psychres.2022.114528
pubmed: 35344687
pmcid: 8942449
Shanahan L, Steinhoff A, Bechtiger L, Murray AL, Nivette A, Hepp U, et al. Emotional distress in young adults during the COVID-19 pandemic: evidence of risk and resilience from a longitudinal cohort study. Psychol Med. 2022;52:824–33. https://doi.org/10.1017/S003329172000241X .
doi: 10.1017/S003329172000241X
pubmed: 32571438
Fusar-Poli P, Salazar de Pablo G, De Micheli A, Nieman DH, Correll CU, Kessing LV, et al. What is good mental health? A scoping review. Eur Neuropsychopharmacol. 2020;31:33–46. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.euroneuro.2019.12.105 .
doi: 10.1016/j.euroneuro.2019.12.105
pubmed: 31901337
World Health Organization. Promoting mental health: concepts, emerging evidence, practice (Summary Report). Geneva. 2004. https://apps.who.int/iris/bitstream/handle/10665/42940/9241591595.pdf
Greenspoon PJ, Saklofske DH. Toward an integration of subjective well-being and psychopathology. Soc Indic Res. 2001;54:81–108. https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1007219227883 .
doi: 10.1023/A:1007219227883
Keyes CLM. Mental Illness and/or Mental Health? investigating axioms of the complete state model of health. J Consult Clin Psychol. 2005;73:539–48. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-006X.73.3.539 .
doi: 10.1037/0022-006X.73.3.539
pubmed: 15982151
Huppert FA, So TTC. Flourishing across europe: application of a new conceptual framework for defining well-being. Soc Indic Res. 2013;110:837–61. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11205-011-9966-7 .
doi: 10.1007/s11205-011-9966-7
pubmed: 23329863
van Agteren J, Iasiello M. Advancing our understanding of mental wellbeing and mental health: the call to embrace complexity over simplification. Aust Psychol. 2020;55:307–16. https://doi.org/10.1111/ap.12440 .
doi: 10.1111/ap.12440
Iasiello M, van Agteren J, Cochrane EM. Mental health and/or mental illness: a scoping review of the evidence and implications of the dual-continua model of mental health. Evidence Base. 2020;2020:1–45. https://doi.org/10.21307/eb-2020-001 .
doi: 10.21307/eb-2020-001
Suldo SM, Shaffer EJ. Looking beyond psychopathology: the dual-factor model of mental health in youth. School Psych Rev. 2008;37:52–68. https://doi.org/10.1080/02796015.2008.12087908 .
doi: 10.1080/02796015.2008.12087908
Clark KN, Malecki CK. Adolescent mental health profiles through a latent dual-factor approach. J Sch Psychol. 2022;91:112–28. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jsp.2022.01.003 .
doi: 10.1016/j.jsp.2022.01.003
pubmed: 35190071
Moore SA, Dowdy E, Nylund-Gibson K, Furlong MJ. An empirical approach to complete mental health classification in adolescents. School Ment Health. 2019;11:438–53. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12310-019-09311-7 .
doi: 10.1007/s12310-019-09311-7
pubmed: 31788132
pmcid: 6884331
Petersen KJ, Humphrey N, Qualter P. Latent class analysis of mental health in middle childhood: evidence for the dual-factor model. School Ment Health. 2020;12:786–800. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12310-020-09384-9 .
doi: 10.1007/s12310-020-09384-9
Zolopa C, Burack JA, O’Connor RM, Corran C, Lai J, Bomfim E, et al. Changes in youth mental health, psychological wellbeing, and substance use during the COVID-19 pandemic: a rapid review. Adolesc Res Rev. 2022;7:161–77. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40894-022-00185-6 .
doi: 10.1007/s40894-022-00185-6
pubmed: 35252542
pmcid: 8881192
Grych J, Taylor E, Banyard V, Hamby S. Applying the dual factor model of mental health to understanding protective factors in adolescence. Am J Orthopsychiatry. 2020;90:458–67. https://doi.org/10.1037/ort0000449 .
doi: 10.1037/ort0000449
pubmed: 32134310
Janousch C, Anyan F, Morote R, Hjemdal O. Resilience patterns of Swiss adolescents before and during the COVID-19 pandemic: a latent transition analysis. Int J Adolesc Youth. 2022;27:294–314. https://doi.org/10.1080/02673843.2022.2091938 .
