Periodontal considerations during orthodontic intrusion and extrusion in healthy and reduced periodontium.
healthy periodontium
interdisciplinary treatment
orthodontic extrusion
orthodontic intrusion
orthodontic treatment
periodontal disease
reduced periodontium
Journal
Periodontology 2000
ISSN: 1600-0757
Titre abrégé: Periodontol 2000
Pays: Denmark
ID NLM: 9313276
Informations de publication
Date de publication:
03 Jun 2024
03 Jun 2024
Historique:
revised:
30
04
2024
received:
17
10
2023
accepted:
13
05
2024
medline:
4
6
2024
pubmed:
4
6
2024
entrez:
4
6
2024
Statut:
aheadofprint
Résumé
In patients with advanced periodontal disease, pathological tooth migration may occur, which may require subsequent orthodontic treatment for both aesthetic and functional purposes. When planning orthodontic treatment mechanics, intrusive or extrusive forces are frequently indicated. Understanding tissue reactions during these movements is essential for clinicians when devising a comprehensive orthodontic-periodontal treatment plan. This knowledge enables clinicians to be fully aware of and account for the potential effects on the surrounding tissues. The majority of our understanding regarding the behavior of periodontal tissues in both healthy and compromised periodontal conditions is derived from animal studies. These studies offer the advantage of conducting histological and other assessments that would not be feasible in human research. Human studies are nevertheless invaluable in being able to understand the clinically relevant response elicited by the periodontal tissues following orthodontic tooth movement. Animal and human data show that in dentitions with reduced periodontal support, orthodontic intrusion of the teeth does not induce periodontal damage, provided the periodontal tissues do not have inflammation and plaque control with excellent oral hygiene is maintained. On the contrary, when inflammation is not fully controlled, orthodontic intrusion may accelerate the progression of periodontal destruction, with bacterial plaque remnants being displaced subgingivally, leading to further loss of attachment. Orthodontic extrusion, on the other hand, does not seem to cause further periodontal breakdown in dentitions with reduced periodontal support, even in cases with deficient plaque control. This is attributed to the nature of the tooth movement, which directs any plaque remnants coronally (supragingivally), reducing the risk of adverse effects on the periodontal tissues. This specific type of tooth movement can be leveraged to benefit periodontal conditions by facilitating the regeneration of lost hard and soft periodontal tissues in a coronal direction. As a result, orthodontic extrusion can be employed in implant site development, offering an advantageous alternative to more invasive surgical procedures like bone grafting. Regardless of the tooth movement prescribed, when periodontal involvement is present, it is essential to prioritize periodontal therapy before commencing orthodontic treatment. Adequate plaque control is also imperative for successful outcomes. Additionally, utilizing light orthodontic forces is advisable to achieve efficient tooth movement while minimizing the risk of adverse effects, notably root resorption. By adhering to these principles, a more favorable and effective combined orthodontic-periodontal approach can be ensured. The present article describes indications, mechanisms, side effects, and histological and clinical evidence supporting orthodontic extrusion and intrusion in intact and reduced periodontal conditions.
Types de publication
Journal Article
Review
Langues
eng
Sous-ensembles de citation
IM
Informations de copyright
© 2024 The Author(s). Periodontology 2000 published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd.
Références
Burstone CR. Deep overbite correction by intrusion. Am J Orthod. 1977;72(1):1‐22.
Melsen B, Agerbaek N, Markenstam G. Intrusion of incisors in adult patients with marginal bone loss. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop. 1989;96(3):232‐241.
Kiliaridis S, Lyka I, Friede H, Carlsson GE, Ahlqwist M. Vertical position, rotation, and tipping of molars without antagonists. Int J Prosthodont. 2000;13(6):480‐486.
Christou P, Kiliaridis S. Three‐dimensional changes in the position of unopposed molars in adults. Eur J Orthod. 2007;29(6):543‐549.
