Comparative performance of contact plate metod and swab method for surface microbial contamination on medical fabrics.
Contact plate method
Hospital-acquired infection
Linear mixed-effects model
Medical fabrics
Journal
BMC infectious diseases
ISSN: 1471-2334
Titre abrégé: BMC Infect Dis
Pays: England
ID NLM: 100968551
Informations de publication
Date de publication:
27 May 2024
27 May 2024
Historique:
received:
08
10
2023
accepted:
20
05
2024
medline:
28
5
2024
pubmed:
28
5
2024
entrez:
27
5
2024
Statut:
epublish
Résumé
The contact plate method is widely accepted and used in various fields where hygiene and contamination levels are crucial. Evidence regarding the applicability of the contact plate method for sampling fabric microbial contamination levels in real medical environments was limited. This study aimed to assess the applicability of the contact plate method for detecting microbial contamination on medical fabrics in a real healthcare environment, thereby providing a benchmark for fabric microbial sampling methods. In a level three obstetrics ward of a hospital, twenty-four privacy curtains adjacent to patient beds were selected for this study. The contact plate and swab method were used to collect microbial samples from the privacy curtains on the 1st, 7th, 14th, and 28th days after they were hung. The total colony count on each privacy curtain surface was calculated, and microbial identification was performed. After excluding the effects of time, room type, and curtain location on the detected microbial load, the linear mixed-effects model analysis showed that contact plate method yielded lower colony counts compared to swab method (P < 0.001). However, the contact plate method isolated more microbial species than swab method (P < 0.001). 291 pathogenic strains were isolated using the contact plate method and 133 pathogenic strains were isolated via the swab method. There was no difference between the two sampling methods in the detection of gram-negative bacteria (P = 0.089). Furthermore, the microbial load on curtains in double-occupancy rooms was lower than those in triple-occupancy rooms (P = 0.021), and the microbial load on curtains near windows was lower than that near doors (P = 0.004). Contact plate method is superior to swab method in strain isolation. Swab method is more suitable for evaluating the bacterial contamination of fabrics.
Sections du résumé
BACKGROUND
BACKGROUND
The contact plate method is widely accepted and used in various fields where hygiene and contamination levels are crucial. Evidence regarding the applicability of the contact plate method for sampling fabric microbial contamination levels in real medical environments was limited. This study aimed to assess the applicability of the contact plate method for detecting microbial contamination on medical fabrics in a real healthcare environment, thereby providing a benchmark for fabric microbial sampling methods.
METHODS
METHODS
In a level three obstetrics ward of a hospital, twenty-four privacy curtains adjacent to patient beds were selected for this study. The contact plate and swab method were used to collect microbial samples from the privacy curtains on the 1st, 7th, 14th, and 28th days after they were hung. The total colony count on each privacy curtain surface was calculated, and microbial identification was performed.
RESULTS
RESULTS
After excluding the effects of time, room type, and curtain location on the detected microbial load, the linear mixed-effects model analysis showed that contact plate method yielded lower colony counts compared to swab method (P < 0.001). However, the contact plate method isolated more microbial species than swab method (P < 0.001). 291 pathogenic strains were isolated using the contact plate method and 133 pathogenic strains were isolated via the swab method. There was no difference between the two sampling methods in the detection of gram-negative bacteria (P = 0.089). Furthermore, the microbial load on curtains in double-occupancy rooms was lower than those in triple-occupancy rooms (P = 0.021), and the microbial load on curtains near windows was lower than that near doors (P = 0.004).
CONCLUSION
CONCLUSIONS
Contact plate method is superior to swab method in strain isolation. Swab method is more suitable for evaluating the bacterial contamination of fabrics.
Identifiants
pubmed: 38802763
doi: 10.1186/s12879-024-09416-8
pii: 10.1186/s12879-024-09416-8
doi:
Types de publication
Journal Article
Comparative Study
Langues
eng
Sous-ensembles de citation
IM
Pagination
530Informations de copyright
© 2024. The Author(s).
Références
Allegranzi B, Bagheri Nejad S, Combescure C, et al. Burden of endemic health-care-associated infection in developing countries: systematic review and meta-analysis. Lancet. 2011;377(9761):228–41.
doi: 10.1016/S0140-6736(10)61458-4
pubmed: 21146207
Report on the. Burden of endemic health care-associated infection worldwide. Geneva:World Health Organization; 2011.
