Interplay between male gonadal function and overall male health.

gonadal function infertility male

Journal

Journal of basic and clinical physiology and pharmacology
ISSN: 2191-0286
Titre abrégé: J Basic Clin Physiol Pharmacol
Pays: Germany
ID NLM: 9101750

Informations de publication

Date de publication:
05 Jun 2024
Historique:
received: 01 04 2024
accepted: 23 04 2024
medline: 3 6 2024
pubmed: 3 6 2024
entrez: 3 6 2024
Statut: aheadofprint

Résumé

The process-of-male reproduction is intricate, and various medical conditions-have the potential to disrupt spermatogenesis. Moreover, infertility in males can serve as an indicator of-potential future health issue. Numerous conditions with systemic implications have been identified, encompassing genetic factors (such as Klinefelter Syndrome), obesity, psychological stress, environmental factors, and others. Consequently, infertility assessment-presents an opportunity for comprehensive health counseling, extending-beyond discussions about reproductive goals. Furthermore, male infertility has been suggested as a harbinger of future health problems, as poor semen quality and a diagnosis of-male infertility are associated with an increased risk of hypogonadism, cardiometabolic disorders, cancer, and even mortality. This review explores the existing-literature on the relationship between systemic illnesses and male fertility, impacting both clinical-outcomes and semen parameters. The majority of the literature analyzed, which compared gonadal function with genetic, chronic, infectious or tumoral diseases, confirm the association between overall male health and infertility.

Identifiants

pubmed: 38830206
pii: jbcpp-2024-0054
doi: 10.1515/jbcpp-2024-0054
doi:

Types de publication

Journal Article

Langues

eng

Sous-ensembles de citation

IM

Informations de copyright

© 2024 the author(s), published by De Gruyter, Berlin/Boston.