Fujita T, Montet X, Tanne K, Kiliaridis S. Supraposition of unopposed molars in young and adult rats. Arch Oral Biol. 2009;54(1):40‐44.
Denes BJ, Lagou A, Kiliaridis S. Monitoring overeruption pattern of young vs adult unopposed molars in the rat. Int J Prosthodont. 2020;33(6):663‐670.
Fujita T, Montet X, Tanne K, Kiliaridis S. Overeruption of periodontally affected unopposed molars in adult rats. J Periodontal Res. 2010;45(2):271‐276.
Theytaz GA, Christou P, Kiliaridis S. Gingival changes and secondary tooth eruption in adolescents and adults: a longitudinal retrospective study. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop. 2011;139(4 Suppl):S129‐S132.
Huanca Ghislanzoni L, Jonasson G, Kiliaridis S. Continuous eruption of maxillary teeth and changes in clinical crown length: a 10‐year longitudinal study in adult women. Clin Implant Dent Relat Res. 2017;19(6):1082‐1089.
Kiliaridis S, Jonasson G, Huanca Ghislanzoni LT. Functional factors associated with continuous eruption of maxillary incisors in adulthood: a 10‐year prospective cohort study. Int J Oral Implantol. 2019;12(3):329‐335.
Bernard JP, Schatz JP, Christou P, Belser U, Kiliaridis S. Long‐term vertical changes of the anterior maxillary teeth adjacent to single implants in young and mature adults. A retrospective study. J Clin Periodontol. 2004;31(11):1024‐1028.
Papageorgiou SN, Eliades T, Hämmerle CHF. Frequency of infraposition and missing contact points in implant‐supported restorations within natural dentitions over time: a systematic review with meta‐analysis. Clin Oral Implants Res. 2018;29(Suppl 18):309‐325.
Garbo D, Aimetti M, Bongiovanni L, et al. Periodontal and orthodontic synergy in the management of stage IV periodontitis: challenges, indications and limits. Life. 2022;12(12):2131.
Zasčiurinskienė E, Rastokaitė L, Lindsten R, Basevičienė N, Šidlauskas A. Malocclusions, pathologic tooth migration, and the need for orthodontic treatment in subjects with stage III‐IV periodontitis. A cross‐sectional study. Eur J Orthod. 2023;45:418‐429.
Re S, Corrente G, Abundo R, Cardaropoli D. The use of orthodontic intrusive movement to reduce infrabony pockets in adult periodontal patients: a case report. Int J Periodontics Restorative Dent. 2002;22(4):365‐371.
Herrera D, Sanz M, Kebschull M, et al. Treatment of stage IV periodontitis: the EFP S3 level clinical practice guideline. J Clin Periodontol. 2022;49(Suppl 24):4‐71.
Erkan M, Pikdoken L, Usumez S. Gingival response to mandibular incisor intrusion. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop. 2007;132(2):143.e9‐143.e13.
Chiqueto K, Martins DR, Janson G. Effects of accentuated and reversed curve of Spee on apical root resorption. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop. 2008;133(2):261‐268; quiz 328.e2.
Bellamy LJ, Kokich VG, Weissman JA. Using orthodontic intrusion of abraded incisors to facilitate restoration: the technique's effects on alveolar bone level and root length. J Am Dent Assoc. 2008;139(6):725‐733.
Goldstein G, Campbell S. The dahl concept: best evidence consensus statement. J Prosthodont. 2022;31(3):196‐200.
Kiliaridis S, Egermark I, Thilander B. Anterior open bite treatment with magnets. Eur J Orthod. 1990;12(4):447‐457.
Barbre RE, Sinclair PM. A cephalometric evaluation of anterior openbite correction with the magnetic active vertical corrector. Angle Orthod. 1991;61(2):93‐102.
Doshi UH, Bhad‐Patil WA. Early management of skeletal open bite with spring‐loaded and magnetic bite blocks. World J Orthod. 2010;11(2):107‐116.