doi: 10.1080/02673843.2022.2091938
UK Government. Coronavirus (COVID-19) in the UK. 2021. https://coronavirus.data.gov.uk/
Zigmond AS, Snaith RP. The hospital anxiety and depression scale. Acta Psychiatr Scand. 1983;67:361–70. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1600-0447.1983.tb09716.x .
doi: 10.1111/j.1600-0447.1983.tb09716.x
pubmed: 6880820
Bjelland I, Dahl AA, Haug TT, Neckelmann D. The validity of the hospital anxiety and depression scale. J Psychosom Res. 2002;52:69–77. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0022-3999(01)00296-3 .
doi: 10.1016/S0022-3999(01)00296-3
pubmed: 11832252
Chan YF, Leung DYP, Fong DYT, Leung CM, Lee AM. Psychometric evaluation of the hospital anxiety and depression scale in a large community sample of adolescents in Hong Kong. Qual Life Res. 2010;19:865–73. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11136-010-9645-1 .
doi: 10.1007/s11136-010-9645-1
pubmed: 20373037
pmcid: 2892613
White D, Leach C, Sims R, Atkinson M, Cottrell D. Validation of the hospital anxiety and depression scale for use with adolescents. Br J Psychiatry. 1999;175:452–4. https://doi.org/10.1192/bjp.175.5.452 .
doi: 10.1192/bjp.175.5.452
pubmed: 10789277
Dyregrov A, Yule W. Screening measures –the development of the UNICEF screening battery. In: Paper presented at the Fourth European Conference on Traumatic Stress. Paris; 1995.
Perrin S, Meiser-Stedman R, Smith P. The children’s revised impact of event scale (CRIES): validity as a screening instrument for PTSD. Behav Cogn Psychother. 2005;33:487–98.
doi: 10.1017/S1352465805002419
Horowitz M, Wilner N, Alvarez W. Impact of event scale: a measure of subjective stress. Psychosom Med. 1979;41:209–18. https://doi.org/10.1097/00006842-197905000-00004 .
doi: 10.1097/00006842-197905000-00004
pubmed: 472086
Dow BL, Kenardy JA, Le Brocque RM, Long DA. The utility of the children’s revised impact of event scale in screening for concurrent PTSD following admission to intensive care. J Trauma Stress. 2012;25:602–5. https://doi.org/10.1002/jts.21742 .
doi: 10.1002/jts.21742
pubmed: 23047491
Smith P, Perrin S, Dyregrov A, Yule W. Principal components analysis of the impact of event scale with children in war. Pers Individ Dif. 2003;34:315–22. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0191-8869(02)00047-8 .
doi: 10.1016/S0191-8869(02)00047-8
Stewart-Brown S, Tennant A, Tennant R, Platt S, Parkinson J, Weich S. Internal construct validity of the Warwick-Edinburgh mental well-being scale (WEMWBS): a rasch analysis using data from the scottish health education population survey. Health Qual Life Outcomes. 2009;7:15. https://doi.org/10.1186/1477-7525-7-15 .
doi: 10.1186/1477-7525-7-15
pubmed: 19228398
pmcid: 2669062
Warwick Medical School. SWEMWBS raw to metric score conversion table. https://warwick.ac.uk/fac/sci/med/research/platform/wemwbs/using/howto/swemwbs_raw_score_to_metric_score_conversion_table.pdf
Hunter SC, Houghton S, Wood L. Positive mental well-being in australian adolescents: evaluating the Warwick-edinburgh mental well-being scale. Austr Educ Dev Psychol. 2015;32:93–104. https://doi.org/10.1017/edp.2015.12 .
doi: 10.1017/edp.2015.12
Ringdal R, Bradley Eilertsen ME, Bjørnsen HN, Espnes GA, Moksnes UK. Validation of two versions of the Warwick-Edinburgh mental well-being scale among norwegian adolescents. Scand J Public Health. 2018;46:718–25. https://doi.org/10.1177/1403494817735391 .