Références

Kasman, AM, Del Giudice, F, Eisenberg, ML. New insights to guide patient care: the bidirectional relationship between male infertility and male health. Fertil Steril 2020;113:469–77. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fertnstert.2020.01.002 .
doi: 10.1016/j.fertnstert.2020.01.002 pubmed: 32089256
Del Giudice, F, Kasman, AM, Ferro, M, Sciarra, A, De Berardinis, E, Belladelli, F, et al.. Clinical correlation among male infertility and overall male health: a systematic review of the literature. Invest Clin Urol 2020;61:355. https://doi.org/10.4111/icu.2020.61.4.355 .
doi: 10.4111/icu.2020.61.4.355 pubmed: 32665992 pmcid: PMC7329649
Chen, T, Belladelli, F, Del Giudice, F, Eisenberg, ML. Male fertility as a marker for health. Reprod Biomed Online 2022;44:131–44. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rbmo.2021.09.023 .
doi: 10.1016/j.rbmo.2021.09.023 pubmed: 34848151
Del Giudice, F, Kasman, AM, De Berardinis, E, Busetto, GM, Belladelli, F, Eisenberg, ML. Association between male infertility and male-specific malignancies: systematic review and meta-analysis of population-based retrospective cohort studies. Fertil Steril 2020;114:984–96. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fertnstert.2020.04.042 .
doi: 10.1016/j.fertnstert.2020.04.042 pubmed: 32709378
Matzuk, MM, Lamb, DJ. The biology of infertility: research advances and clinical challenges. Nat Med 2008;14:1197–213. https://doi.org/10.1038/nm.f.1895 .
doi: 10.1038/nm.f.1895 pubmed: 18989307 pmcid: PMC3786590
Salzano, A, Marra, AM, D’Assante, R, Arcopinto, M, Suzuki, T, Bossone, E, et al.. Growth hormone therapy in heart failure. Heart Fail Clin 2018;14:501–15. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.hfc.2018.05.002 .
doi: 10.1016/j.hfc.2018.05.002 pubmed: 30266359
Guerri, G, Maniscalchi, T, Barati, S, Dhuli, K, Busetto, GM, Del Giudice, F, et al.. Syndromic infertility. Acta Biomed 2019;90:75. https://doi.org/10.23750/abm.v90i10-S.8764 .
doi: 10.23750/abm.v90i10-S.8764 pubmed: 31577259 pmcid: PMC7233644
Guerri, G, Maniscalchi, T, Barati, S, Busetto, GM, Del Giudice, F, De Berardinis, E, et al.. Non-syndromic monogenic male infertility. Acta Biomed 2019;90:62. https://doi.org/10.23750/abm.v90i10-S.8762 .
doi: 10.23750/abm.v90i10-S.8762 pubmed: 31577257 pmcid: PMC7233647
Kuroda, S, Usui, K, Sanjo, H, Takeshima, T, Kawahara, T, Uemura, H, et al.. Genetic disorders and male infertility. Reprod Med Biol 2020;19:314–22. https://doi.org/10.1002/rmb2.12336 .
doi: 10.1002/rmb2.12336 pubmed: 33071633 pmcid: PMC7542010
Feitsma, H, Leal, MC, Moens, PB, Cuppen, E, Schulz, RW. Mlh1 deficiency in zebrafish results in male sterility and aneuploid as well as triploid progeny in females. Genetics 2007;175:1561–9. https://doi.org/10.1534/genetics.106.068171 .
doi: 10.1534/genetics.106.068171 pubmed: 17237513 pmcid: PMC1855116
Terribas, E, Bonache, S, García‐Arévalo, M, Sanchez, J, Franco, E, Bassas, L, et al.. Changes in the expression profile of the meiosis‐involved mismatch repair genes in impaired human spermatogenesis. J Androl 2010;31:346–57. https://doi.org/10.2164/jandrol.109.008805 .
doi: 10.2164/jandrol.109.008805 pubmed: 20075417
Stupart, D, Win, AK, Winship, IM, Jenkins, M. Fertility after young‐onset colorectal cancer: a study of subjects with Lynch syndrome. Colorectal Dis 2015;17:787–93. https://doi.org/10.1111/codi.12940 .
doi: 10.1111/codi.12940 pubmed: 25754680 pmcid: PMC4766107
Masarani, M, Wazait, H, Dinneen, M. Mumps orchitis. J R Soc Med 2006;99:573–5. https://doi.org/10.1258/jrsm.99.11.573 .
doi: 10.1258/jrsm.99.11.573
Laprise, C, Trottier, H, Monnier, P, Coutlée, F, Mayrand, MH. Prevalence of human papillomaviruses in semen: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Hum Reprod 2014;29:640–51. https://doi.org/10.1093/humrep/det453 .
doi: 10.1093/humrep/det453 pubmed: 24365799
Boeri, L, Capogrosso, P, Ventimiglia, E, Pederzoli, F, Cazzaniga, W, Chierigo, F, et al.. High-risk human papillomavirus in semen is associated with poor sperm progressive motility and a high sperm DNA fragmentation index in infertile men. Hum Reprod 2019;34:209–17. https://doi.org/10.1093/humrep/dey348 .
doi: 10.1093/humrep/dey348 pubmed: 30517657
Moghimi, M, Zabihi-Mahmoodabadi, S, Kheirkhah-Vakilabad, A, Kargar, Z. Significant correlation between high-risk HPV DNA in semen and impairment of sperm quality in infertile men. Int J Sertil Steril 2019;12:306. https://doi.org/10.22074/ijfs.2019.5421 .