Vela‐Hernández A, López‐García R, García‐Sanz V, Paredes‐Gallardo V, Lasagabaster‐Latorre F. Nonsurgical treatment of skeletal anterior open bite in adult patients: posterior build‐ups. Angle Orthod. 2017;87(1):33‐40.
Hasan AA, Rajeh N, Hajeer MY, Hamadah O, Ajaj MA. Evaluation of the acceleration, skeletal and dentoalveolar effects of low‐level laser therapy combined with fixed posterior bite blocks in children with skeletal anterior open bite: a three‐arm randomised controlled trial. Int Orthod. 2022;20(1):100597.
Firouz M, Zernik J, Nanda R. Dental and orthopedic effects of high‐pull headgear in treatment of class II, division 1 malocclusion. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop. 1992;102(3):197‐205.
Deberardinis M, Stretesky T, Sinha P, Nanda RS. Evaluation of the vertical holding appliance in treatment of high‐angle patients. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop. 2000;117(6):700‐705.
Sherwood KH, Burch JG, Thompson WJ. Closing anterior open bites by intruding molars with titanium miniplate anchorage. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop. 2002;122(6):593‐600.
Sugawara J, Baik UB, Umemori M, et al. Treatment and posttreatment dentoalveolar changes following intrusion of mandibular molars with application of a skeletal anchorage system (SAS) for open bite correction. Int J Adult Orthodon Orthognath Surg. 2002;17(4):243‐253.
Erverdi N, Keles A, Nanda R. The use of skeletal anchorage in open bite treatment: a cephalometric evaluation. Angle Orthod. 2004;74(3):381‐390.
Ari‐Demirkaya A, Masry MA, Erverdi N. Apical root resorption of maxillary first molars after intrusion with zygomatic skeletal anchorage. Angle Orthod. 2005;75(5):761‐767.
Al‐Falahi B, Hafez AM, Fouda M. Three‐dimensional assessment of external apical root resorption after maxillary posterior teeth intrusion with miniscrews in anterior open bite patients. Dental Press J Orthod. 2018;23(6):56‐63.
Heravi F, Bayani S, Madani AS, Radvar M, Anbiaee N. Intrusion of supra‐erupted molars using miniscrews: clinical success and root resorption. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop. 2011;139(4 Suppl):S170‐S175.
Aras I, Tuncer AV. Comparison of anterior and posterior mini‐implant‐assisted maxillary incisor intrusion: root resorption and treatment efficiency. Angle Orthod. 2016;86(5):746‐752.
Sosly R, Mohammed H, Rizk MZ, Jamous E, Qaisi AG, Bearn DR. Effectiveness of miniscrew‐supported maxillary incisor intrusion in deep‐bite correction: a systematic review and meta‐analysis. Angle Orthod. 2020;90(2):291‐304.
Ahn HW, Kang YG, Jeong HJ, Park YG. Palatal temporary skeletal anchorage devices (TSADs): what to know and how to do? Orthod Craniofac Res. 2021;24(Suppl 1):66‐74.
Arslan Çarpar K, Sezen Erhamza T. Comparison of zygoma plates and infrazygomatic crest miniscrews used open bite treatment: a 3‐dimensional finite element study. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop. 2022;161(5):e466‐e474.
Raghis TR, Alsulaiman TMA, Mahmoud G, Youssef M. Efficiency of maxillary total arch distalization using temporary anchorage devices (TADs) for treatment of class II‐malocclusions: a systematic review and meta‐analysis. Int Orthod. 2022;20(3):100666.
Bardideh E, Tamizi G, Shafaee H, Rangrazi A, Ghorbani M, Kerayechian N. The effects of intrusion of anterior teeth by skeletal anchorage in deep bite patients; a systematic review and meta‐analysis. Biomimetics. 2023;8(1):101.