Zaidi AK, Huskins WC, Thaver D et al. Hospital-acquired neonatal infections in developing countries. Lancet. 2005;365(9465):1175-88.
Maciel AL, de Assis DB, Madalosso G, et al. Evaluating the quality of outbreak reports on health care-associated infections in São Paulo, Brazil, during 2000–2010 using the ORION statement findings and recommendations. Am J Infect Control. 2014;42(4):e47–53.
doi: 10.1016/j.ajic.2013.12.017
pubmed: 24679583
Simões AS, Couto I, Toscano C, Gonçalves E, et al. Prevention and Control of Antimicrobial Resistant Healthcare-Associated Infections: the Microbiology Laboratory Rocks! Front Microbiol. 2016;7:855.
doi: 10.3389/fmicb.2016.00855
pubmed: 27375577
pmcid: 4895126
Weber DJ, Anderson D, Rutala WA. The role of the surface environment in healthcare-associated infections. Curr Opin Infect Dis. 2013;26(4):338–44.
doi: 10.1097/QCO.0b013e3283630f04
pubmed: 23743816
Knelson LP, Williams DA, Gergen MF, et al. A comparison of environmental contamination by patients infected or colonized with methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus or Vancomycin-resistant enterococci: a multicenter study. Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol. 2014;35(7):872–5.
doi: 10.1086/676861
pubmed: 24915217
pmcid: 4219411
Brunton WA. Infection and hospital laundry. Lancet. 1995;345(8964):1574–5.
doi: 10.1016/S0140-6736(95)91124-3
pubmed: 7791463
Barrie D, Hoffman PN, Wilson JA, et al. Contamination of hospital linen by Bacillus cereus. Epidemiol Infect. 1994;113(2):297–306.
doi: 10.1017/S0950268800051724
pubmed: 7925667
pmcid: 2271531
Fijan S, Sostar-Turk S, Cencic A. Implementing hygiene monitoring systems in hospital laundries in order to reduce microbial contamination of hospital textiles. J Hosp Infect. 2005;61(1):30–8.
doi: 10.1016/j.jhin.2005.02.005
pubmed: 15975691
Magill SS, Edwards JR, Bamberg W, et al. Multistate point-prevalence survey of health care-associated infections. N Engl J Med. 2014;370(13):1198–208.
doi: 10.1056/NEJMoa1306801
pubmed: 24670166
pmcid: 4648343
Das I, Lambert P, Hill D, et al. Carbapenem-resistant Acinetobacter and role of curtains in an outbreak in intensive care units. J Hosp Infect. 2002;50(2):110–4.
doi: 10.1053/jhin.2001.1127
pubmed: 11846537
Mahida N, Beal A, Trigg D, et al. Outbreak of invasive group a streptococcus infection: contaminated patient curtains and cross-infection on an ear, nose and throat ward. J Hosp Infect. 2014;87(3):141–4.
doi: 10.1016/j.jhin.2014.04.007
pubmed: 24928787
Lutz JK, Crawford J, Hoet AE, et al. Comparative performance of contact plates, electrostatic wipes, swabs and a novel sampling device for the detection of Staphylococcus aureus on environmental surfaces. J Appl Microbiol. 2013;115(1):171–8.
doi: 10.1111/jam.12230
pubmed: 23607553
Rabuza U, Sostar-Turk S, Fijan S. Efficiency of four sampling methods used to detect two common nosocomial pathogens on textiles. Text Res J. 2012;82(20):2099–105.
doi: 10.1177/0040517512445339
Hall LB, Hartnett MJ. Measurement of the bacterial contamination on surfaces. Public Health Rept. 1964;79:1021–4.
doi: 10.2307/4592309
Lemmen SW, Häfner H, Zolldann D, et al. Comparison of two sampling methods for the detection of Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria in the environment: moistened swabs versus Rodac plates. Int J Hyg Environ Health. 2001;203(3):245–8.
doi: 10.1078/S1438-4639(04)70035-8
pubmed: 11279821
Obee P, Griffith CJ, Cooper RA, et al. An evaluation of different methods for the recovery of meticillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus from environmental surfaces. J Hosp Infect. 2007;65(1):35–41.
doi: 10.1016/j.jhin.2006.09.010
pubmed: 17140698
Fijan S, Turk SŠostar, Rozman Urška. Comparison of methods for detection of four common nosocomial pathogens on hospital textiles. Slovenian J Public Health. 2014;53(1):17–25.