doi: 10.22074/ijfs.2019.5421 pubmed: 30291691 pmcid: PMC6186290
Depuydt, CE, Donders, GGG, Verstraete, L, Broeck, DV, Beert, JFA, Salembier, G, et al.. Infectious human papillomavirus virions in semen reduce clinical pregnancy rates in women undergoing intrauterine insemination. Fertil Steril 2019;111:1135–44. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fertnstert.2019.02.002 .
doi: 10.1016/j.fertnstert.2019.02.002 pubmed: 31005311
Bryan, ER, Redgrove, KA, Mooney, AR, Mihalas, BP, Sutherland, JM, Carey, AJ, et al.. Chronic testicular Chlamydia muridarum infection impairs mouse fertility and offspring development. Biol Reprod 2020;102:888–901. https://doi.org/10.1093/biolre/ioz229 .
doi: 10.1093/biolre/ioz229 pubmed: 31965142 pmcid: PMC7124966
Heymsfield, SB, Wadden, TA. Mechanisms, pathophysiology, and management of obesity. N Engl J Med 2017;376:254–66. https://doi.org/10.1056/nejmra1514009 .
doi: 10.1056/nejmra1514009
Rochlani, Y, Pothineni, NV, Kovelamudi, S, Mehta, JL. Metabolic syndrome: pathophysiology, management, and modulation by natural compounds. Ther. Adv. Cardiovasc. Dis. 2017;11:215–25. https://doi.org/10.1177/1753944717711379 .
doi: 10.1177/1753944717711379 pubmed: 28639538 pmcid: PMC5933580
Guo, D, Wu, W, Tang, Q, Qiao, S, Chen, Y, Chen, M, et al.. The impact of BMI on sperm parameters and the metabolite changes of seminal plasma concomitantly. Oncotarget 2017;8:48619. https://doi.org/10.18632/oncotarget.14950 .
doi: 10.18632/oncotarget.14950 pubmed: 28159940 pmcid: PMC5564712
Sermondade, N, Faure, C, Fezeu, L, Shayeb, AG, Bonde, JP, Jensen, TK, et al.. BMI in relation to sperm count: an updated systematic review and collaborative meta-analysis. Hum Reprod Update 2013;19:221–31. https://doi.org/10.1093/humupd/dms050 .
doi: 10.1093/humupd/dms050 pubmed: 23242914 pmcid: PMC3621293
Kasman, A, Del Giudice, F, Shkolyar, E, Porreca, A, Busetto, GM, Lu, Y, et al.. Modeling the contribution of the obesity epidemic to the temporal decline in sperm counts. Arch Ital Urol Androl 2020;92:49–57. https://doi.org/10.4081/aiua.2020.4.357 .
doi: 10.4081/aiua.2020.4.357 pubmed: 33348967
Busetto, GM, Del Giudice, F, Virmani, A, Sciarra, A, Maggi, M, Ferro, M, et al.. Body mass index and age correlate with antioxidant supplementation effects on sperm quality: post hoc analyses from a double‐blind placebo‐controlled trial. Andrologia 2020;52:e13523. https://doi.org/10.1111/and.13523 .
doi: 10.1111/and.13523 pubmed: 32017167 pmcid: PMC7065376
Del Giudice, F, Glover, F, Belladelli, F, De Berardinis, E, Sciarra, A, Salciccia, S, et al.. Association of daily step count and serum testosterone among men in the United States. Endocrine 2021;72:874–81. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12020-021-02631-2 .
doi: 10.1007/s12020-021-02631-2 pubmed: 33580402 pmcid: PMC8159788
Reis, LO, Zani, EL, Saad, RD, Chaim, EA, de Oliveira, LC, Fregonesi, A. Bariatric surgery does not interfere with sperm quality – a preliminary long-term study. Reprod Sci 2012;19:1057–62. https://doi.org/10.1177/1933719112440747 .
doi: 10.1177/1933719112440747 pubmed: 22534335
Pope, CAIII. Mortality effects of longer term exposures to fine particulate air pollution: review of recent epidemiological evidence. Inhal Toxicol 2007;19:33–8. https://doi.org/10.1080/08958370701492961 .
doi: 10.1080/08958370701492961 pubmed: 17886048
Hammoud, SS, Purwar, J, Pflueger, C, Cairns, BR, Carrell, DT. Alterations in sperm DNA methylation patterns at imprinted loci in two classes of infertility. Fertil Steril 2010;94:1728–33. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fertnstert.2009.09.010 .
doi: 10.1016/j.fertnstert.2009.09.010 pubmed: 19880108
Rubes, J, Selevan, SG, Evenson, DP, Zudova, D, Vozdova, M, Zudova, Z, et al.. Episodic air pollution is associated with increased DNA fragmentation in human sperm without other changes in semen quality. Hum Reprod 2005;20:2776–83. https://doi.org/10.1093/humrep/dei122 .
doi: 10.1093/humrep/dei122 pubmed: 15980006
Huang, YQ, Wong, CKC, Zheng, JS, Bouwman, H, Barra, R, Wahlström, B, et al.. Bisphenol A (BPA) in China: a review of sources, environmental levels, and potential human health impacts. Environ Int 2012;42:91–9. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envint.2011.04.010 .
doi: 10.1016/j.envint.2011.04.010 pubmed: 21596439
Guo, Y, Wang, L, Kannan, K. Phthalates and parabens in personal care products from China: concentrations and human exposure. Arch Environ Contam Toxicol 2014;66:113–9. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00244-013-9937-x .