AlMaghlouth B, AlMubarak A, Almaghlouth I, AlKhalifah R, Alsadah A, Hassan A. Orthodontic intrusion using temporary anchorage devices compared to other orthodontic intrusion methods: a systematic review. Clin Cosmet Investig Dent. 2021;13:11‐19.
Manea A, Dinu C, Băciuţ M, Buduru S, Almășan O. Intrusion of maxillary posterior teeth by skeletal anchorage: a systematic review and case report with thin alveolar biotype. J Clin Med. 2022;11(13):3787.
González Espinosa D, de Oliveira Moreira PE, da Sousa AS, Flores‐Mir C, Normando D. Stability of anterior open bite treatment with molar intrusion using skeletal anchorage: a systematic review and meta‐analysis. Prog Orthod. 2020;21(1):35.
Buschang PH, Carrillo R, Rossouw PE. Orthopedic correction of growing hyperdivergent, retrognathic patients with miniscrew implants. J Oral Maxillofac Surg. 2011;69(3):754‐762.
Lindauer SJ, Isaacson RJ. One‐couple orthodontic appliance systems. Semin Orthod. 1995;1(1):12‐24.
Costopoulos G, Nanda R. An evaluation of root resorption incident to orthodontic intrusion. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop. 1996;109(5):543‐548.
Bresin A, Kiliaridis S. Dento‐skeletal adaptation after bite‐raising in growing rats with different masticatory muscle capacities. Eur J Orthod. 2002;24(3):223‐237.
Davidovitch M, Rebellato J. Two‐couple orthodontic appliance systems utility arches: a two‐couple intrusion arch. Semin Orthod. 1995;1(1):25‐30.
Ricketts RM, Bench RW, Hilgers JJ. Mandibular utility arch. The basic arch in the light progressive technique. Proc Found Orthod Res. 1972;120‐125.
Goel P, Tandon R, Agrawal KK. A comparative study of different intrusion methods and their effect on maxillary incisors. J Oral Biol Craniofac Res. 2014;4(3):186‐191.
Ng J, Major PW, Heo G, Flores‐Mir C. True incisor intrusion attained during orthodontic treatment: a systematic review and meta‐analysis. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop. 2005;128(2):212‐219.
Ng J, Major PW, Flores‐Mir C. True molar intrusion attained during orthodontic treatment: a systematic review. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop. 2006;130(6):709‐714.
Sun W, Xia K, Huang X, Cen X, Liu Q, Liu J. Knowledge of orthodontic tooth movement through the maxillary sinus: a systematic review. BMC Oral Health. 2018;18(1):91.
Kyrkanides S, Huang H, Faber RD. Neurologic regulation and orthodontic tooth movement. Front Oral Biol. 2016;18:64‐74.
Han G, Huang S, Von den Hoff JW, Zeng X, Kuijpers‐Jagtman AM. Root resorption after orthodontic intrusion and extrusion: an intraindividual study. Angle Orthod. 2005;75(6):912‐918.
Parker RJ, Harris EF. Directions of orthodontic tooth movements associated with external apical root resorption of the maxillary central incisor. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop. 1998;114(6):677‐683.
Weltman B, Vig KW, Fields HW, Shanker S, Kaizar EE. Root resorption associated with orthodontic tooth movement: a systematic review. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop. 2010;137(4):462‐476; discussion 12A.
Apajalahti S, Peltola JS. Apical root resorption after orthodontic treatment – a retrospective study. Eur J Orthod. 2007;29(4):408‐412.
Janson GR, De Luca Canto G, Martins DR, Henriques JF, De Freitas MR. A radiographic comparison of apical root resorption after orthodontic treatment with 3 different fixed appliance techniques. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop. 2000;118(3):262‐273.
Gupta M, Madhok K, Kulshrestha R, Chain S, Kaur H, Yadav A. Determination of stress distribution on periodontal ligament and alveolar bone by various tooth movements ‐ a 3D FEM study. J Oral Biol Craniofac Res. 2020;10(4):758‐763.