doi: 10.1177/1403494817735391
pubmed: 29017402
Jefferies P, McGarrigle L, Ungar M. The CYRM-R: a rasch-validated revision of the child and youth resilience measure. J Evid Based Soc Work. 2019;16:70–92. https://doi.org/10.1080/23761407.2018.1548403 .
doi: 10.1080/23761407.2018.1548403
Resilience Research Centre. https://cyrm.resilienceresearch.org/ . CYRM and ARM user manual. https://cyrm.resilienceresearch.org/
Gierk B, Kohlmann S, Kroenke K, Spangenberg L, Zenger M, Brähler E, et al. The somatic symptom Scale–8 (SSS-8). JAMA Intern Med. 2014;174:399. https://doi.org/10.1001/jamainternmed.2013.12179 .
doi: 10.1001/jamainternmed.2013.12179
pubmed: 24276929
Epstein NB, Bishop DS, Levin S. The mcmaster model of family functioning. J Marital Fam Ther. 1978;4:19–31. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1752-0606.1978.tb00537.x .
doi: 10.1111/j.1752-0606.1978.tb00537.x
Epstein NB, Baldwin LM, Bishop DS. The mcmaster family assessment device. J Marital Fam Ther. 1983;9:171–80. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1752-0606.1983.tb01497.x .
doi: 10.1111/j.1752-0606.1983.tb01497.x
Byles J, Byrne C. Ontario child health study: reliability and validity of the general functioning subscale of the mcmaster family assessment device. Fam Process. 1988;27:97–104. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1545-5300.1988.00097.x .
doi: 10.1111/j.1545-5300.1988.00097.x
pubmed: 3360100
Anttila P, Sourander A, Metsähonkala L, Aromaa M, Helenius H, Sillanpää M. Psychiatric symptoms in children with primary headache. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry. 2004;43:412–9. https://doi.org/10.1097/00004583-200404000-00007 .
doi: 10.1097/00004583-200404000-00007
pubmed: 15187801
Lubben J, Gironda M. Centrality of social ties to the health and well-being of older adults. In: Berkman B, Harooytan L, editors. Social work and health care in an aging world. New York: Springer; 2003. p. 319–50.
Lubben J, Blozik E, Gillmann G, Iliffe S, von Renteln KW, Beck JC, et al. Performance of an abbreviated version of the lubben social network scale among three european community-dwelling older adult populations. Gerontologist. 2006;46:503–13. https://doi.org/10.1093/geront/46.4.503 .
doi: 10.1093/geront/46.4.503
pubmed: 16921004
Bartholomew K, Horowitz LM. Attachment styles among young adults: a test of a four-category model. J Pers Soc Psychol. 1991;61:226–44. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.61.2.226 .
doi: 10.1037/0022-3514.61.2.226
pubmed: 1920064
Griffin DW, Bartholomew K. Models of the self and other: fundamental dimensions underlying measures of adult attachment. J Pers Soc Psychol. 1994;67:430–45. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.67.3.430 .
doi: 10.1037/0022-3514.67.3.430
Thayer AJ, Weeks MR, Cook CR. Dual factor mental health model: validation through mixture modeling and cut scores. Psychol Sch. 2021;58:286–306. https://doi.org/10.1002/pits.22447 .
doi: 10.1002/pits.22447
Yuan KH, Bentler PM. 5 three likelihood-based methods for mean and covariance structure analysis with nonnormal missing data. Sociol Methodol. 2000. https://doi.org/10.1111/0081-1750.00078 .
doi: 10.1111/0081-1750.00078
Akaike H. Factor analysis and AIC. Psychometrika. 1987;52:317–32. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02294359 .
doi: 10.1007/BF02294359
Schwarz G. Estimating the dimension of a model. Ann Stat. 1978;6:461–4.
doi: 10.1214/aos/1176344136
Sclove SL. Application of model-selection criteria to some problems in multivariate analysis. Psychometrika. 1987;52:333–43. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02294360 .
doi: 10.1007/BF02294360
Nylund KL, Asparouhov T, Muthén BO. Deciding on the number of classes in latent class analysis and growth mixture modeling: a monte carlo simulation study. Struct Equ Modeling. 2007;14:535–69. https://doi.org/10.1080/10705510701575396 .
doi: 10.1080/10705510701575396
Lo Y, Mendell NR, Rubin DB. Testing the number of components in a normal mixture. Biometrika. 2001;88:767–78. https://doi.org/10.1093/biomet/88.3.767 .
doi: 10.1093/biomet/88.3.767
Muthén L, Muthén B. Mplus user’s guide: Statistical analysis with latent variables, user’s guide. Los Angeles: Muthén & Muthén; 2017.