doi: 10.1007/s00244-013-9937-x pubmed: 23880707
Silva, MJ, Barr, DB, Reidy, JA, Malek, NA, Hodge, CC, Caudill, SP, et al.. Urinary levels of seven phthalate metabolites in the US population from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) 1999–2000. Environ Health Perspect 2004;112:331–8. https://doi.org/10.1289/ehp.6723 .
doi: 10.1289/ehp.6723 pubmed: 14998749 pmcid: PMC1241863
Genuis, SJ, Beesoon, S, Birkholz, D, Lobo, RA. Human excretion of bisphenol A: blood, urine, and sweat (BUS) study. J Environ Public Health 2012;2012:34–44. https://doi.org/10.1155/2012/185731 .
doi: 10.1155/2012/185731 pubmed: 22253637 pmcid: PMC3255175
Fong, JP, Lee, FJ, Lu, IS, Uang, SN, Lee, CC. Relationship between urinary concentrations of di (2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (DEHP) metabolites and reproductive hormones in polyvinyl chloride production workers. Occup Environ Med 2015;72:346–53. https://doi.org/10.1136/oemed-2014-102532 .
doi: 10.1136/oemed-2014-102532 pubmed: 25637220
Babich, H, Davis, DL, Stotzky, G. Dibromochloropropane (DBCP): a review. Sci Total Environ 1981;17:207–21. https://doi.org/10.1016/0048-9697(81)90062-0 .
doi: 10.1016/0048-9697(81)90062-0 pubmed: 7015501
Whorton, D, Krauss, R, Marshall, S, Milby, T. Infertility in male pesticide workers. Lancet 1977;310:1259–61. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0140-6736(77)92665-4 .
doi: 10.1016/s0140-6736(77)92665-4 pubmed: 73955
Hossain, F, Ali, O, D’souza, UJ, Naing, DKS. Effects of pesticide use on semen quality among farmers in rural areas of Sabah, Malaysia. J Occup Health 2010;52:353–60. https://doi.org/10.1539/joh.l10006 .
doi: 10.1539/joh.l10006 pubmed: 20924153
Ratcliffe, JM, Schrader, SM, Steenland, K, Clapp, DE, Turner, T, Hornung, RW. Semen quality in papaya workers with long term exposure to ethylene dibromide. Occup Environ Med 1987;44:317–26. https://doi.org/10.1136/oem.44.5.317 .
doi: 10.1136/oem.44.5.317 pubmed: 3297130 pmcid: PMC1007829
Belladelli, F, Del Giudice, F, Kasman, A, Kold Jensen, T, Jørgensen, N, Salonia, A, et al.. The association between cannabis use and testicular function in men: a systematic review and meta‐analysis. Andrology 2021;9:503–10. https://doi.org/10.1111/andr.12953 .
doi: 10.1111/andr.12953 pubmed: 33251770
Belladelli, F, Chen, T, Basran, S, Greenberg, DR, Del Giudice, F, Mulloy, E, et al.. The association between monthly, yearly, and lifetime cannabis use, and semen parameters in Asian-American men. World J Men’s Health 2023;41:623. https://doi.org/10.5534/wjmh.220106 .
doi: 10.5534/wjmh.220106 pubmed: 36047080 pmcid: PMC10307656
Kloner, RA, Carson, C, Dobs, A, Kopecky, S, Mohler, ER. Testosterone and cardiovascular disease. J Am Coll Cardiol 2016;67:545–57. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jacc.2015.12.005 .
doi: 10.1016/j.jacc.2015.12.005 pubmed: 26846952
Capogrosso, P, Ventimiglia, E, Boeri, L, Capitanio, U, Gandaglia, G, Dehò, F, et al.. Sexual functioning mirrors overall men’s health status, even irrespective of cardiovascular risk factors. Andrology 2017;5:63–9. https://doi.org/10.1111/andr.12299 .
doi: 10.1111/andr.12299 pubmed: 27989023
Ponce, OJ, Spencer-Bonilla, G, Alvarez-Villalobos, N, Serrano, V, Singh-Ospina, N, Rodriguez-Gutierrez, R, et al.. The efficacy and adverse events of testosterone replacement therapy in hypogonadal men: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized, placebo-controlled trials. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2018;103:1745–54. https://doi.org/10.1210/jc.2018-00404 .
doi: 10.1210/jc.2018-00404 pubmed: 29562341
Corona, G, Rastrelli, G, Di Pasquale, G, Sforza, A, Mannucci, E, Maggi, M. Endogenous testosterone levels and cardiovascular risk: meta-analysis of observational studies. J Sex Med 2018;15:1260–71. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jsxm.2018.06.012 .
doi: 10.1016/j.jsxm.2018.06.012 pubmed: 30145097
Ferlin, A, Selice, R, Angelini, S, Di Grazia, M, Caretta, N, Cavalieri, F, et al.. Endocrine and psychological aspects of sexual dysfunction in Klinefelter patients. Andrology 2018;6:414–9. https://doi.org/10.1111/andr.12474 .
doi: 10.1111/andr.12474 pubmed: 29453817
Eisenberg, ML, Betts, P, Herder, D, Lamb, DJ, Lipshultz, LI. Increased risk of cancer among azoospermic men. Fertil Steril 2013;100:681–5. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fertnstert.2013.05.022 .
doi: 10.1016/j.fertnstert.2013.05.022 pubmed: 23790640 pmcid: PMC3759541