Bellini‐Pereira SA, Almeida J, Aliaga‐Del Castillo A, Dos Santos CCO, Henriques JFC, Janson G. Evaluation of root resorption following orthodontic intrusion: a systematic review and meta‐analysis. Eur J Orthod. 2021;43(4):432‐441.
Roscoe MG, Meira JB, Cattaneo PM. Association of orthodontic force system and root resorption: a systematic review. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop. 2015;147(5):610‐626.
St Martin JG, Javed F, Rossouw PE, Michelogiannakis D. Influence of mini‐screw implant‐assisted intrusion on orthodontically induced inflammatory root resorption: a systematic review. Eur Arch Paediatr Dent. 2021;22(3):341‐349.
Minch LE, Sarul M, Nowak R, Kawala B, Antoszewska‐Smith J. Orthodontic intrusion of periodontally‐compromised maxillary incisors: 3‐dimensional finite element method analysis. Adv Clin Exp Med. 2017;26(5):829‐833.
Bunch WB. Tissue changes occurring in dogs incident to depressing movements. Angle Orthod. 1942;12(4):177‐183.
Moyers RE, Bauer JL. The periodontal response to various tooth movements. Am J Orthod. 1950;36(8):572‐580.
Dellinger EL. A histologic and cephalometric investigation of premolar intrusion in the Macaca speciosa monkey. Am J Orthod. 1967;53(5):325‐355.
Clark AB, Sims MR, Leppard PI. An analysis of the effect of tooth intrusion on the microvascular bed and fenestrae in the apical periodontal ligament of the rat molar. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop. 1991;99(1):21‐29.
Bondevik O. Tissue changes in the rat molar periodontium following application of intrusive forces. Eur J Orthod. 1980;2(1):41‐49.
Murakami T, Yokota S, Takahama Y. Periodontal changes after experimentally induced intrusion of the upper incisors in Macaca fuscata monkeys. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop. 1989;95(2):115‐126.
Kokich VG, Nappen DL, Shapiro PA. Gingival contour and clinical crown length: their effect on the esthetic appearance of maxillary anterior teeth. Am J Orthod. 1984;86(2):89‐94.
Choi YJ, Kim KH, Lee KJ, Chung CJ, Park YC. Histomorphometric evaluation of maxillary molar roots and surrounding periodontium following molar intrusion in rats. Orthod Craniofac Res. 2015;18(1):12‐20.
Kanzaki R, Daimaruya T, Takahashi I, Mitani H, Sugawara J. Remodeling of alveolar bone crest after molar intrusion with skeletal anchorage system in dogs. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop. 2007;131(3):343‐351.
Cardaropoli D, Gaveglio L. The influence of orthodontic movement on periodontal tissues level. Semin Orthod. 2007;13(4):234‐245.
Gkantidis N, Christou P, Topouzelis N. The orthodontic‐periodontic interrelationship in integrated treatment challenges: a systematic review. J Oral Rehabil. 2010;37(5):377‐390.
Papageorgiou SN, Papadelli AA, Eliades T. Effect of orthodontic treatment on periodontal clinical attachment: a systematic review and meta‐analysis. Eur J Orthod. 2018;40(2):176‐194.
Martin C, Celis B, Ambrosio N, Bollain J, Antonoglou GN, Figuero E. Effect of orthodontic therapy in periodontitis and non‐periodontitis patients: a systematic review with meta‐analysis. J Clin Periodontol. 2022;49(Suppl 24):72‐101.
Erbe C, Heger S, Kasaj A, Berres M, Wehrbein H. Orthodontic treatment in periodontally compromised patients: a systematic review. Clin Oral Investig. 2023;27(1):79‐89.
Jepsen K, Sculean A, Jepsen S. Complications and treatment errors involving periodontal tissues related to orthodontic therapy. Periodontol 2000. 2023;92:135‐158.