Vermunt JK. Latent class modeling with covariates: two improved three-step approaches. Polit Anal. 2010;18:450–69. https://doi.org/10.1093/pan/mpq025 .
doi: 10.1093/pan/mpq025
Ma L, Mazidi M, Li K, Li Y, Chen S, Kirwan R, et al. Prevalence of mental health problems among children and adolescents during the COVID-19 pandemic: a systematic review and meta-analysis. J Affect Disord. 2021;293:78–89. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jad.2021.06.021 .
doi: 10.1016/j.jad.2021.06.021
pubmed: 34174475
pmcid: 9711885
Bylsma LM. Emotion context insensitivity in depression: toward an integrated and contextualized approach. Psychophysiology. 2021. https://doi.org/10.1111/psyp.13715 .
doi: 10.1111/psyp.13715
pubmed: 33274773
Feeny NC, Zoellner LA, Fitzgibbons LA, Foa EB. Exploring the roles of emotional numbing, depression, and dissociation in PTSD. J Trauma Stress. 2000;13:489–98. https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1007789409330 .
doi: 10.1023/A:1007789409330
pubmed: 10948488
Sen ChuP, Saucier DA, Hafner E. Meta-analysis of the relationships between social support and well-being in children and adolescents. J Soc Clin Psychol. 2010;29:624–45. https://doi.org/10.1521/jscp.2010.29.6.624 .
doi: 10.1521/jscp.2010.29.6.624
Mohanty J, Chokkanathan S, Alberton AM. <scp>COVID</scp> -19–related stressors, family functioning and mental health in Canada: test of indirect effects. Fam Relat. 2022;71:445–62. https://doi.org/10.1111/fare.12635 .
doi: 10.1111/fare.12635
Vacaru SV, Beijers R, de Weerth C. Internalizing symptoms and family functioning predict adolescent depressive symptoms during COVID-19: a longitudinal study in a community sample. PLoS ONE. 2022;17: e0264962. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0264962 .
doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0264962
pubmed: 35303003
pmcid: 8932580
Janousch C, Anyan F, Kassis W, Morote R, Hjemdal O, Sidler P, et al. Resilience profiles across context: a latent profile analysis in a German, Greek, and Swiss sample of adolescents. PLoS ONE. 2022;17: e0263089. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0263089 .
doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0263089
pubmed: 35085364
pmcid: 8794138
Feng X, Astell-Burt T, Standl M, Flexeder C, Heinrich J, Markevych I. Green space quality and adolescent mental health: do personality traits matter? Environ Res. 2022;206: 112591. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envres.2021.112591 .
doi: 10.1016/j.envres.2021.112591
pubmed: 34932980
Morales-Vives F, Ferrando PJ, Dueñas JM, Martín-Arbós S, Varea MD, Castarlenas E. Are older teens more frustrated than younger teens by the covid-19 restrictions? The role of psychological maturity, personality traits, depression and life satisfaction. Curr Psychol. 2024;43:12208–20. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12144-023-04317-6 .
doi: 10.1007/s12144-023-04317-6
Sarasjärvi KK, Chivers P, Bhoyroo R, Codde J. Bouncing back from COVID-19: a Western Australian community perspective. Front Public Health. 2023. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpubh.2023.1216027 .
doi: 10.3389/fpubh.2023.1216027
pubmed: 37601213
pmcid: 10436488
Ramkissoon H. COVID-19 adaptive interventions: implications for wellbeing and quality-of-life. Front Psychol. 2022. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2022.810951 .
doi: 10.3389/fpsyg.2022.810951
pubmed: 35369239
pmcid: 8968731
Barreto M, Victor C, Hammond C, Eccles A, Richins MT, Qualter P. Loneliness around the world: Age, gender, and cultural differences in loneliness. Pers Individ Dif. 2021;169: 110066. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2020.110066 .
doi: 10.1016/j.paid.2020.110066
pubmed: 33536694
pmcid: 7768187