Eisenberg, ML, Li, S, Brooks, JD, Cullen, MR, Baker, LC. Increased risk of cancer in infertile men: analysis of US claims data. J Urol 2015;193:1596–601. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.juro.2014.11.080 .
doi: 10.1016/j.juro.2014.11.080 pubmed: 25463997
Hanson, HA, Anderson, RE, Aston, KI, Carrell, DT, Smith, KR, Hotaling, JM. Subfertility increases risk of testicular cancer: evidence from population-based semen samples. Fertil Steril 2016;105:322–8. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fertnstert.2015.10.027 .
doi: 10.1016/j.fertnstert.2015.10.027 pubmed: 26604070 pmcid: PMC4744156
Al-Jebari, Y, Elenkov, A, Wirestrand, E, Schütz, I, Giwercman, A, Giwercman, YL. Risk of prostate cancer for men fathering through assisted reproduction: nationwide population based register study. BMJ 2019;366:446–661. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj.l5214 .
doi: 10.1136/bmj.l5214 pubmed: 31554611 pmcid: PMC6759809
Ferro, M, Chiujdea, S, Musi, G, Lucarelli, G, Del Giudice, F, Hurle, R, et al.. Impact of age on outcomes of patients with pure carcinoma in situ of the bladder: multi-institutional cohort analysis. Clin Genitourin Cancer 2022;20:e166–72. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.clgc.2021.12.005 .
doi: 10.1016/j.clgc.2021.12.005 pubmed: 35033480
Crocetto, F, Buonerba, C, Caputo, V, Ferro, M, Persico, F, Trama, F, et al.. Urologic malignancies: advances in the analysis and interpretation of clinical findings. Fut Sci 2021;7:67–82. https://doi.org/10.2144/fsoa-2020-0210 .
doi: 10.2144/fsoa-2020-0210 pubmed: 33815820 pmcid: PMC8015670
Miro, C, Di Giovanni, A, Murolo, M, Cicatiello, AG, Nappi, A, Sagliocchi, S, et al.. Thyroid hormone and androgen signals mutually interplay and enhance inflammation and tumorigenic activation of tumor microenvironment in prostate cancer. Cancer Lett 2022;532:215581. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.canlet.2022.215581 .
doi: 10.1016/j.canlet.2022.215581 pubmed: 35134514
Ventimiglia, E, Capogrosso, P, Boeri, L, Serino, A, Colicchia, M, Ippolito, S, et al.. Infertility as a proxy of general male health: results of a cross-sectional survey. Fertil Steril 2015;104:48–55. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fertnstert.2015.04.020 .
doi: 10.1016/j.fertnstert.2015.04.020 pubmed: 26006735
Giovannone, R, Busetto, GM, Antonini, G, De Cobelli, O, Ferro, M, Tricarico, S, et al.. Hyperhomocysteinemia as an early predictor of erectile dysfunction: International Index of Erectile Function (IIEF) and penile Doppler ultrasound correlation with plasma levels of homocysteine. Medicine 2015;94:e1556. https://doi.org/10.1097/md.0000000000001556 .
doi: 10.1097/md.0000000000001556
Glazer, CH, Tøttenborg, SS, Giwercman, A, Bräuner, EV, Eisenberg, ML, Vassard, D, et al.. Male factor infertility and risk of multiple sclerosis: a register-based cohort study. Mult Scler J 2018;24:1835–42. https://doi.org/10.1177/1352458517734069 .
doi: 10.1177/1352458517734069 pubmed: 29027840
Del Giudice, F, Kasman, AM, Chen, T, De Berardinis, E, Busetto, GM, Sciarra, A, et al.. The association between mortality and male infertility: systematic review and meta-analysis. Urology 2021;154:148–57. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.urology.2021.02.041 .
doi: 10.1016/j.urology.2021.02.041 pubmed: 33819517
Belladelli, F, Del Giudice, F, Kasman, A, Salonia, A, Eisenberg, ML. The association between testosterone, estradiol and their ratio and mortality among US men. Andrologia 2021;53:e13993. https://doi.org/10.1111/and.13993 .
doi: 10.1111/and.13993 pubmed: 33666951
Del Giudice, F, Kasman, AM, Li, S, Belladelli, F, Ferro, M, de Cobelli, O, et al.. Increased mortality among men diagnosed with impaired fertility: analysis of US claims data. Urology 2021;147:143–9. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.urology.2020.07.087 .
doi: 10.1016/j.urology.2020.07.087 pubmed: 33017614
Jensen, TK, Jacobsen, R, Christensen, K, Nielsen, NC, Bostofte, E. Good semen quality and life expectancy: a cohort study of 43,277 men. Am J Epidemiol 2009;170:559–65. https://doi.org/10.1093/aje/kwp168 .
doi: 10.1093/aje/kwp168 pubmed: 19635736
Eisenberg, ML, Kim, S, Chen, Z, Sundaram, R, Schisterman, EF, Buck Louis, GM. The relationship between male BMI and waist circumference on semen quality: data from the LIFE study. Hum Reprod 2014;29:193–200. https://doi.org/10.1093/humrep/det428 .
doi: 10.1093/humrep/det428 pubmed: 24306102 pmcid: PMC3896223