Atik E, Gorucu‐Coskuner H, Akarsu‐Guven B, Taner T. Evaluation of changes in the maxillary alveolar bone after incisor intrusion. Korean J Orthod. 2018;48(6):367‐376.
Hong SY, Shin JW, Hong C, et al. Alveolar bone remodeling during maxillary incisor intrusion and retraction. Prog Orthod. 2019;20(1):47.
Polson A, Caton J, Polson AP, Nyman S, Novak J, Reed B. Periodontal response after tooth movement into intrabony defects. J Periodontol. 1984;55(4):197‐202.
Geraci TF, Nevins M, Crossetti HW, Drizen K, Ruben MP. Reattachment of the periodontium after tooth movement into an osseous defect in a monkey. 1. Int J Periodontics Restorative Dent. 1990;10(3):184‐197.
Ericsson I, Thilander B, Lindhe J, Okamoto H. The effect of orthodontic tilting movements on the periodontal tissues of infected and non‐infected dentitions in dogs. J Clin Periodontol. 1977;4(4):278‐293.
Ericsson I, Thilander B. Orthodontic forces and recurrence of periodontal disease. An experimental study in the dog. Am J Orthod. 1978;74(1):41‐50.
Wennström JL, Stokland BL, Nyman S, Thilander B. Periodontal tissue response to orthodontic movement of teeth with infrabony pockets. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop. 1993;103(4):313‐319.
Melsen B, Agerbaek N, Eriksen J, Terp S. New attachment through periodontal treatment and orthodontic intrusion. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop. 1988;94(2):104‐116.
Melsen B. Tissue reaction following application of extrusive and intrusive forces to teeth in adult monkeys. Am J Orthod. 1986;89(6):469‐475.
Diedrich PR. Orthodontic procedures improving periodontal prognosis. Dent Clin N Am. 1996;40(4):875‐887.
Sam K, Rabie AB, King NM. Orthodontic intrusion of periodontally involved teeth. J Clin Orthod. 2001;35(5):325‐330.
Passanezi E, Janson M, Janson G, Sant'Anna AP, de Freitas MR, Henriques JF. Interdisciplinary treatment of localized juvenile periodontitis: a new perspective to an old problem. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop. 2007;131(2):268‐276.
Nemcovsky CE, Beny L, Shanberger S, Feldman‐Herman S, Vardimon A. Bone apposition in surgical bony defects following orthodontic movement: a comparative histomorphometric study between root‐ and periodontal ligament‐damaged and periodontally intact rat molars. J Periodontol. 2004;75(7):1013‐1019.
Nemcovsky CE, Sasson M, Beny L, Weinreb M, Vardimon AD. Periodontal healing following orthodontic movement of rat molars with intact versus damaged periodontia towards a bony defect. Eur J Orthod. 2007;29(4):338‐344.
Karring T, Isidor F, Nyman S, Lindhe J. New attachment formation on teeth with a reduced but healthy periodontal ligament. J Clin Periodontol. 1985;12(1):51‐60.
Caton JG, Greenstein G. Factors related to periodontal regeneration. Periodontol 2000. 1993;1:9‐15.
Roberts WE, Chase DC. Kinetics of cell proliferation and migration associated with orthodontically‐induced osteogenesis. J Dent Res. 1981;60(2):174‐181.
Smith RK, Roberts WE. Cell kinetics of the initial response to orthodontically induced osteogenesis in rat molar periodontal ligament. Calcif Tissue Int. 1980;30(1):51‐56.
Roberts WE, Goodwin WC Jr, Heiner SR. Cellular response to orthodontic force. Dent Clin N Am. 1981;25(1):3‐17.
Faltin RM, Faltin K, Sander FG, Arana‐Chavez VE. Ultrastructure of cementum and periodontal ligament after continuous intrusion in humans: a transmission electron microscopy study. Eur J Orthod. 2001;23(1):35‐49.