doi: 10.2478/sjph-2014-0003
Claro T, Galvin S, Cahill O, et al. What is the best method? Recovery of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus and extended-spectrum β-lactamase-producing Escherichia coli from inanimate hospital surfaces. Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol. 2014;35(7):869–71.
doi: 10.1086/676858
pubmed: 24915216
Hogan PG, Burnham CA, Singh LN, et al. Evaluation of environmental sampling methods for detection of Staphylococcus aureus on fomites. Ann Public Health Res. 2015;2(1):1013.
pubmed: 25893222
pmcid: 4399720
Ibfelt T, Foged C, Andersen LP. Validation of dipslides as a tool for environmental sampling in a real-life hospital setting. Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis. 2014;33(5):809–13.
doi: 10.1007/s10096-013-2018-2
pubmed: 24253494
WS/T 508–2016, Regulation for washing and disinfection technique of medical textiles in healthcare facilities. 2016. http://www.nhc.gov.cn/ewebeditor/uploadfile/2017/01/20170105092028826.pdf .
Owen L, Laird K. The role of textiles as fomites in the healthcare environment: a review of the infection control risk. PeerJ. 2020;8:e9790.
doi: 10.7717/peerj.9790
pubmed: 32904371
pmcid: 7453921
Creamer E, Humphreys H. The contribution of beds to healthcare-associated infection: the importance of adequate decontamination. J Hosp Infect. 2008;69(1):8–23.
doi: 10.1016/j.jhin.2008.01.014
pubmed: 18355943
Trillis F, Eckstein EC, Budavich R, et al. Contamination of hospital curtains with healthcare-associated pathogens. Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol. 2008;29(11):1074–6.
doi: 10.1086/591863
pubmed: 18823274
Ghorbanmovahhed S, Shahbazi S, Gilani N, et al. Effectiveness of implementing of an infection control link nurse program to improve compliance with standard precautions and hand hygiene among nurses: a quasi-experimental study. BMC Med Educ. 2023;23(1):265.
doi: 10.1186/s12909-023-04208-1
pubmed: 37076871
pmcid: 10116755
Dolan A, Bartlett M, McEntee B, et al. Evaluation of different methods to recover meticillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus from hospital environmental surfaces. J Hosp Infect. 2011;79(3):227–30.
doi: 10.1016/j.jhin.2011.05.011
pubmed: 21742414
Gail, Lusardi. Allyson Lipp,Peter Phillips,a laboratory investigation and validation of methods for sampling contaminated uniforms and work-wear. J Infect Prev 2011 July; 12(4):154–8.
Okamoto K, Rhee Y, Schoeny M, et al. Flocked nylon swabs versus RODAC plates for detection of multidrug-resistant organisms on environmental surfaces in intensive care units. J Hosp Infect. 2018;98(1):105–8.
doi: 10.1016/j.jhin.2017.09.028
pubmed: 28987641
Lerner A, Adler A, Abu-Hanna J, et al. Environmental contamination by carbapenem-resistant Enterobacteriaceae. J Clin Microbiol. 2013;51(1):177–81.
doi: 10.1128/JCM.01992-12
pubmed: 23115260
pmcid: 3536203
Erikson B, Hoborn J, Nystro¨m B. The contact plate technique is inappropriate for bioburden determination on textiles, letters to the editor. J Hosp Infect. 1995;30:73–82.
doi: 10.1016/0195-6701(95)90251-1
Woodard DR, Buttner M, Cruz P, et al. Microbial contamination of privacy curtains in the emergency department of a metropolitan hospital. J Hosp Infect. 2018;100(3):e153–4.
doi: 10.1016/j.jhin.2018.06.018
pubmed: 29958915
Vonberg RP, Gastmeier P. Nosocomial aspergillosis in outbreak settings. J Hosp Infect. 2006;63(3):246–54.
doi: 10.1016/j.jhin.2006.02.014
pubmed: 16713019
Ohl M, Schweizer M, Graham M, et al. Hospital privacy curtains are frequently and rapidly contaminated with potentially pathogenic bacteria. Am J Infect Control. 2012Dec;40(10):904–6.
Kevin S, Rakesh P, Zeenib K, et al. Rate of contamination of hospital privacy curtains in a burns/plastic ward: a longitudinal study. Am J Infect Control. 2018;46(9):1019–21.
doi: 10.1016/j.ajic.2018.03.004