Auteurs

Vincenzo Asero (V)

Department of Maternal Infant and Urologic Sciences, 9311 University of Rome La Sapienza , Rome, Lazio, Italy.

Carlo Maria Scornajenghi (CM)

Department of Maternal Infant and Urologic Sciences, 9311 University of Rome La Sapienza , Rome, Lazio, Italy.

Salvatore Iaconis (S)

Department of Neuroscience and Reproductive and Odontostomatological Sciences, 165474 Federico II University Hospital , Napoli, Italy.

Enrico Sicignano (E)

Department of Neuroscience and Reproductive and Odontostomatological Sciences, 165474 Federico II University Hospital , Napoli, Italy.

Alfonso Falcone (A)

Department of Neurosciences, Science of Reproduction and Odontostomatology, 9307 University of Naples Federico II , Napoli, Campania, Italy.

Fabrizio Dinacci (F)

Department of Neuroscience and Reproductive and Odontostomatological Sciences, 165474 Federico II University Hospital , Napoli, Campania, Italy.

Giovanni Pagano (G)

Department of Neurosciences, Science of Reproduction and Odontostomatology, 9307 University of Naples Federico II , Napoli, Italy.

Dalila Carino (D)

Department of Maternal Infant and Urologic Sciences, 9311 University of Rome La Sapienza , Rome, Italy.

Roberta Corvino (R)

Department of Maternal Infant and Urologic Sciences, 9311 University of Rome La Sapienza , Rome, Italy.

Anas Tresh (A)

Department of Urology, 10624 Stanford University School of Medicine , Stanford, CA, USA.

Classifications MeSH