Reitan K, Kvam E. Comparative behavior of human and animal tissue during experimental tooth movement. Angle Orthod. 1971;41(1):1‐14.
Re S, Corrente G, Abundo R, Cardaropoli D. Orthodontic treatment in periodontally compromised patients: 12‐year report. Int J Periodontics Restorative Dent. 2000;20(1):31‐39.
Cardaropoli D, Re S, Corrente G, Abundo R. Intrusion of migrated incisors with infrabony defects in adult periodontal patients. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop. 2001;120(6):671‐675; quiz 7.
Corrente G, Abundo R, Re S, Cardaropoli D, Cardaropoli G. Orthodontic movement into infrabony defects in patients with advanced periodontal disease: a clinical and radiological study. J Periodontol. 2003;74(8):1104‐1109.
Kettenbeil A, Reimann S, Reichert C, Keilig L, Jäger A, Bourauel C. Numerical simulation and biomechanical analysis of an orthodontically treated periodontally damaged dentition. J Orofac Orthop. 2013;74(6):480‐493.
Frias Cortez MA, Bourauel C, Reichert C, Jäger A, Reimann S. Numerical and biomechanical analysis of orthodontic treatment of recovered periodontally compromised patients. J Orofac Orthop. 2022;83(4):255‐268.
Re S, Cardaropoli D, Abundo R, Corrente G. Reduction of gingival recession following orthodontic intrusion in periodontally compromised patients. Orthod Craniofac Res. 2004;7(1):35‐39.
Moga RA, Buru SM, Chiorean CG, Cosgarea R. Compressive stress in periodontal ligament under orthodontic movements during periodontal breakdown. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop. 2021;159(3):e291‐e299.
Olsson M, Lindhe J. Periodontal characteristics in individuals with varying form of the upper central incisors. J Clin Periodontol. 1991;18(1):78‐82.
Cardaropoli D, Re S, Corrente G, Abundo R. Reconstruction of the maxillary midline papilla following a combined orthodontic‐periodontic treatment in adult periodontal patients. J Clin Periodontol. 2004;31(2):79‐84.
Shi J, Zhou Y, Fu M. Computer tomograghy study on periodontal patients with anterior displaced teeth before and after combined orthodontic‐periodontal treatment. Beijing Da Xue Xue Bao Yi Xue Ban. 2003;35(6):659‐662.
Cao T, Xu L, Shi J, Zhou Y. Combined orthodontic‐periodontal treatment in periodontal patients with anteriorly displaced incisors. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop. 2015;148(5):805‐813.
Iseri H, Solow B. Continued eruption of maxillary incisors and first molars in girls from 9 to 25 years, studied by the implant method. Eur J Orthod. 1996;18(3):245‐256.
Marcotte MR. Biomechanics in Orthodontics. B.C. Decker, Sales and Distribution, U.S. and C.V. Mosby Co; 1990.
Persson M, Kiliaridis S, Lennartsson B. Comparative studies on orthodontic elastic threads. Eur J Orthod. 1983;5(2):157‐166.
Bales TR, Chaconas SJ, Caputo AA. Force‐extension characteristics of orthodontic elastics. Am J Orthod. 1977;72(3):296‐302.
Proffit WR, Fields HW, Larson BE, Sarver DM. Contemporary Orthodontics. 6th ed. Elsevier; 2019.
Nucera R, Dolci C, Bellocchio AM, et al. Effects of composite attachments on orthodontic clear aligners therapy: a systematic review. Materials. 2022;15(2):533.
Reitan K. Clinical and histologic observations on tooth movement during and after orthodontic treatment. Am J Orthod. 1967;53(10):721‐745.
Minsk L. Orthodontic tooth extrusion as an adjunct to periodontal therapy. Compend Contin Educ Dent. 2000;21(9):768‐770, 772, 774 passim.
Bauss O, Schäfer W, Sadat‐Khonsari R, Knösel M. Influence of orthodontic extrusion on pulpal vitality of traumatized maxillary incisors. J Endod. 2010;36(2):203‐207.
Mostafa YA, Iskander KG, El‐Mangoury NH. Iatrogenic pulpal reactions to orthodontic extrusion. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop. 1991;99(1):30‐34.
Ramazanzadeh BA, Sahhafian AA, Mohtasham N, Hassanzadeh N, Jahanbin A, Shakeri MT. Histological changes in human dental pulp following application of intrusive and extrusive orthodontic forces. J Oral Sci. 2009;51(1):109‐115.
Weekes WT, Wong PD. Extrusion of root‐filled incisors in beagles–a light microscope and scanning electron microscope investigation. Aust Dent J. 1995;40(2):115‐120.
Oppenheim A. Artificial elongation of teeth. Am J Orthod Oral Surg. 1940;26(10):931‐940.
Ritchey B, Orban B. The crests of the interdental alveolar septa. J Periodontol. 1953;24(2):75‐87.
Kajiyama K, Murakami T, Yokota S. Gingival reactions after experimentally induced extrusion of the upper incisors in monkeys. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop. 1993;104(1):36‐47.
da Silva VC, de Molon RS, Martins RP, et al. Effects of orthodontic tooth extrusion produced by different techniques, on the periodontal tissues: a histological study in dogs. Arch Oral Biol. 2020;116:104768.
Berglundh T, Marinello CP, Lindhe J, Thilander B, Liljenberg B. Periodontal tissue reactions to orthodontic extrusion. An experimental study in the dog. J Clin Periodontol. 1991;18(5):330‐336.
Kozlovsky A, Tal H, Lieberman M. Forced eruption combined with gingival fiberotomy. A technique for clinical crown lengthening. J Clin Periodontol. 1988;15(9):534‐538.
Bondemark L, Kurol J, Hallonsten AL, Andreasen JO. Attractive magnets for orthodontic extrusion of crown‐root fractured teeth. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop. 1997;112(2):187‐193.
Oesterle LJ, Wood LW. Raising the root. A look at orthodontic extrusion. J Am Dent Assoc. 1991;122(7):193‐198.
de Molon RS, de Avila ED, de Souza JA, et al. Forced orthodontic eruption for augmentation of soft and hard tissue prior to implant placement. Contemp Clin Dent. 2013;4(2):243‐247.
Salama H, Salama M. The role of orthodontic extrusive remodeling in the enhancement of soft and hard tissue profiles prior to implant placement: a systematic approach to the management of extraction site defects. Int J Periodontics Restorative Dent. 1993;13(4):312‐333.
Korayem M, Flores‐Mir C, Nassar U, Olfert K. Implant site development by orthodontic extrusion. A systematic review. Angle Orthod. 2008;78(4):752‐760.
van Venrooy JR, Yukna RA. Orthodontic extrusion of single‐rooted teeth affected with advanced periodontal disease. Am J Orthod. 1985;87(1):67‐74.
Ingber JS. Forced eruption. I. A method of treating isolated one and two wall infrabony osseous defects‐rationale and case report. J Periodontol. 1974;45(4):199‐206.
Ingber JS. Forced eruption: part II. A method of treating nonrestorable teeth–periodontal and restorative considerations. J Periodontol. 1976;47(4):203‐216.
Wagenberg BD, Eskow RN, Langer B. Orthodontic procedures that improve the periodontal prognosis. J Am Dent Assoc. 1980;100(3):370‐373.
Mihram WL, Murphy NC. The orthodontist's role in 21st century periodontic‐prosthodontic therapy. Semin Orthod. 2008;14(4):272‐289.
Iino S, Taira K, Machigashira M, Miyawaki S. Isolated vertical infrabony defects treated by orthodontic tooth extrusion. Angle Orthod. 2008;78(4):728‐736.